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{{short description|Part of oceanography describing the exploration of ocean surfaces}}
{{short description|Part of oceanography describing the exploration of ocean surfaces}}
[[Image:Ireland-AtlanticOceanwithAranIsland.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Atlantic Ocean]]]]
[[Image:Ireland-AtlanticOceanwithAranIsland.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Atlantic Ocean]]]]
'''Ocean exploration''' is a part of [[oceanography]] describing the exploration of [[ocean]] surfaces. Notable explorations were undertaken by the [[Greeks]], the [[Egyptians]], the [[Polynesia]]ns, the [[Phoenicia]]ns, Phytheas, [[Herodotus]], the [[Viking]]s, the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] and [[Muslims]]. Scientific investigations began with early scientists such as James Cook, Charles Darwin, and Edmund Halley. Ocean exploration itself coincided with the developments in [[shipbuilding]], [[Underwater diving|diving]], [[navigation]], depth, [[measurement]], [[exploration]], and [[cartography]].
'''Ocean exploration''' is a part of [[oceanography]] describing the exploration of [[ocean]] surfaces. Notable explorations were undertaken by the [[Greeks]], the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], the [[Polynesia]]ns, the [[Phoenicia]]ns, Phytheas, [[Herodotus]], the [[Viking]]s, the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] and [[Muslims]]. Scientific investigations began with early scientists such as James Cook, Charles Darwin, and Edmund Halley. Ocean exploration itself coincided with the developments in [[shipbuilding]], [[Underwater diving|diving]], [[navigation]], depth, [[measurement]], [[exploration]], and [[cartography]].


== Timeline ==
== Timeline ==


===Early exploration===
===Early exploration===
* 4500 BC Around this time, cultures like those in [[Greece]] and [[China]] began diving into the sea as a source of food gathering, commerce, and possibly even warfare.
* 4500 BC Around this time, cultures like those in [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] began diving into the sea as a source of food gathering, commerce, and possibly even warfare.
* 4000 BC [[Egypt]]ians developed [[sail]]ing vessels, which were probably used only in the eastern [[Mediterranean]] near the mouth of the [[Nile River]].
* 4000 BC [[Egypt]]ians developed [[sail]]ing vessels, which were probably used only in the eastern [[Mediterranean]] near the mouth of the [[Nile River]].
* 4000 BC - 1000 AD [[Polynesia]]n colonization of [[Oceania|South Pacific]] Islands.
* 4000 BC - 1000 AD [[Polynesia]]n colonization of [[Oceania|South Pacific]] Islands.
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* 450 BC [[Herodotus]] publishes a map of the Mediterranean region.
* 450 BC [[Herodotus]] publishes a map of the Mediterranean region.
* 325 BC [[Pytheas]], a Greek [[astronomer]] and [[geographer]], sailed north out of the Mediterranean, reaching England and possibly even Iceland and Norway. He also developed the use of sightings on the [[North Star]] to determine latitude.
* 325 BC [[Pytheas]], a Greek [[astronomer]] and [[geographer]], sailed north out of the Mediterranean, reaching England and possibly even Iceland and Norway. He also developed the use of sightings on the [[North Star]] to determine latitude.
* c.240 BC [[Eratosthenes]] of Cyrene measures the [[circumference of Earth]] with a high precision.<ref name="russo273277">{{cite book |last=Russo |first=Lucio |author-link=Lucio Russo |date=2004 |title=The Forgotten Revolution |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer|page=273–277}}</ref>
* c.240 BC [[Eratosthenes]] of Cyrene measures the [[circumference of Earth]] with a high precision.<ref name="russo273277">{{cite book |last=Russo |first=Lucio |author-link=Lucio Russo |date=2004 |title=The Forgotten Revolution |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer|pages=273–277}}</ref>
* 150 AD [[Ptolemy]] produces a map of the Roman world, including lines of latitude and [[longitude]], the continents of [[Asia]], Europe, and Africa and the surrounding oceans.
* 150 AD [[Ptolemy]] produces a map of the Roman world, including lines of [[latitude]] and [[longitude]], the continents of [[Asia]], Europe, and Africa and the surrounding oceans.
* 900-1430 [[Vikings]] explore and colonize [[Iceland]], [[Greenland]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].
* 900-1430 [[Vikings]] explore and colonize [[Iceland]], [[Greenland]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].
* 1002 Leif Erikson reaches North America 500 years before Columbus.<ref name="Sverdrup">{{cite book|last=Sverdrup|first=Keith A.|title=An Introduction to the World's Oceans|year=2005|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=0-07-252807-9|page=4 |author2=Alyn C. Duxbury |author3=Alison B. Duxbury}}</ref>
* 1002 Leif Erikson reaches North America 500 years before Columbus.<ref name="Sverdrup">{{cite book|last=Sverdrup|first=Keith A.|title=An Introduction to the World's Oceans|year=2005|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=0-07-252807-9|page=4 |author2=Alyn C. Duxbury |author3=Alison B. Duxbury}}</ref>
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* 1785 [[Benjamin Franklin]] writes [https://web.archive.org/web/20051218185445/http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/library/readings/gulf/gulf.html Sundry Marine Observations] on improvements to ships and the [[Gulf Stream]].
* 1785 [[Benjamin Franklin]] writes [https://web.archive.org/web/20051218185445/http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/library/readings/gulf/gulf.html Sundry Marine Observations] on improvements to ships and the [[Gulf Stream]].
* 1831-1836 [[Charles Darwin]] sails on the Beagle, exploring the [[Galapagos]] and many other areas. It is this work which led him to develop the concepts of [[natural selection]] and [[evolution]].
* 1831-1836 [[Charles Darwin]] sails on the Beagle, exploring the [[Galapagos]] and many other areas. It is this work which led him to develop the concepts of [[natural selection]] and [[evolution]].
* 1860 First chart of the [[Gulf Stream]] published by the [[U.S. Coast Survey]].
* 1860 First chart of the [[Gulf Stream]] published by the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey|United States Coast Survey]].
* 1872-1876 [[Challenger expedition|H.M.S. Challenger]] travels around the world on a scientific mission taking sediment samples, water samples, soundings, and collecting many biological specimens.
* 1872-1876 [[Challenger expedition|H.M.S. Challenger]] travels around the world on a scientific mission taking sediment samples, water samples, soundings, and collecting many biological specimens.
* 1960 [[Bathyscaphe Trieste]] dives to what was believed to be the deepest point in the [[Mariana Trench]]. A depth of 10,915 meters was observed.
* 1960 [[Bathyscaphe Trieste]] dives to what was believed to be the deepest point in the [[Mariana Trench]]. A depth of 10,915 meters was observed.
* 1969 The [[Ben Franklin (PX-15)]] drifts submerged for 30 days in the [[Gulf Stream]].
* 1969 The [[Ben Franklin (PX-15)]] drifts submerged for 30 days in the [[Gulf Stream]].
<!-- Maybe more on modern explorations, i.e. 1850 on. -->
<!-- Maybe more on modern explorations, i.e. 1850 on. -->
==== Human-powered ====

