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One novel worthy of mention, ''[[Swastika Night]]'' by Murray Constantine ([[Katharine Burdekin]]) was first published in 1937, before [[World War II]], when [[Nazi Germany]] still existed; this makes it a "[[future history]]", rather than an alternative one.
One novel worthy of mention, ''[[Swastika Night]]'' by Murray Constantine ([[Katharine Burdekin]]) was first published in 1937, before [[World War II]], when [[Nazi Germany]] still existed; this makes it a "[[future history]]", rather than an alternative one.


⚫
==Fiction==
Different writers provide considerably different scenarios. In some, the Nazis and the [[Empire of Japan]] have conquered most or all of the world, and no major powers remain to confront them, such as:
Different writers provide considerably different scenarios. In some, the Nazis and the [[Empire of Japan]] have conquered most or all of the world, and no major powers remain to confront them, such as:
*''Swastika Night'' (1937);
*''Swastika Night'' (1937);
Line 27: Line 28:
* In the 1967 ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' episode "[[The City on the Edge of Forever]]", Edith Keeler's death is prevented by [[Leonard McCoy|Dr. McCoy]] in 1930 and she goes on to lead a pacifist movement which delays US entry into the war long enough for the Third Reich to win the [[nuclear arms race]]. After realizing what has happened (and that Edith — with whom he had fallen in love — ''must'' be allowed to die), [[James T. Kirk|Kirk]] notes with great sadness that, when taking hold at the wrong time in history, the philosophy of peace and unity that has helped turn the Earth of his era into a utopian society such that poverty, war, and discrimination are non-existent has been disastrous for the human race — producer [[Robert Justman]] said later that "of course" the story was intended as a tacit condemnation of the anti - [[Vietnam War]] agitation of the time.<ref>http://www.depauw.edu/SFs/backissues/62/franklin62art.htm</ref>{{clarify|date=June 2012}}
* In the 1967 ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' episode "[[The City on the Edge of Forever]]", Edith Keeler's death is prevented by [[Leonard McCoy|Dr. McCoy]] in 1930 and she goes on to lead a pacifist movement which delays US entry into the war long enough for the Third Reich to win the [[nuclear arms race]]. After realizing what has happened (and that Edith — with whom he had fallen in love — ''must'' be allowed to die), [[James T. Kirk|Kirk]] notes with great sadness that, when taking hold at the wrong time in history, the philosophy of peace and unity that has helped turn the Earth of his era into a utopian society such that poverty, war, and discrimination are non-existent has been disastrous for the human race — producer [[Robert Justman]] said later that "of course" the story was intended as a tacit condemnation of the anti - [[Vietnam War]] agitation of the time.<ref>http://www.depauw.edu/SFs/backissues/62/franklin62art.htm</ref>{{clarify|date=June 2012}}
* In ''[[Storm Front (Star Trek: Enterprise)|Storm Front]]'', which also casts the divergence as being part of [[Temporal Cold War|an intertemporal conflict]], the murder of [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] during 1916 (after which witnesses claimed his killer "[[Transporter (Star Trek)|vanished into thin air]]") prevents the [[October Revolution|Bolshevik revolution]] from ever occurring, and Hitler does not regard the Russia of this timeline as a threat to the Reich; as a result, the Nazi military is directed entirely at Western Europe, including a successful Battle of Britain, and by 1944 Germany has even conquered the northeastern United States as far south as South Carolina and as far west as central Ohio.
* In ''[[Storm Front (Star Trek: Enterprise)|Storm Front]]'', which also casts the divergence as being part of [[Temporal Cold War|an intertemporal conflict]], the murder of [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] during 1916 (after which witnesses claimed his killer "[[Transporter (Star Trek)|vanished into thin air]]") prevents the [[October Revolution|Bolshevik revolution]] from ever occurring, and Hitler does not regard the Russia of this timeline as a threat to the Reich; as a result, the Nazi military is directed entirely at Western Europe, including a successful Battle of Britain, and by 1944 Germany has even conquered the northeastern United States as far south as South Carolina and as far west as central Ohio.
* In Stephen Fry's 1996 novel ''[[Making History (novel)|Making History]]'', it is the disastrous side effect of an attempt to prevent acquisition of political power by Hitler: a professor (whose father was a Nazi doctor at Auschwitz) and student at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] send back to 1889 a sterilizing agent and contaminate the water supply in [[Braunau am Inn]], preventing Hitler from ever being born. However, without Hitler, the NSDAP not only still comes into being, it does so with much more effective leadership, develops nuclear weapons secretly, uses them to effectively destroy the Soviet Union during 1938, and is in effective control of all Europe by the end of 1939 (including the British Isles — as a result, the scientist and student are now at [[Princeton University]] rather than Cambridge), settling into a cold war with the United States; in a particularly cruel irony, the sterilized water from Braunau is studied and adapted to create an agent — perfected by the professor's Nazi father — which is used to render European Jews infertile, resulting in a relatively "clean" [[Holocaust]]. The change has significant societal consequences as well: with Western Europe under harsh Nazi rule, "The Sixties" as we know them never happen, and many of the things they ended in American life, such as [[racial segregation|segregation]] and homosexuality as a crime, still exist in the 1990s, to the point that a gay man from this reality regards our future, with [[gay pride]] parades and entire [[gay neighborhoods]], as a "utopian" fantasy.
* In Stephen Fry's 1996 novel ''[[Making History (novel)|Making History]]'', it is the disastrous side effect of an attempt to prevent acquisition of political power by Hitler: a professor (whose father was a Nazi doctor at Auschwitz) and student at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] send back to 1889 a sterilizing agent and contaminate the water supply in [[Braunau am Inn]], preventing Hitler from ever being born. However, without Hitler, the NSDAP not only still comes into being, it does so with much more effective leadership, develops nuclear weapons secretly, uses them to effectively destroy the Soviet Union during 1938, and is in effective control of all Europe by the end of 1939 (including the British Isles — as a result, the scientist and student are now at [[Princeton University]] rather than Cambridge), settling into a cold war with the United States; in a particularly cruel irony, the sterilized water from Braunau is studied and adapted to create an agent — perfected by the professor's Nazi father — which is used to render European Jews infertile, resulting in a relatively "clean" [[Holocaust]]. The change has significant societal consequences as well: with Western Europe under harsh Nazi rule, "[[Counterculture of the 1960s|The Sixties]]" as we know them never happen, and many of the things they ended in American life, such as [[racial segregation|segregation]] and homosexuality as a crime, still exist in the 1990s, to the point that a gay man from this reality regards our future, with [[gay pride]] parades and entire [[gay neighborhoods]], as a "utopian" fantasy.


