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source: vendor/FreeBSD-libc/current/db/docs/libtp.usenix.ps

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Last change on this file was 961, checked in by bird, 22 years ago
Initial revision
Property cvs2svn:cvs-rev set to `1.1` Property svn:eol-style set to `native` Property svn:executable set to ``*
File size: 164.3 KB

Line
1	%!PS-Adobe-1.0
2	%%Creator: utopia:margo (& Seltzer,608-13E,8072,)
3	%%Title: stdin (ditroff)
4	%%CreationDate: Thu Dec 12 15:32:11 1991
5	%%EndComments
6	% @(#)psdit.pro 1.3 4/15/88
7	% lib/psdit.pro -- prolog for psdit (ditroff) files
8	% Copyright (c) 1984, 1985 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
9	% last edit: shore Sat Nov 23 20:28:03 1985
10	% RCSID: $FreeBSD: src/lib/libc/db/docs/libtp.usenix.ps,v 1.2 1999/08/28 05:03:15 peter Exp $
11
12	% Changed by Edward Wang (edward@ucbarpa.berkeley.edu) to handle graphics,
13	% 17 Feb, 87.
14
15	/$DITroff 140 dict def $DITroff begin
16	/fontnum 1 def /fontsize 10 def /fontheight 10 def /fontslant 0 def
17	/xi{0 72 11 mul translate 72 resolution div dup neg scale 0 0 moveto
18	/fontnum 1 def /fontsize 10 def /fontheight 10 def /fontslant 0 def F
19	/pagesave save def}def
20	/PB{save /psv exch def currentpoint translate
21	resolution 72 div dup neg scale 0 0 moveto}def
22	/PE{psv restore}def
23	/arctoobig 90 def /arctoosmall .05 def
24	/m1 matrix def /m2 matrix def /m3 matrix def /oldmat matrix def
25	/tan{dup sin exch cos div}def
26	/point{resolution 72 div mul}def
27	/dround {transform round exch round exch itransform}def
28	/xT{/devname exch def}def
29	/xr{/mh exch def /my exch def /resolution exch def}def
30	/xp{}def
31	/xs{docsave restore end}def
32	/xt{}def
33	/xf{/fontname exch def /slotno exch def fontnames slotno get fontname eq not
34	{fonts slotno fontname findfont put fontnames slotno fontname put}if}def
35	/xH{/fontheight exch def F}def
36	/xS{/fontslant exch def F}def
37	/s{/fontsize exch def /fontheight fontsize def F}def
38	/f{/fontnum exch def F}def
39	/F{fontheight 0 le{/fontheight fontsize def}if
40	fonts fontnum get fontsize point 0 0 fontheight point neg 0 0 m1 astore
41	fontslant 0 ne{1 0 fontslant tan 1 0 0 m2 astore m3 concatmatrix}if
42	makefont setfont .04 fontsize point mul 0 dround pop setlinewidth}def
43	/X{exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show}def
44	/N{3 1 roll moveto show}def
45	/Y{exch currentpoint pop exch moveto show}def
46	/S{show}def
47	/ditpush{}def/ditpop{}def
48	/AX{3 -1 roll currentpoint exch pop moveto 0 exch ashow}def
49	/AN{4 2 roll moveto 0 exch ashow}def
50	/AY{3 -1 roll currentpoint pop exch moveto 0 exch ashow}def
51	/AS{0 exch ashow}def
52	/MX{currentpoint exch pop moveto}def
53	/MY{currentpoint pop exch moveto}def
54	/MXY{moveto}def
55	/cb{pop}def % action on unknown char -- nothing for now
56	/n{}def/w{}def
57	/p{pop showpage pagesave restore /pagesave save def}def
58	/Dt{/Dlinewidth exch def}def 1 Dt
59	/Ds{/Ddash exch def}def -1 Ds
60	/Di{/Dstipple exch def}def 1 Di
61	/Dsetlinewidth{2 Dlinewidth mul setlinewidth}def
62	/Dsetdash{Ddash 4 eq{[8 12]}{Ddash 16 eq{[32 36]}
63	{Ddash 20 eq{[32 12 8 12]}{[]}ifelse}ifelse}ifelse 0 setdash}def
64	/Dstroke{gsave Dsetlinewidth Dsetdash 1 setlinecap stroke grestore
65	currentpoint newpath moveto}def
66	/Dl{rlineto Dstroke}def
67	/arcellipse{/diamv exch def /diamh exch def oldmat currentmatrix pop
68	currentpoint translate 1 diamv diamh div scale /rad diamh 2 div def
69	currentpoint exch rad add exch rad -180 180 arc oldmat setmatrix}def
70	/Dc{dup arcellipse Dstroke}def
71	/De{arcellipse Dstroke}def
72	/Da{/endv exch def /endh exch def /centerv exch def /centerh exch def
73	/cradius centerv centerv mul centerh centerh mul add sqrt def
74	/eradius endv endv mul endh endh mul add sqrt def
75	/endang endv endh atan def
76	/startang centerv neg centerh neg atan def
77	/sweep startang endang sub dup 0 lt{360 add}if def
78	sweep arctoobig gt
79	{/midang startang sweep 2 div sub def /midrad cradius eradius add 2 div def
80	/midh midang cos midrad mul def /midv midang sin midrad mul def
81	midh neg midv neg endh endv centerh centerv midh midv Da
82	Da}
83	{sweep arctoosmall ge
84	{/controldelt 1 sweep 2 div cos sub 3 sweep 2 div sin mul div 4 mul def
85	centerv neg controldelt mul centerh controldelt mul
86	endv neg controldelt mul centerh add endh add
87	endh controldelt mul centerv add endv add