* The renaissance of ocean exploration occurred in the 20th century, when [[Human-powered watercraft|human-powered]] exploration became increasingly popular. Via this new medium, pioneering has once again become the goal of [[Ocean Explorers Grand Slam|ocean explorers]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-07|title=Ocean Rowing Society International launches the first real adventure database|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2021/4/ocean-rowing-society-international-launches-the-first-real-adventure-database-653509|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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*[http://www.ocean.udel.edu/deepsea/level-2/tools/history.html Deep-sea exploration]
*[http://www.ocean.udel.edu/deepsea/level-2/tools/history.html Deep-sea exploration]


{{physical oceanography|expanded=other}}
{{physical oceanography}}
{{Ancient seafaring}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Ocean Exploration}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ocean Exploration}}

Latest revision as of 01:16, 16 June 2024

Atlantic Ocean

Ocean exploration is a part of oceanography describing the exploration of ocean surfaces. Notable explorations were undertaken by the Greeks, the Romans, the Polynesians, the Phoenicians, Phytheas, Herodotus, the Vikings, the Portuguese and Muslims. Scientific investigations began with early scientists such as James Cook, Charles Darwin, and Edmund Halley. Ocean exploration itself coincided with the developments in shipbuilding, diving, navigation, depth, measurement, exploration, and cartography.

Timeline

[edit]

Early exploration

[edit]
  • 4500 BC Around this time, cultures like those in Greece and Rome began diving into the sea as a source of food gathering, commerce, and possibly even warfare.
  • 4000 BC Egyptians developed sailing vessels, which were probably used only in the eastern Mediterranean near the mouth of the Nile River.
  • 4000 BC - 1000 AD Polynesian colonization of South Pacific Islands.
  • 1800 BC Basic measuring of the depths is done in Egypt.
  • 1500 BC Middle Eastern peoples explored the Indian Ocean
  • 600 BC Phoenicians developed sea routes around the entire Mediterranean and into the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. Going around Africa they reached England by sailing along the western European coast. Although they understood celestial navigation, they probably stayed within sight of land whenever possible.
  • 500-200 BC Greeks developed trade routes in the Mediterranean using the length of the day (corrected for the time of the year) to estimate latitude.
  • 450 BC Herodotus publishes a map of the Mediterranean region.
  • 325 BC Pytheas, a Greek astronomer and geographer, sailed north out of the Mediterranean, reaching England and possibly even Iceland and Norway. He also developed the use of sightings on the North Star to determine latitude.
  • c.240 BC Eratosthenes of Cyrene measures the circumference of Earth with a high precision.[1]
  • 150 AD Ptolemy produces a map of the Roman world, including lines of latitude and longitude, the continents of Asia, Europe, and Africa and the surrounding oceans.
  • 900-1430 Vikings explore and colonize Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland.
  • 1002 Leif Erikson reaches North America 500 years before Columbus.[2]
  • 1405-1433 Chinese send seven voyages to extend Chinese influence and impress their neighbor states. These expensive voyages are ended after a short time. See Zheng He (1371–1433).

From Age of Exploration to present

[edit]
Further information: European and American voyages of scientific exploration

Human-powered

[edit]
  • The renaissance of ocean exploration occurred in the 20th century, when human-powered exploration became increasingly popular. Via this new medium, pioneering has once again become the goal of ocean explorers.[3]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Russo, Lucio (2004). The Forgotten Revolution. Berlin: Springer. pp. 273–277.
  2. ^ Sverdrup, Keith A.; Alyn C. Duxbury; Alison B. Duxbury (2005). An Introduction to the World's Oceans. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 4. ISBN 0-07-252807-9.
  3. ^ "Ocean Rowing Society International launches the first real adventure database". Guinness World Records. 2021-04-07. Retrieved 2021-08-12.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
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