Some writers describe a considerable number of British and Americans as collaborating with a Nazi occupation (''[[It Happened Here]], [[Collaborator (novel)|Collaborator]], [[SS-GB]], [[The Ultimate Solution]]''), which is often intended as a critique on the actual societies and political systems of these countries.
Some writers describe a considerable number of British and Americans as collaborating with a Nazi occupation (''[[It Happened Here]], [[Collaborator (novel)|Collaborator]], [[SS-GB]], [[The Ultimate Solution]]''), which is often intended as a critique on the actual societies and political systems of these countries.
Line 38: Line 39:
[[Harry Turtledove]]'s ''[[Worldwar series]]'' constitutes a special case, such that the Nazis remain in control of Germany past 1945, without winning against the Allies, because [[extraterrestrials in fiction|extraterrestrials]] invaded Earth during 1942 and forced humans to unite against them (this has the effect of the aliens conquering Poland, closing [[Auschwitz]] and saving most East European Jews from the [[Final Solution]]).
[[Harry Turtledove]]'s ''[[Worldwar series]]'' constitutes a special case, such that the Nazis remain in control of Germany past 1945, without winning against the Allies, because [[extraterrestrials in fiction|extraterrestrials]] invaded Earth during 1942 and forced humans to unite against them (this has the effect of the aliens conquering Poland, closing [[Auschwitz]] and saving most East European Jews from the [[Final Solution]]).


