602.gcc_s
SPEC CPU®2017 Benchmark Description

Benchmark Name

602.gcc_s

Benchmark Author

Richard Stallman and a large cast of helpers.
For a full list, see http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Contributors.html

Benchmark Program General Category

C Language optimizing compiler

Benchmark Description

602.gcc_s is based on GCC Version 4.5.0. It generates code for an IA32 processor. The benchmark runs as a compiler with many of its optimization flags enabled.

602.gcc_s has altered inlining heuristics, so as to inline more code than may be typical of Unix systems as of the time that the porting work was done for the benchmark. This was done so that 602.gcc_s would spend more time analyzing its source code inputs, and use more memory. Without this effect, 602.gcc_s would have done less analysis, and needed more input workloads to achieve the run times required for CPU2017. Recall that SPEC CPU® benchmarks are drawn from 'the compute-intensive portion of real applications'; therefore, for the benchmark version, the preference is to compile a few large files instead of many small files.

Input Description

The inputs to the benchmark are C source code files. The large files for the ref workloads are GCC itself, after preprocessing. The presentation of the entire (preprocessed) source set at one time avoids I/O and allows the benchmark compiler a wide scope as it considers optimizations. There are several optimizations used, which can be found in the file control in each of the input directories. For example, the brief 'test' workload uses
-O3 -finline-limit=50000.

New inputs can be generated by writing C source code.

Output Description

All output files are IA32 assembly code files.

Programming Language

Known Portability Issues

spec_qsort and ANSI aliasing: The spec_qsort.c routine does not strictly obey the ANSI aliasing rules. See the detailed discussion in the documentation for 505.mcf_r, which is where the problem was reported.

If you are compiling with the GCC compiler, it is theoretically possible that you might need to add -fno-strict-aliasing to 602.gcc_s as well. The Example GCC config files as updated for SPEC CPU 2017 v1.1.5 demonstrate how to do so.
Multiple definitions: When using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) to compile the gcc benchmark, you may encounter errors such as the following:
```
   cc1-checksum.o: In function `vprintf':
   /usr/include/bits/stdio.h:38: multiple definition of `vprintf'
   main.o:/usr/include/bits/stdio.h:38: first defined here
```
Notice in the message above that the compiler appears to be objecting to using a definition at
stdio.h:38 because it already has a definition at
stdio.h:38.
That somewhat confusing error signature is due to inclusion of header files that use pre-1999 inlining keywords. See the documentation of -fgnu89-inline in the GNU chapter on C-Dialect-Options, and the associated discussion of inlining, which explains how the keywords inline, static, and extern were standardized in a manner that differs from their pre-1999 use by GCC.

A recommended solution to this problem is:
```
intrate,intspeed=base:
   EXTRA_COPTIMIZE = -fgnu89-inline
```
Note: as shown above, you would set the flag for all benchmarks, as required by the rules.
In peak, if you wish, you could be more selective and set it only for the gcc benchmark.

Possible alternatives:
- The switch -z muldefs may be an alternative to -fgnu89-inline, and has the advantage of directly and simply reassuring the linker that (for example), yes the routine at
  stdio.h:38 happens to be identical to the routine at
  stdio.h:38.
  Unfortunately, this solution is unlikely to work with -flto nor with -m32. If you try it, set it for all benchmarks in base.
- You could try using -std=gnuNN, provided that you set it for all benchmarks in base; however, this is not tested and might or might not cause problems with other benchmarks. (Note: using std=gnuXX as a "Portability" flag is not likely to be approved by SPEC, because the portabilty rule considers degree of impact. Setting a GNU-specific dialect as a portablility flag is not required given that more narrow solutions are available.)

Other Portability Considerations

Some of the optimizations 602.gcc_s performs require constant propagation of floating point constants. These form an insignificant amount of computation time, yet may depend on IEEE floating point format to produce a correct result.
602.gcc_s is not an ANSI C program. It uses GNU extensions.
The initial port of 602.gcc_s was to a 64 bit system. It has been successfully ported by SPEC to many 32-bit UNIX implementations.

Sources and Licensing

602.gcc_s is based on the GNU C compiler version 4.5, using the GNU GPL license.

Please see details in the document SPEC CPU®2017 Licenses.

References

See the GCC home page

Last updated: $Date: 2020-09-23 10:06:01 -0400 (Wed, 23 Sep 2020) $

602.gcc_s SPEC CPU®2017 Benchmark Description