88	centerh endh add centerv endv add rcurveto Dstroke}
89	{centerh endh add centerv endv add rlineto Dstroke}
90	ifelse}
91	ifelse}def
92	/Dpatterns[
93	[%cf[widthbits]
94	[8<0000000000000010>]
95	[8<0411040040114000>]
96	[8<0204081020408001>]
97	[8<0000103810000000>]
98	[8<6699996666999966>]
99	[8<0000800100001008>]
100	[8<81c36666c3810000>]
101	[8<0f0e0c0800000000>]
102	[8<0000000000000010>]
103	[8<0411040040114000>]
104	[8<0204081020408001>]
105	[8<0000001038100000>]
106	[8<6699996666999966>]
107	[8<0000800100001008>]
108	[8<81c36666c3810000>]
109	[8<0f0e0c0800000000>]
110	[8<0042660000246600>]
111	[8<0000990000990000>]
112	[8<0804020180402010>]
113	[8<2418814242811824>]
114	[8<6699996666999966>]
115	[8<8000000008000000>]
116	[8<00001c3e363e1c00>]
117	[8<0000000000000000>]
118	[32<00000040000000c00000004000000040000000e0000000000000000000000000>]
119	[32<00000000000060000000900000002000000040000000f0000000000000000000>]
120	[32<000000000000000000e0000000100000006000000010000000e0000000000000>]
121	[32<00000000000000002000000060000000a0000000f00000002000000000000000>]
122	[32<0000000e0000000000000000000000000000000f000000080000000e00000001>]
123	[32<0000090000000600000000000000000000000000000007000000080000000e00>]
124	[32<00010000000200000004000000040000000000000000000000000000000f0000>]
125	[32<0900000006000000090000000600000000000000000000000000000006000000>]]
126	[%ug
127	[8<0000020000000000>]
128	[8<0000020000002000>]
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154	[8<0e0f0f07e0f0f070>]
155	[8<0e0f0f0fe0f0f070>]
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157	[8<0f0f0f0fe0f0f0f0>]
158	[8<0f0f0f0ff0f0f0f0>]
159	[8<1f0f0f0ff0f0f0f0>]
160	[8<1f0f0f0ff1f0f0f0>]
161	[8<1f0f0f8ff1f0f0f0>]
162	[8<1f0f0f8ff1f0f0f8>]
163	[8<9f0f0f8ff1f0f0f8>]
164	[8<9f0f0f8ff9f0f0f8>]
165	[8<9f0f0f9ff9f0f0f8>]
166	[8<9f0f0f9ff9f0f0f9>]
167	[8<9f8f0f9ff9f0f0f9>]
168	[8<9f8f0f9ff9f8f0f9>]
169	[8<9f8f1f9ff9f8f0f9>]
170	[8<9f8f1f9ff9f8f1f9>]
171	[8<bf8f1f9ff9f8f1f9>]
172	[8<bf8f1f9ffbf8f1f9>]
173	[8<bf8f1fdffbf8f1f9>]
174	[8<bf8f1fdffbf8f1fd>]
175	[8<ff8f1fdffbf8f1fd>]
176	[8<ff8f1fdffff8f1fd>]
177	[8<ff8f1ffffff8f1fd>]
178	[8<ff8f1ffffff8f1ff>]
179	[8<ff9f1ffffff8f1ff>]
180	[8<ff9f1ffffff9f1ff>]
181	[8<ff9f9ffffff9f1ff>]
182	[8<ff9f9ffffff9f9ff>]
183	[8<ffbf9ffffff9f9ff>]
184	[8<ffbf9ffffffbf9ff>]
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187	[8<ffffdffffffbfdff>]
188	[8<ffffdffffffffdff>]
189	[8<fffffffffffffdff>]
190	[8<ffffffffffffffff>]]
191	[%mg
192	[8<8000000000000000>]
193	[8<0822080080228000>]
194	[8<0204081020408001>]
195	[8<40e0400000000000>]
196	[8<66999966>]
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199	[8<f0e0c08000000000>]
200	[16<07c00f801f003e007c00f800f001e003c007800f001f003e007c00f801f003e0>]
201	[16<1f000f8007c003e001f000f8007c003e001f800fc007e003f001f8007c003e00>]
202	[8<c3c300000000c3c3>]
203	[16<0040008001000200040008001000200040008000000100020004000800100020>]
204	[16<0040002000100008000400020001800040002000100008000400020001000080>]
205	[16<1fc03fe07df0f8f8f07de03fc01f800fc01fe03ff07df8f87df03fe01fc00f80>]
206	[8<80>]
207	[8<8040201000000000>]
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209	[8<9900009900000000>]
210	[8<08040201804020100800020180002010>]
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212	[8<66999966>]
213	[8<8000000008000000>]
214	[8<70f8d8f870000000>]
215	[8<0814224180402010>]
216	[8<aa00440a11a04400>]
217	[8<018245aa45820100>]
218	[8<221c224180808041>]
219	[8<88000000>]
220	[8<0855800080550800>]
221	[8<2844004482440044>]
222	[8<0810204080412214>]
223	[8<00>]]]def
224	/Dfill{
225	transform /maxy exch def /maxx exch def
226	transform /miny exch def /minx exch def
227	minx maxx gt{/minx maxx /maxx minx def def}if
228	miny maxy gt{/miny maxy /maxy miny def def}if
229	Dpatterns Dstipple 1 sub get exch 1 sub get
230	aload pop /stip exch def /stipw exch def /stiph 128 def
231	/imatrix[stipw 0 0 stiph 0 0]def
232	/tmatrix[stipw 0 0 stiph 0 0]def
233	/minx minx cvi stiph idiv stiph mul def
234	/miny miny cvi stipw idiv stipw mul def
235	gsave eoclip 0 setgray
236	miny stiph maxy{
237	tmatrix exch 5 exch put
238	minx stipw maxx{
239	tmatrix exch 4 exch put tmatrix setmatrix
240	stipw stiph true imatrix {stip} imagemask
241	}for
242	}for
243	grestore
244	}def
245	/Dp{Dfill Dstroke}def
246	/DP{Dfill currentpoint newpath moveto}def
247	end
248
249	/ditstart{$DITroff begin
250	/nfonts 60 def % NFONTS makedev/ditroff dependent!