⚫
Some writers use an Axis victory as a background theme, in order to add perspective or contrast to a work emphasizing another topic. Thus, the timeline-hopping protagonist of [[Michael F. Flynn|Michael Flynn]]'s ''[[The Forest of Time]]'' finds himself in an alternate [[Philadelphia]] where Catholic nuns are hanging from lamp-posts and public buildings display a "Swastika and Stripes" flag — and deciding not to investigate further, jumps away before denizens notice his presence. [[Harry Turtledove]]'s ''[[Crosstime Traffic]]'' operatives discover a world - described as being very unpleasant - where Nazi Germany won WWII, and other worlds where unspecified Fascists won that war. However, all these remain in the background and the emphasis of ''[[Curious Notions]]'' is on a world where [[Imperial Germany]] won the [[WWI|''First'' World War]] — with the whole world ending up under a centuries-long oppressive rule by the [[Hohenzollern]] [[Kaiser]]s, but spared genocide; in fact, with the Nazis never existing, much less coming to power, many Jews loyally serving a Germany where they are not persecuted play key roles in the military and scientific breakthroughs which help their country dominate the world. And in [[Richard C. Meredith]]'s ''Run, Come See Jerusalem!'', [[Chicago]] is destroyed during 1947 by nuclear-loaded [[Luftwaffe]] bombers flying out of the occupied Soviet Union, but the Americans do eventually manage to overcome the Nazis — only to succumb several decades later to a home-grown theocratic dictatorship, which is the book's main concern.
⚫
Some academics, such as [[Gavriel David Rosenfeld]] in ''The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism'' (2005), have begun the research of this sub-genre and its various implications as a subject of full-scale academic research.


A common motif in the literature is Nazi "super technology". Extrapolating on historical in-war German breakthroughs in [[V-2|rocketry]] and [[Messerschmitt Me 262|jet propulsion]], as well as Nazism's [[Josef_Mengele#Human_experimentation|patent disregard]] for [[research ethics|scientific ethics]], the story posits a future in which the Reich has far exceeded our own reality in technological prowess. In ''[[The Man in the High Castle]]'', for example, the Greater Reich has by the early 1960's begun the colonization of Mars and made [[Supersonic_transport#Hypersonic_transport|suborbital transport]] common and economical.
During 1978, the UK's [[Misty (comics)]] published "The Sentinels". The Sentinels were two apartment blocks which served as a gateway between our universe and an alternate universe where Nazi Germany conquered Britain during 1940. People kept stumbling in from both sides, causing terror over unexplained disappearances and worse, mix-ups over parallel world doubles. This culminated in the Gestapo mistakenly arresting a man from our universe and people from both worlds uniting for a rescue mission.


== Entertainment/Gaming ==
⚫
Some writers use an Axis victory as a background theme, in order to add perspective or contrast to a work emphasizing another topic. Thus, the timeline-hopping protagonist of [[Michael F. Flynn|Michael Flynn]]'s ''[[The Forest of Time]]'' finds himself in an alternate [[Philadelphia]] where Catholic nuns are hanging from lamp-posts and public buildings display a "Swastika and Stripes" flag — and deciding not to investigate further, jumps away before denizens notice his presence. [[Harry Turtledove]]'s ''[[Crosstime Traffic]]'' operatives discover a world - described as being very unpleasant - where Nazi Germany won WWII, and other worlds where unspecified Fascists won that war. However, all these remain in the background and the emphasis of ''[[Curious Notions]]'' is on a world where [[Imperial Germany]] won the [[WWI|''First'' World War]] — with the whole world ending up under a centuries-long oppressive rule by the [[Hohenzollern]] [[Kaiser]]s, but spared genocide; in fact, with the Nazis never existing, much less coming to power, many Jews loyally serving a Germany where they are not persecuted play key roles in the military and scientific breakthroughs which help their country dominate the world. And in [[Richard C. Meredith]]'s ''Run, Come See Jerusalem!'', [[Chicago]] is destroyed during 1947 by nuclear-loaded [[Luftwaffe]] bombers flying out of the occupied Soviet Union, but the Americans do eventually manage to overcome the Nazis — only to succumb several decades later to a home-grown theocratic dictatorship, which is the book's main concern.
The concept has also appeared in many forms of popular entertainment. The UK [[Misty (comics)]] series "The Sentinels" (1978) features two eponymous apartment blocks functioning as a gateway between our universe and an alternate universe where Nazi Germany conquered Britain during 1940. People stumble in from both sides, causing terror over unexplained disappearances and worse- mix-ups over parallel world doubles. This culminates in the Gestapo mistakenly arresting a man from our universe and people from both worlds uniting for a rescue mission. Beginning in 1989, [[Wargaming|wargame]] publisher XTR Corp. released a series of games centering on a hypothetical Nazi-Imperial Japan WWIII showdown (''Tomorrow the World'', ''Mississippi Banzai'', ''Black Gold (Texas Tea)''). In the ''[[List_of_GURPS_books#Fictional_Settings_2|Alternate Earths]]'' supplement to the [[GURPS]] [[Role-playing game|role-playing game]] system, several Nazi-dominated [[Alternate_history#Cross-time_stories|parallel timelines]] are introduced, the "worst" of which- [[GURPS_Infinite_Worlds#Reich-5|Reich-5]]- is similar in development to the world of ''The Man in the High Castle'', though extended to the start of the 21st Century. This reality functions as a looming menace in GURPS's Infinity Unlimited [[Campaign setting|meta-campaign]]; though uninitiated to the possibility of cross-time travel, Reich-5's technology is in many ways superior to "our's", and the large, well-trained, and better-armed Wehrmacht is said to be able to tear any "Homeline" army to shreds should it acquire the capability for cross-time invasion (in the GURPS 4th Edition update, Reich-5 has acquired cross-time travel capability).


