OFFSET
0,5
COMMENTS
A set partition of {1,...,n} is topologically connected if the graph whose vertices are the blocks and whose edges are crossing pairs of blocks is connected, where two blocks cross each other if they are of the form {{...x...y...}, {...z...t...}} for some x < z < y < t or z < x < t < y. - Gus Wiseman, Feb 19 2019
LINKS
Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..222
Janet Simpson Beissinger, The enumeration of irreducible combinatorial objects, J. Comb. Theory, Ser. A, 38 (1985), pp. 143-169. (Example 6.2)
Daniel Birmajer, Juan B. Gil, and Michael D. Weiner, A family of Bell transformations, arXiv:1803.07727 [math.CO], 2018.
Kenneth J. Dykema, Generating functions for purely crossing partitions, arXiv:1602.03469 [math.CO], 2016. See column NIS in Table 2 p. 8.
Aoife Hennessy, A Study of Riordan Arrays with Applications to Continued Fractions, Orthogonal Polynomials and Lattice Paths, Ph. D. Thesis, Waterford Institute of Technology, Oct. 2011.
Martin Klazar, Bell numbers, their relatives and algebraic differential equations, J. Combin. Theory, A 102 (2003), 63-87.
FORMULA
From Paul D. Hanna, Apr 16 2013: (Start)
O.g.f. A(x) satisfies
(2) A(x) = Sum_{n>=0} x^n / Product_{k=1..n} (A(x) - k*x).
(3) A(x) = 1/(1 - x/(A(x) - 1*x/(1 - x/(A(x) - 2*x/(1 - x/(A(x) - 3*x/(1 - x/(A(x) - 4*x/(1 - x/(A(x) - ... )))))))), a continued fraction. (End)
B(n) = Sum_p Product_{s in p} a(|s|) where p is a non-crossing set partition of {1,...,n} and B = A000110. In words, every set partition of {1,...,n} can be uniquely decomposed as a non-crossing set partition together with a topologically connected set partition of each block. - Gus Wiseman, Feb 19 2019
EXAMPLE
O.g.f.: A(x) = 1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + 2*x^4 + 6*x^5 + 21*x^6 + 85*x^7 +...
From Paul D. Hanna, Apr 16 2013: (Start)
The o.g.f. satisfies
(1) A(x) = 1 + x/A(x) + 2*x^2/A(x)^2 + 5*x^3/A(x)^3 + 15*x^4/A(x)^4 + 52*x^5/A(x)^5 + 203*x^6/A(x)^6 + ... + A000110(n)*x^n/A(x)^n + ...
(2) A(x) = 1 + x/(A(x)-x) + x^2/((A(x)-x)*(A(x)-2*x)) + x^3/((A(x)-x)*(A(x)-2*x)*(A(x)-3*x)) + x^4/((A(x)-x)*(A(x)-2*x)*(A(x)-3*x)*(A(x)-4*x)) + ... (End)
From Gus Wiseman, Feb 19 2019: (Start)
The a(1) = 1 through a(6) = 21 topologically connected set partitions:
{{1}} {{12}} {{123}} {{1234}} {{12345}} {{123456}}
{{13}{24}} {{124}{35}} {{1235}{46}}
{{13}{245}} {{124}{356}}
{{134}{25}} {{1245}{36}}
{{135}{24}} {{1246}{35}}
{{14}{235}} {{125}{346}}
{{13}{2456}}
{{134}{256}}
{{1345}{26}}
{{1346}{25}}
{{135}{246}}
{{1356}{24}}
{{136}{245}}
{{14}{2356}}
{{145}{236}}
{{146}{235}}
{{15}{2346}}
{{13}{25}{46}}
{{14}{25}{36}}
{{14}{26}{35}}
{{15}{24}{36}}
(End)
MATHEMATICA
a[0] = 1; a[n_] := Module[{A = 1 + x}, For[i = 1, i <= n, i++, A = Sum[x^m/Product[A - k*x + x*O[x]^n, {k, 1, m}], {m, 0, n}]]; Coefficient[A, x^n]]; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 24}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 13 2013, after Paul D. Hanna *)
nn=8;
nonXQ[stn_]:=!MatchQ[stn, {___, {___, x_, ___, y_, ___}, ___, {___, z_, ___, t_, ___}, ___}/; x<z<y<t||z<x<t<y];
sps[{}]:={{}}; sps[set:{i_, ___}]:=Join@@Function[s, Prepend[#, s]&/@sps[Complement[set, s]]]/@Cases[Subsets[set], {i, ___}];
Solve[Table[BellB[n]==Sum[Product[a[Length[s]], {s, stn}], {stn, Select[sps[Range[n]], nonXQ]}], {n, nn}], Array[a, nn]] (* Gus Wiseman, Feb 19 2019 *)
PROG
(PARI) {a(n)=if(n<0, 0, polcoeff( x/serreverse(x*serlaplace(exp(exp(x+x*O(x^n))-1))), n))} /* Michael Somos, Sep 22 2005 */
(PARI) {a(n)=local(A=1+x); for(i=1, n, A=sum(m=0, n, x^m/prod(k=1, m, A - k*x +x*O(x^n)) )); polcoeff(A, n)} \\ Paul D. Hanna, Apr 16 2013
CROSSREFS
KEYWORD
nonn,easy,nice
AUTHOR
N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 12 2004
EXTENSIONS
Name edited by Gus Wiseman, Feb 19 2019
STATUS
approved