251	/fonts[nfonts{0}repeat]def
252	/fontnames[nfonts{()}repeat]def
253	/docsave save def
254	}def
255
256	% character outcalls
257	/oc{
258	/pswid exch def /cc exch def /name exch def
259	/ditwid pswid fontsize mul resolution mul 72000 div def
260	/ditsiz fontsize resolution mul 72 div def
261	ocprocs name known{ocprocs name get exec}{name cb}ifelse
262	}def
263	/fractm [.65 0 0 .6 0 0] def
264	/fraction{
265	/fden exch def /fnum exch def gsave /cf currentfont def
266	cf fractm makefont setfont 0 .3 dm 2 copy neg rmoveto
267	fnum show rmoveto currentfont cf setfont(\244)show setfont fden show
268	grestore ditwid 0 rmoveto
269	}def
270	/oce{grestore ditwid 0 rmoveto}def
271	/dm{ditsiz mul}def
272	/ocprocs 50 dict def ocprocs begin
273	(14){(1)(4)fraction}def
274	(12){(1)(2)fraction}def
275	(34){(3)(4)fraction}def
276	(13){(1)(3)fraction}def
277	(23){(2)(3)fraction}def
278	(18){(1)(8)fraction}def
279	(38){(3)(8)fraction}def
280	(58){(5)(8)fraction}def
281	(78){(7)(8)fraction}def
282	(sr){gsave 0 .06 dm rmoveto(\326)show oce}def
283	(is){gsave 0 .15 dm rmoveto(\362)show oce}def
284	(->){gsave 0 .02 dm rmoveto(\256)show oce}def
285	(<-){gsave 0 .02 dm rmoveto(\254)show oce}def
286	(==){gsave 0 .05 dm rmoveto(\272)show oce}def
287	(uc){gsave currentpoint 400 .009 dm mul add translate
288	8 -8 scale ucseal oce}def
289	end
290
291	% an attempt at a PostScript FONT to implement ditroff special chars
292	% this will enable us to
293	% cache the little buggers
294	% generate faster, more compact PS out of psdit
295	% confuse everyone (including myself)!
296	50 dict dup begin
297	/FontType 3 def
298	/FontName /DIThacks def
299	/FontMatrix [.001 0 0 .001 0 0] def
300	/FontBBox [-260 -260 900 900] def% a lie but ...
301	/Encoding 256 array def
302	0 1 255{Encoding exch /.notdef put}for
303	Encoding
304	dup 8#040/space put %space
305	dup 8#110/rc put %right ceil
306	dup 8#111/lt put %left top curl
307	dup 8#112/bv put %bold vert
308	dup 8#113/lk put %left mid curl
309	dup 8#114/lb put %left bot curl
310	dup 8#115/rt put %right top curl
311	dup 8#116/rk put %right mid curl
312	dup 8#117/rb put %right bot curl
313	dup 8#120/rf put %right floor
314	dup 8#121/lf put %left floor
315	dup 8#122/lc put %left ceil
316	dup 8#140/sq put %square
317	dup 8#141/bx put %box
318	dup 8#142/ci put %circle
319	dup 8#143/br put %box rule
320	dup 8#144/rn put %root extender
321	dup 8#145/vr put %vertical rule
322	dup 8#146/ob put %outline bullet
323	dup 8#147/bu put %bullet
324	dup 8#150/ru put %rule
325	dup 8#151/ul put %underline
326	pop
327	/DITfd 100 dict def
328	/BuildChar{0 begin
329	/cc exch def /fd exch def
330	/charname fd /Encoding get cc get def
331	/charwid fd /Metrics get charname get def
332	/charproc fd /CharProcs get charname get def
333	charwid 0 fd /FontBBox get aload pop setcachedevice
334	2 setlinejoin 40 setlinewidth
335	newpath 0 0 moveto gsave charproc grestore
336	end}def
337	/BuildChar load 0 DITfd put
338	/CharProcs 50 dict def
339	CharProcs begin
340	/space{}def
341	/.notdef{}def
342	/ru{500 0 rls}def
343	/rn{0 840 moveto 500 0 rls}def
344	/vr{0 800 moveto 0 -770 rls}def
345	/bv{0 800 moveto 0 -1000 rls}def
346	/br{0 840 moveto 0 -1000 rls}def
347	/ul{0 -140 moveto 500 0 rls}def
348	/ob{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath stroke}def
349	/bu{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath fill}def
350	/sq{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto
351	640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath stroke}def
352	/bx{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto
353	640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath fill}def
354	/ci{500 360 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 333 0 360 arc
355	50 setlinewidth stroke}def
356
357	/lt{0 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def
358	/lb{0 800 moveto 0 -550 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def
359	/rt{0 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def
360	/rb{0 800 moveto 0 -500 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def
361	/lk{0 800 moveto 0 300 -300 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub
362	0 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 0 -200 lineto stroke}def
363	/rk{0 800 moveto 0 300 s2 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub
364	0 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 0 -200 lineto stroke}def
365	/lf{0 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def
366	/rf{0 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def
367	/lc{0 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def
368	/rc{0 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def
369	end
370
371	/Metrics 50 dict def Metrics begin
372	/.notdef 0 def
373	/space 500 def
374	/ru 500 def
375	/br 0 def
376	/lt 416 def
377	/lb 416 def
378	/rt 416 def
379	/rb 416 def
380	/lk 416 def
381	/rk 416 def
382	/rc 416 def
383	/lc 416 def
384	/rf 416 def
385	/lf 416 def
386	/bv 416 def
387	/ob 350 def
388	/bu 350 def
389	/ci 750 def
390	/bx 750 def
391	/sq 750 def
392	/rn 500 def
393	/ul 500 def
394	/vr 0 def
395	end
396
397	DITfd begin
398	/s2 500 def /s4 250 def /s3 333 def
399	/a4p{arcto pop pop pop pop}def
400	/2cx{2 copy exch}def
401	/rls{rlineto stroke}def
402	/currx{currentpoint pop}def
403	/dround{transform round exch round exch itransform} def
404	end
405	end
406	/DIThacks exch definefont pop
407	ditstart