== Cultural Studies ==
⚫
==Fiction==
⚫
Academics, such as [[Gavriel David Rosenfeld]] in ''The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism'' (2005), have begun the research of this sub-genre and its various implications as a subject of full-scale academic research.

==Works==


===Literature===
===Literature===
Line 86: Line 91:
*''[[Peace In Our Time (play)|Peace In Our Time]]'' by [[Noël Coward]] (1947).
*''[[Peace In Our Time (play)|Peace In Our Time]]'' by [[Noël Coward]] (1947).


===Video games===
===Games===
* ''Tomorrow the World'' (1989 wargame) by XTR Corp.
* ''Black Gold (Texas Tea)'' (1990 wargame) by XTR Corp.[http://boardgamegeek.com/image/47021/black-gold-texas-tea]
* ''Mississippi Banzai'' (1990 wargame) by XTR Corp.[http://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/7980/mississippi-banzai]
* ''[[GURPS Infinite Worlds]]'' (2004 role-playing game) by [[Steve Jackson Games]]
*''[[Axis & Allies (2004 video game)]]'' by Timegate Studios.
*''[[Axis & Allies (2004 video game)]]'' by Timegate Studios.
*''[[Turning Point: Fall of Liberty]]'' by Spark Unlimited.
*''[[Turning Point: Fall of Liberty]]'' by Spark Unlimited.

Revision as of 23:16, 26 December 2012

Fictional map of Nazi Germany, according to Robert Harris' novel Fatherland.

A fictional Axis (or German) victory in World War II is a common concept of alternate history. World War II is one of the two most popular points of divergence for the English language alternative history fiction (the other being the American Civil War).[1][2][3][4] Such writings express ideas of what the world would be like had the Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan won World War II.[3]

Background

One novel worthy of mention, Swastika Night by Murray Constantine (Katharine Burdekin) was first published in 1937, before World War II, when Nazi Germany still existed; this makes it a "future history", rather than an alternative one.

Fiction

Different writers provide considerably different scenarios. In some, the Nazis and the Empire of Japan have conquered most or all of the world, and no major powers remain to confront them, such as:

In these scenarios, there may be reasons for hope on the part of Allied supporters. For example, in December 7, 1941: A Different Path, Albert Speer reneges Nazi principles; and In the Presence of Mine Enemies, a victorious Nazi regime eventually undergoes reforms analogous to Perestroyka.