408	(psc)xT
409	576 1 1 xr
410	1(Times-Roman)xf 1 f
411	2(Times-Italic)xf 2 f
412	3(Times-Bold)xf 3 f
413	4(Times-BoldItalic)xf 4 f
414	5(Helvetica)xf 5 f
415	6(Helvetica-Bold)xf 6 f
416	7(Courier)xf 7 f
417	8(Courier-Bold)xf 8 f
418	9(Symbol)xf 9 f
419	10(DIThacks)xf 10 f
420	10 s
421	1 f
422	xi
423	%%EndProlog
424
425	%%Page: 1 1
426	10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
427	3 f
428	14 s
429	1205 1206(LIBTP:)N
430	1633(Portable,)X
431	2100(M)X
432	2206(odular)X
433	2551(Transactions)X
434	3202(for)X
435	3374(UNIX)X
436	1 f
437	11 s
438	3661 1162(1)N
439	2 f
440	12 s
441	2182 1398(Margo)N
442	2467(Seltzer)X
443	2171 1494(Michael)N
444	2511(Olson)X
445	1800 1590(University)N
446	2225(of)X
447	2324(California,)X
448	2773(Berkeley)X
449	3 f
450	2277 1878(Abstract)N
451	1 f
452	10 s
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456	1543(useful)X
457	1771(programming)X
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460	2700(maintaining)X
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462	3364(consistency,)X
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469	1540(recovery.)X
470	1886(In)X
471	1977(traditional)X
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478	3465(of)X
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492	2572(costly,)X
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496	3275(provide)X
497	3554(the)X
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499	3890(functionality)X
500	555 2271(desired.)N
501	848(This)X
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503	1210(presents)X
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505	1611(design,)X
506	1860(implementation,)X
507	2402(and)X
508	2538(performance)X
509	2965(of)X
510	3052(LIBTP,)X
511	3314(a)X
512	3370(simple,)X
513	3623(non-proprietary)X
514	4147(tran-)X
515	555 2361(saction)N
516	809(library)X
517	1050(using)X
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519	1373(4.4BSD)X
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522	2189(routines)X
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524	3 f
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526	1 f
527	2588(\(3\)\).)X
528	2775(On)X
529	2899(a)X
530	2961(conventional)X
531	3401(transaction)X
532	3779(processing)X
533	4148(style)X
534	555 2451(benchmark,)N
535	959(its)X
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538	1575(approximately)X
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540	2239(that)X
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544	2907(access)X
545	3139(routines)X
546	3423(without)X
547	3693(transaction)X
548	4071(protec-)X
549	555 2541(tion,)N
550	725(200%)X
551	938(that)X
552	1084(of)X
553	1177(using)X
554	3 f
555	1376(fsync)X
556	1 f
557	1554(\(2\))X
558	1674(to)X
559	1761(commit)X
560	2030(modi\256cations)X
561	2490(to)X
562	2577(disk,)X
563	2755(and)X
564	2896(125%)X
565	3108(that)X
566	3253(of)X
567	3345(a)X
568	3406(commercial)X
569	3810(relational)X
570	4138(data-)X
571	555 2631(base)N
572	718(system.)X
573	3 f
574	555 2817(1.)N
575	655(Introduction)X
576	1 f
577	755 2940(Transactions)N
578	1186(are)X
579	1306(used)X
580	1474(in)X
581	1557(database)X
582	1855(systems)X
583	2129(to)X
584	2212(enable)X
585	2443(concurrent)X
586	2807(users)X
587	2992(to)X
588	3074(apply)X
589	3272(multi-operation)X
590	3790(updates)X
591	4055(without)X
592	555 3030(violating)N
593	863(the)X
594	985(integrity)X
595	1280(of)X
596	1371(the)X
597	1493(database.)X
598	1814(They)X
599	2003(provide)X
600	2271(the)X
601	2392(properties)X
602	2736(of)X
603	2826(atomicity,)X
604	3171(consistency,)X
605	3588(isolation,)X
606	3906(and)X
607	4045(durabil-)X
608	555 3120(ity.)N
609	701(By)X
610	816(atomicity,)X
611	1160(we)X
612	1276(mean)X
613	1472(that)X
614	1614(the)X
615	1734(set)X
616	1845(of)X
617	1934(updates)X
618	2200(comprising)X
619	2581(a)X
620	2638(transaction)X
621	3011(must)X
622	3187(be)X
623	3284(applied)X
624	3541(as)X
625	3629(a)X
626	3686(single)X
627	3898(unit;)X
628	4085(that)X
629	4226(is,)X
630	555 3210(they)N
631	714(must)X
632	890(either)X
633	1094(all)X
634	1195(be)X
635	1292(applied)X
636	1549(to)X
637	1632(the)X
638	1751(database)X
639	2049(or)X
640	2137(all)X
641	2238(be)X
642	2335(absent.)X
643	2601(Consistency)X
644	3013(requires)X
645	3293(that)X
646	3434(a)X
647	3491(transaction)X
648	3864(take)X
649	4019(the)X
650	4138(data-)X
651	555 3300(base)N
652	725(from)X
653	908(one)X
654	1051(logically)X
655	1358(consistent)X
656	1704(state)X
657	1877(to)X
658	1965(another.)X
659	2272(The)X
660	2423(property)X
661	2721(of)X
662	2814(isolation)X
663	3115(requires)X
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665	3546(concurrent)X
666	3916(transactions)X
667	555 3390(yield)N
668	750(results)X
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670	1225(are)X
671	1358(indistinguishable)X
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673	2128(the)X
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675	2503(which)X
676	2733(would)X
677	2967(be)X
678	3077(obtained)X
679	3387(by)X
680	3501(running)X
681	3784(the)X
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688	2018(once)X
689	2190(transactions)X
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697	3986(preserved)X
698	555 3570(across)N
699	776(system)X
700	1018(failures)X
701	1279([TPCB90].)X
702	755 3693(Although)N
703	1080(these)X
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705	1612(are)X