Conversely, in other cases, the Axis are described as having won in Europe, but the United States remains independent:

In some cases, the Nazi victory is reversed and annulled through the use of time travel (The Proteus Operation, Making History, Timewyrm: Exodus, Philadelphia Experiment II and the two-part Star Trek: Enterprise television episode Storm Front). In some of these cases, however, the Nazi victory was itself the result of interference by time travelers:

  • In The Big Time it is a "minor" side effect of a great cosmic war waged throughout all of time and space.
  • In the 1967 Star Trek episode "The City on the Edge of Forever", Edith Keeler's death is prevented by Dr. McCoy in 1930 and she goes on to lead a pacifist movement which delays US entry into the war long enough for the Third Reich to win the nuclear arms race. After realizing what has happened (and that Edith — with whom he had fallen in love — must be allowed to die), Kirk notes with great sadness that, when taking hold at the wrong time in history, the philosophy of peace and unity that has helped turn the Earth of his era into a utopian society such that poverty, war, and discrimination are non-existent has been disastrous for the human race — producer Robert Justman said later that "of course" the story was intended as a tacit condemnation of the anti - Vietnam War agitation of the time.[5][clarification needed]
  • In Storm Front, which also casts the divergence as being part of an intertemporal conflict, the murder of Lenin during 1916 (after which witnesses claimed his killer "vanished into thin air") prevents the Bolshevik revolution from ever occurring, and Hitler does not regard the Russia of this timeline as a threat to the Reich; as a result, the Nazi military is directed entirely at Western Europe, including a successful Battle of Britain, and by 1944 Germany has even conquered the northeastern United States as far south as South Carolina and as far west as central Ohio.
  • In Stephen Fry's 1996 novel Making History, it is the disastrous side effect of an attempt to prevent acquisition of political power by Hitler: a professor (whose father was a Nazi doctor at Auschwitz) and student at Cambridge send back to 1889 a sterilizing agent and contaminate the water supply in Braunau am Inn, preventing Hitler from ever being born. However, without Hitler, the NSDAP not only still comes into being, it does so with much more effective leadership, develops nuclear weapons secretly, uses them to effectively destroy the Soviet Union during 1938, and is in effective control of all Europe by the end of 1939 (including the British Isles — as a result, the scientist and student are now at Princeton University rather than Cambridge), settling into a cold war with the United States; in a particularly cruel irony, the sterilized water from Braunau is studied and adapted to create an agent — perfected by the professor's Nazi father — which is used to render European Jews infertile, resulting in a relatively "clean" Holocaust. The change has significant societal consequences as well: with Western Europe under harsh Nazi rule, "The Sixties" as we know them never happen, and many of the things they ended in American life, such as segregation and homosexuality as a crime, still exist in the 1990s, to the point that a gay man from this reality regards our future, with gay pride parades and entire gay neighborhoods, as a "utopian" fantasy.

Some writers describe a considerable number of British and Americans as collaborating with a Nazi occupation (It Happened Here, Collaborator, SS-GB, The Ultimate Solution), which is often intended as a critique on the actual societies and political systems of these countries. In other cases, an uprising and overthrow of the Nazi regime is depicted (Clash of Eagles).

Some books concentrate on internal American politics and how they could have produced a pro-Nazi administration in the US (The Plot Against America), how a homegrown American fascist regime, a natural ally of the Nazis, might have developed (K is for Killing), and how Nazi victory might have resulted from American isolationism (The Divide). All of these themes have implications for actual United States politics at the time of writing.

Some books concentrate on the Imperial Japanese side of the Axis victory, rather than the Nazi aspect (The Man in the High Castle, The Bush Soldiers). In some cases, a specific country is the emphasis (Sweden in Attentatet i Pålsjö skog, though this "victory", a May 1941 invasion of Sweden, actually hastens the eventual Allied triumph, as the resultant three-week delay of Operation Barbarossa allows the Soviet Union to prepare for invasion and turn it back more effectively — as a result, Hitler is defeated by the end of 1944; Australia in The Bush Soldiers; India in The Last Article, which constitutes a critique of Gandhi's non-violence). In others, such as After Dachau, the scenario of a Nazi victory is used as a means to convey the writer's more general political and philosophical ideas.

Harry Turtledove's Worldwar series constitutes a special case, such that the Nazis remain in control of Germany past 1945, without winning against the Allies, because extraterrestrials invaded Earth during 1942 and forced humans to unite against them (this has the effect of the aliens conquering Poland, closing Auschwitz and saving most East European Jews from the Final Solution).