706	1734(most)X
707	1912(frequently)X
708	2265(discussed)X
709	2595(in)X
710	2680(the)X
711	2801(context)X
712	3060(of)X
713	3150(databases,)X
714	3501(they)X
715	3661(are)X
716	3782(useful)X
717	4000(program-)X
718	555 3783(ming)N
719	750(paradigms)X
720	1114(for)X
721	1238(more)X
722	1433(general)X
723	1700(purpose)X
724	1984(applications.)X
725	2441(There)X
726	2659(are)X
727	2788(several)X
728	3046(different)X
729	3353(situations)X
730	3689(where)X
731	3916(transactions)X
732	555 3873(can)N
733	687(be)X
734	783(used)X
735	950(to)X
736	1032(replace)X
737	1285(current)X
738	1533(ad-hoc)X
739	1772(mechanisms.)X
740	755 3996(One)N
741	910(situation)X
742	1206(is)X
743	1280(when)X
744	1475(multiple)X
745	1762(\256les)X
746	1916(or)X
747	2004(parts)X
748	2181(of)X
749	2269(\256les)X
750	2422(need)X
751	2594(to)X
752	2676(be)X
753	2772(updated)X
754	3046(in)X
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756	3224(atomic)X
757	3462(fashion.)X
758	3758(For)X
759	3889(example,)X
760	4201(the)X
761	555 4086(traditional)N
762	907(UNIX)X
763	1131(\256le)X
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765	1501(uses)X
766	1661(ordering)X
767	1955(constraints)X
768	2324(to)X
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770	2676(recoverability)X
771	3144(in)X
772	3228(the)X
773	3348(face)X
774	3505(of)X
775	3594(crashes.)X
776	3893(When)X
777	4107(a)X
778	4165(new)X
779	555 4176(\256le)N
780	678(is)X
781	752(created,)X
782	1026(its)X
783	1122(inode)X
784	1321(is)X
785	1395(written)X
786	1642(to)X
787	1724(disk)X
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789	2103(the)X
790	2221(new)X
791	2375(\256le)X
792	2497(is)X
793	2570(added)X
794	2782(to)X
795	2864(the)X
796	2982(directory)X
797	3292(structure.)X
798	3633(This)X
799	3795(guarantees)X
800	4159(that,)X
801	555 4266(if)N
802	627(the)X
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807	1665(two)X
808	1808(I/O's,)X
809	2016(the)X
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811	2450(does)X
812	2620(not)X
813	2744(contain)X
814	3002(a)X
815	3060 0.4531(reference)AX
816	3383(to)X
817	3467(an)X
818	3565(invalid)X
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820	4049(In)X
821	4138(actu-)X
822	555 4356(ality,)N
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825	1119(effect)X
826	1326(is)X
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829	1733(two)X
830	1876(updates)X
831	2144(have)X
832	2319(the)X
833	2440(transactional)X
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844	1124(is\).)X
845	1266(Rather)X
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847	1660(building)X
848	1947(special)X
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851	2769(mechanisms)X
852	3186(into)X
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855	3573(system)X
856	3816(or)X
857	3904(related)X
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859	555 4536(\()N
860	2 f
861	582(e.g.)X
862	3 f
863	726(fsck)X
864	1 f
865	864(\(8\)\),)X
866	1033(one)X
867	1177(could)X
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869	1518(general)X
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871	2064(transaction)X
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875	3252(system)X
876	3501(failure.)X
877	3778(Any)X
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893	3443(transactions.)X
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897	805(systems,)X
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900	1361(RCS)X
901	1534(and)X
902	1673(SCCS,)X
903	1910(should)X
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912	3903(of)X
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923	2028(fails,)X
924	2212(the)X
925	2336(transaction)X
926	2714(may)X
927	2878(be)X
928	2980(aborted,)X
929	3267(backing)X
930	3547(out)X
931	3675(the)X
932	3799(partial)X
933	4030(``check-)X
934	555 4896(in'')N
935	691(leaving)X
936	947(the)X
937	1065(source)X
938	1295(repository)X
939	1640(in)X
940	1722(a)X
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942	2118(state.)X
943	755 5019(A)N
944	842(second)X
945	1094(situation)X
946	1398(where)X
947	1624(transactions)X
948	2036(can)X
949	2177(be)X
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951	2458(to)X
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953	2811(current)X
954	3068(ad-hoc)X
955	3316(mechanisms)X
956	3741(is)X
957	3822(in)X
958	3912(applications)X
959	555 5109(where)N
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961	1144(updates)X
962	1413(to)X
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964	1559(shared)X
965	1793(\256le)X
966	1919(are)X
967	2042(desired,)X
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969	2444(there)X
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972	2948(consistency)X
973	3345(of)X
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975	3556(data)X
976	3713(which)X
977	3932(needs)X
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979	4223(be)X
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992	2950(used)X
993	3117(to)X
994	3199(disallow)X
995	3490(concurrent)X
996	3854(access.)X
997	4120(Tran-)X
998	555 5289(saction)N
999	804(semantics)X
1000	1142(on)X
1001	1244(the)X
1002	1364(password)X
1003	1689(\256les)X
1004	1844(would)X
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1029	4152(their)X
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1048	8 s
1049	10 f