Some writers use an Axis victory as a background theme, in order to add perspective or contrast to a work emphasizing another topic. Thus, the timeline-hopping protagonist of Michael Flynn's The Forest of Time finds himself in an alternate Philadelphia where Catholic nuns are hanging from lamp-posts and public buildings display a "Swastika and Stripes" flag — and deciding not to investigate further, jumps away before denizens notice his presence. Harry Turtledove's Crosstime Traffic operatives discover a world - described as being very unpleasant - where Nazi Germany won WWII, and other worlds where unspecified Fascists won that war. However, all these remain in the background and the emphasis of Curious Notions is on a world where Imperial Germany won the First World War — with the whole world ending up under a centuries-long oppressive rule by the Hohenzollern Kaisers, but spared genocide; in fact, with the Nazis never existing, much less coming to power, many Jews loyally serving a Germany where they are not persecuted play key roles in the military and scientific breakthroughs which help their country dominate the world. And in Richard C. Meredith's Run, Come See Jerusalem!, Chicago is destroyed during 1947 by nuclear-loaded Luftwaffe bombers flying out of the occupied Soviet Union, but the Americans do eventually manage to overcome the Nazis — only to succumb several decades later to a home-grown theocratic dictatorship, which is the book's main concern.

A common motif in the literature is Nazi "super technology". Extrapolating on historical in-war German breakthroughs in rocketry and jet propulsion, as well as Nazism's patent disregard for scientific ethics, the story posits a future in which the Reich has far exceeded our own reality in technological prowess. In The Man in the High Castle, for example, the Greater Reich has by the early 1960's begun the colonization of Mars and made suborbital transport common and economical.

Entertainment/Gaming

The concept has also appeared in many forms of popular entertainment. The UK Misty (comics) series "The Sentinels" (1978) features two eponymous apartment blocks functioning as a gateway between our universe and an alternate universe where Nazi Germany conquered Britain during 1940. People stumble in from both sides, causing terror over unexplained disappearances and worse- mix-ups over parallel world doubles. This culminates in the Gestapo mistakenly arresting a man from our universe and people from both worlds uniting for a rescue mission. Beginning in 1989, wargame publisher XTR Corp. released a series of games centering on a hypothetical Nazi-Imperial Japan WWIII showdown (Tomorrow the World, Mississippi Banzai, Black Gold (Texas Tea)). In the Alternate Earths supplement to the GURPS role-playing game system, several Nazi-dominated parallel timelines are introduced, the "worst" of which- Reich-5- is similar in development to the world of The Man in the High Castle, though extended to the start of the 21st Century. This reality functions as a looming menace in GURPS's Infinity Unlimited meta-campaign; though uninitiated to the possibility of cross-time travel, Reich-5's technology is in many ways superior to "our's", and the large, well-trained, and better-armed Wehrmacht is said to be able to tear any "Homeline" army to shreds should it acquire the capability for cross-time invasion (in the GURPS 4th Edition update, Reich-5 has acquired cross-time travel capability).

Cultural Studies

Academics, such as Gavriel David Rosenfeld in The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism (2005), have begun the research of this sub-genre and its various implications as a subject of full-scale academic research.

Works

Literature

Plays

Games

Movies

TV

Comics

  • The Sentinels (Misty Comics).

See also

References

  1. ^ Silver, Steven H. "Alternate History Month Contest". Steven Silver's SF Web Site. Retrieved 30 November 2008. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ Schmunk, Robert B. (2008). "Uchronia: The Alternate History List". Online database. Uchronia: The Alternate History List. Archived from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b Fred Bush (July 15, 2002). "The Time of the Other: Alternate History and the Conquest of America". Strange Horizons. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  4. ^ Evelyn C. Leeper (August 13, 2001). "Alternate History 101". Archived from the original on 2009-10-19. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  5. ^ http://www.depauw.edu/SFs/backissues/62/franklin62art.htm
  6. ^ "World War Two: The Rewrite". The Independent. April 23, 2006. Retrieved 2009-06-26.

Further reading

  • Rosenfeld, Gavriel David. The World Hitler Never Made. Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism (2005).
  • Tirghe, Carl. "Pax Germanicus in the future-historical". In Travellers in Time and Space: The German Historical Novel (2001).
  • Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "The Third Reich in Alternate History: Aspects of a Genre-Specific Depiction of Nazism". In Journal of Popular Culture, vol. 39 no. 5 (October 2006).

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