1050	555 5541(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)N
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1065	2024(Usenix)X
1066	1 f
1067	2201(,)X
1068	2233(San)X
1069	2345(Francisco,)X
1070	2625(CA,)X
1071	2746(January)X
1072	2960(1992.)X
1073
1074	2 p
1075	%%Page: 2 2
1076	8 s 8 xH 0 xS 1 f
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1098	3422(not)X
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1177	555 1113(tion,)N
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1293	555 1962 0.1172([SPEC88][NODI90][CHEN91][MOHA91].)AN
1294	2009(Much)X
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1323	555 2142(tional)N
1324	757(transaction)X
1325	1129(techniques)X
1326	1492(\(write-ahead)X
1327	1919(logging)X
1328	2183(and)X
1329	2319(two-phase)X
1330	2669(locking\))X
1331	2956(on)X
1332	3056(a)X
1333	3112(standard)X
1334	3404(operating)X
1335	3727(system)X
1336	3969(\(UNIX\).)X
1337	755 2265(Such)N
1338	947(traditional)X
1339	1308(operating)X
1340	1643(systems)X
1341	1928(are)X
1342	2059(often)X
1343	2256(criticized)X
1344	2587(for)X
1345	2713(their)X
1346	2892(inability)X
1347	3190(to)X
1348	3283(perform)X
1349	3573(transaction)X
1350	3956(processing)X
1351	555 2355(adequately.)N
1352	971([STON81])X
1353	1342(cites)X
1354	1517(three)X
1355	1706(main)X
1356	1894(areas)X
1357	2088(of)X
1358	2183(inadequate)X
1359	2559(support:)X
1360	2849(buffer)X
1361	3074(management,)X
1362	3532(the)X
1363	3658(\256le)X
1364	3788(system,)X
1365	4058(and)X
1366	4201(the)X
1367	555 2445(process)N
1368	823(structure.)X
1369	1191(These)X
1370	1410(arguments)X
1371	1771(are)X
1372	1897(summarized)X
1373	2316(in)X
1374	2405(table)X
1375	2587(one.)X
1376	2769(Fortunately,)X
1377	3184(much)X
1378	3388(has)X
1379	3521(changed)X
1380	3815(since)X
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1382	4232(In)X
1383	555 2535(the)N
1384	683(area)X
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1388	1632(most)X
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1390	2048(systems)X
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1397	3525(\256les,)X
1398	3708(thus)X
1399	3870(obviating)X
1400	4201(the)X
1401	555 2625(need)N
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1408	1766(user)X
1409	1926(space.)X
1410	2171(If)X
1411	2251(a)X
1412	2313(database)X
1413	2616(system)X
1414	2864(is)X
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1416	3151(to)X
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1419	3496(\256le)X
1420	3624(system)X
1421	3872(buffer)X
1422	4095(cache,)X
1423	555 2715(then)N
1424	719(a)X
1425	781(system)X
1426	1029(call)X
1427	1171(is)X
1428	1250(required.)X
1429	1584(However,)X
1430	1924(if)X
1431	1998(buffering)X
1432	2322(is)X
1433	2400(provided)X
1434	2710(at)X
1435	2793(user)X
1436	2952(level)X
1437	3133(using)X
1438	3331(shared)X
1439	3566(memory,)X
1440	3878(as)X
1441	3970(in)X
1442	4057(LIBTP,)X
1443	555 2805(buffer)N
1444	776(management)X
1445	1210(is)X
1446	1287(only)X
1447	1452(as)X
1448	1542(slow)X
1449	1716(as)X
1450	1806(access)X
1451	2035(to)X
1452	2120(shared)X
1453	2353(memory)X
1454	2643(and)X
1455	2782(any)X
1456	2921(replacement)X
1457	3337(algorithm)X
1458	3671(may)X
1459	3832(be)X
1460	3931(used.)X
1461	4121(Since)X
1462	555 2895(multiple)N
1463	849(processes)X
1464	1185(can)X
1465	1325(access)X
1466	1559(the)X
1467	1685(shared)X
1468	1923(data,)X
1469	2105(prefetching)X
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1471	2665(be)X
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1477	4067(threads)X
1478	555 2985(whose)N
1479	782(sole)X
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1487	2149(on)X
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1489	2471(There)X
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1495	3233(enforce)X
1496	3496(write)X
1497	3682(ordering)X
1498	3975(other)X
1499	4161(than)X
1500	555 3075(keeping)N
1501	829(pages)X
1502	1032(in)X
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1506	1691(using)X
1507	1884(the)X
1508	3 f
1509	2002(fsync)X
1510	1 f
1511	2180(\(3\))X
1512	2294(system)X
1513	2536(call)X
1514	2672(to)X
1515	2754(perform)X
1516	3033(synchronous)X
1517	3458(writes.)X
1518	755 3198(In)N
1519	845(the)X
1520	966(area)X
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1522	1214(\256le)X
1523	1339(systems,)X
1524	1635(the)X
1525	1756(fast)X
1526	1895(\256le)X
1527	2020(system)X
1528	2265(\(FFS\))X
1529	2474([MCKU84])X
1530	2871(allows)X
1531	3103(allocation)X
1532	3442(in)X
1533	3527(units)X
1534	3704(up)X
1535	3806(to)X
1536	3890(64KBytes)X
1537	4232(as)X
1538	555 3288(opposed)N
1539	846(to)X
1540	932(the)X
1541	1054(4KByte)X
1542	1327(and)X
1543	1466(8KByte)X
1544	1738(\256gures)X
1545	1979(quoted)X
1546	2220(in)X
1547	2305([STON81].)X
1548	2711(The)X
1549	2859(measurements)X
1550	3341(in)X
1551	3426(this)X
1552	3564(paper)X
1553	3766(were)X
1554	3946(taken)X
1555	4143(from)X
1556	555 3378(an)N
1557	655(8KByte)X
1558	928(FFS,)X
1559	1104(but)X
1560	1230(as)X
1561	1320(LIBTP)X
1562	1565(runs)X
1563	1726(exclusively)X
1564	2114(in)X
1565	2199(user)X
1566	2356(space,)X
1567	2578(there)X
1568	2762(is)X
1569	2838(nothing)X
1570	3105(to)X
1571	3190(prevent)X
1572	3454(it)X
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1574	3700(being)X
1575	3901(run)X
1576	4031(on)X
1577	4134(other)X
1578	555 3468(UNIX)N
1579	776(compatible)X
1580	1152(\256le)X
1581	1274(systems)X
1582	1547(\(e.g.)X
1583	1710(log-structured)X
1584	2180([ROSE91],)X
1585	2558(extent-based,)X
1586	3004(or)X
1587	3091(multi-block)X
1588	3484([SELT91]\).)X
1589	755 3591(Finally,)N
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1595	1916(structure,)X
1596	2244(neither)X
1597	2494(context)X
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1601	3296(scheduling)X
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1605	785(to)X
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1618	555 3771(tremendously.)N
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1626	2160(section)X
1627	2407(4.3.)X
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1632	1615(AT&T)X
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1634	1941(a)X
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1638	2910(coordinates)X
1639	3307(distributed)X
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1641	4055(commit)X
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1653	2822(LIBTP)X
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1658	3650(own)X
1659	3814(mechanism)X
1660	4205(for)X
1661	555 4074(distributed)N
1662	942(commit)X
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1674	3455(systems)X
1675	3752(such)X
1676	3943(as)X
1677	4054(Tuxedo)X
1678	555 4164([ANDR89].)N
1679	10 f
1680	863 4393(i)N
1681	870(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
1682	1 f
1683	903 4483(Buffer)N
1684	1133(Management)X
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1687	1 f
1688	1720(Data)X
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1690	2067(be)X
1691	2163(copied)X
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1693	2685(kernel)X
1694	2906(space)X
1695	3105(and)X
1696	3241(user)X
1697	3395(space.)X
1698	10 f
1699	1672 4573(g)N
1700	1 f
1701	1720(Buffer)X
1702	1950(pool)X
1703	2112(access)X
1704	2338(is)X
1705	2411(too)X
1706	2533(slow.)X
1707	10 f
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1709	1 f
1710	1720(There)X
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1712	2001(no)X
1713	2101(way)X
1714	2255(to)X
1715	2337(request)X
1716	2589(prefetch.)X
1717	10 f
1718	1672 4753(g)N
1719	1 f
1720	1720(Replacement)X
1721	2159(is)X
1722	2232(usually)X
1723	2483(LRU)X
1724	2663(which)X
1725	2879(may)X
1726	3037(be)X
1727	3133(suboptimal)X
1728	3508(for)X
1729	3622(databases.)X
1730	10 f
1731	1672 4843(g)N
1732	1 f
1733	1720(There)X
1734	1928(is)X
1735	2001(no)X
1736	2101(way)X
1737	2255(to)X
1738	2337(guarantee)X
1739	2670(write)X
1740	2855(ordering.)X
1741	10 f
1742	863 4853(i)N
1743	870(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
1744	1 f
1745	903 4943(File)N
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1751	2078(is)X
1752	2151(done)X
1753	2327(in)X
1754	2409(small)X
1755	2602(blocks)X
1756	2831(\(usually)X
1757	3109(4K)X
1758	3227(or)X
1759	3314(8K\).)X
1760	10 f
1761	1672 5033(g)N
1762	1 f
1763	1720(Logical)X
1764	1985(organization)X
1765	2406(of)X
1766	2493(\256les)X
1767	2646(is)X
1768	2719(redundantly)X
1769	3122(expressed.)X
1770	10 f
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1772	870(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
1773	1 f
1774	903 5133(Process)N
1775	1168(Structure)X
1776	10 f
1777	1672(g)X
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1779	1720(Context)X
1780	1993(switching)X
1781	2324(and)X
1782	2460(message)X
1783	2752(passing)X
1784	3012(are)X
1785	3131(too)X
1786	3253(slow.)X
1787	10 f
1788	1672 5223(g)N
1789	1 f
1790	1720(A)X
1791	1798(process)X
1792	2059(may)X
1793	2217(be)X
1794	2313(descheduled)X
1795	2730(while)X
1796	2928(holding)X
1797	3192(a)X
1798	3248(semaphore.)X
1799	10 f
1800	863 5233(i)N
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1802	863(c)X
1803	5193(c)Y
1804	5113(c)Y
1805	5033(c)Y
1806	4953(c)Y
1807	4873(c)Y
1808	4793(c)Y
1809	4713(c)Y
1810	4633(c)Y
1811	4553(c)Y
1812	4473(c)Y
1813	3990 5233(c)N
1814	5193(c)Y
1815	5113(c)Y
1816	5033(c)Y
1817	4953(c)Y
1818	4873(c)Y
1819	4793(c)Y
1820	4713(c)Y
1821	4633(c)Y
1822	4553(c)Y
1823	4473(c)Y
1824	3 f
1825	1156 5446(Table)N
1826	1371(One:)X
1827	1560(Shortcomings)X
1828	2051(of)X
1829	2138(UNIX)X
1830	2363(transaction)X
1831	2770(support)X
1832	3056(cited)X
1833	3241(in)X
1834	3327([STON81].)X
1835
1836	3 p
1837	%%Page: 3 3
1838	10 s 10 xH 0 xS 3 f
1839	1 f
1840	755 630(The)N
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1850	3038(that)X
1851	3179(implemented)X
1852	3618(in)X
1853	3701(the)X
1854	3820(LIBTP.)X
1855	4103(While)X
1856	555 720([YOUN91])N
1857	947(presents)X
1858	1236(a)X
1859	1298(model)X
1860	1524(for)X
1861	1644(providing)X
1862	1981(transaction)X
1863	2359(services,)X
1864	2663(this)X
1865	2803(paper)X
1866	3007(focuses)X
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1868	3378(the)X
1869	3501(implementation)X
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1871	4169(per-)X
1872	555 810(formance)N
1873	881(of)X
1874	970(a)X
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1876	1358(system.)X
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1878	1731(addition,)X
1879	2034(we)X
1880	2149(provide)X
1881	2415(detailed)X
1882	2690(comparisons)X
1883	3116(with)X
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1886	3970(traditional)X
1887	555 900(UNIX)N
1888	776(services)X
1889	1055(and)X
1890	1191(commercial)X
1891	1590(database)X
1892	1887(management)X
1893	2317(systems.)X
1894	3 f
1895	555 1086(3.)N
1896	655(Architecture)X
1897	1 f
1898	755 1209(The)N
1899	906(library)X
1900	1146(is)X
1901	1224(designed)X
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1903	1621(provide)X
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1906	2315(interfaces)X
1907	2653(to)X
1908	2740(the)X
1909	2863(services)X
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1911	3440(for)X
1912	3559(transaction)X
1913	3936(processing.)X
1914	555 1299(These)N
1915	777(services)X
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1917	1195(recovery,)X
1918	1527(concurrency)X
1919	1955(control,)X
1920	2232(and)X
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1922	2506(management)X
1923	2946(of)X
1924	3043(shared)X
1925	3283(data.)X
1926	3487(First)X
1927	3663(we)X
1928	3787(will)X
1929	3941(discuss)X
1930	4201(the)X
1931	555 1389(design)N
1932	795(tradeoffs)X
1933	1112(in)X
1934	1205(the)X
1935	1334(selection)X
1936	1650(of)X
1937	1748(recovery,)X
1938	2081(concurrency)X
1939	2510(control,)X
1940	2787(and)X
1941	2933(buffer)X
1942	3160(management)X
1943	3600(implementations,)X
1944	4183(and)X
1945	555 1479(then)N
1946	713(we)X
1947	827(will)X
1948	971(present)X
1949	1223(the)X
1950	1341(overall)X
1951	1584(library)X
1952	1818(architecture)X
1953	2218(and)X
1954	2354(module)X
1955	2614(descriptions.)X
1956	3 f
1957	555 1665(3.1.)N
1958	715(Design)X
1959	966(Tradeoffs)X
1960	1 f
1961	3 f
1962	555 1851(3.1.1.)N
1963	775(Crash)X
1964	1004(Recovery)X
1965	1 f
1966	755 1974(The)N
1967	909(recovery)X
1968	1220(protocol)X
1969	1516(is)X
1970	1598(responsible)X
1971	1992(for)X
1972	2115(providing)X
1973	2455(the)X
1974	2582(transaction)X
1975	2963(semantics)X
1976	3308(discussed)X
1977	3644(earlier.)X
1978	3919(There)X
1979	4136(are)X
1980	4263(a)X
1981	555 2064(wide)N
1982	739(range)X
1983	946(of)X
1984	1041(recovery)X
1985	1351(protocols)X
1986	1677(available)X
1987	1995([HAER83],)X
1988	2395(but)X
1989	2525(we)X
1990	2647(can)X
1991	2786(crudely)X
1992	3054(divide)X
1993	3281(them)X
1994	3468(into)X
1995	3619(two)X
1996	3766(main)X
1997	3953(categories.)X
1998	555 2154(The)N
1999	706(\256rst)X
2000	856(category)X
2001	1159(records)X
2002	1422(all)X
2003	1528(modi\256cations)X
2004	1989(to)X
2005	2077(the)X
2006	2201(database)X
2007	2504(in)X
2008	2592(a)X
2009	2653(separate)X
2010	2942(\256le,)X
2011	3089(and)X
2012	3230(uses)X
2013	3393(this)X
2014	3533(\256le)X
2015	3660(\(log\))X
2016	3841(to)X
2017	3928(back)X
2018	4105(out)X
2019	4232(or)X
2020	555 2244(reapply)N
2021	825(these)X
2022	1019(modi\256cations)X
2023	1483(if)X
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2025	1626(transaction)X
2026	2007(aborts)X
2027	2232(or)X
2028	2328(the)X
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2031	3012(We)X
2032	3153(call)X
2033	3298(this)X
2034	3442(set)X
2035	3560(the)X
2036	3 f
2037	3687(logging)X
2038	3963(protocols)X
2039	1 f
2040	4279(.)X
2041	555 2334(The)N
2042	703(second)X
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2051	2109(carefully)X
2052	2418(controlling)X
2053	2792(when)X
2054	2989(data)X
2055	3146(are)X
2056	3268(written)X
2057	3518(to)X
2058	3603(disk.)X
2059	3799(We)X
2060	3934(call)X
2061	4073(this)X
2062	4210(set)X
2063	555 2424(the)N
2064	3 f
2065	673(non-logging)X
2066	1096(protocols)X
2067	1 f
2068	1412(.)X
2069	755 2547(Non-logging)N
2070	1185(protocols)X
2071	1504(hold)X
2072	1666(dirty)X
2073	1837(buffers)X
2074	2085(in)X
2075	2167(main)X
2076	2347(memory)X
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2078	2721(temporary)X
2079	3071(\256les)X
2080	3224(until)X
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2083	3790(then)X
2084	3948(force)X
2085	4134(these)X
2086	555 2637(pages)N
2087	769(to)X
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2089	1026(at)X
2090	1115(transaction)X
2091	1498(commit.)X
2092	1813(While)X
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2096	2446(temporary)X
2097	2807(\256les)X
2098	2971(to)X
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2100	3237(dirty)X
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2102	3631(that)X
2103	3781(may)X
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2106	4223(be)X
2107	555 2727(evicted)N
2108	810(from)X
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2111	1508(a)X
2112	1566(long-running)X
2113	2006(transaction,)X
2114	2400(the)X
2115	2520(only)X
2116	2684(user-level)X
2117	3023(mechanism)X
2118	3410(to)X
2119	3494(force)X
2120	3682(pages)X
2121	3887(to)X
2122	3971(disk)X
2123	4126(is)X
2124	4201(the)X
2125	3 f
2126	555 2817(fsync)N
2127	1 f
2128	733(\(2\))X
2129	850(system)X
2130	1095(call.)X
2131	1274(Unfortunately,)X
2132	3 f
2133	1767(fsync)X
2134	1 f
2135	1945(\(2\))X
2136	2062(is)X
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2150	4062(to)X
2151	4146(disk,)X
2152	555 2907(and)N
2153	691(transactions)X
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2161	2280(issue)X
2162	2460(one)X
2163	2596(call)X
2164	2732(per)X
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2166	755 3030(In)N
2167	853(addition,)X
2168	3 f
2169	1166(fsync)X
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2171	1344(\(2\))X
2172	1469(provides)X
2173	1776(no)X
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2180	2820(which)X
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2186	3918(disk.)X
2187	4121(Since)X
2188	555 3120(non-logging)N
2189	976(protocols)X
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2194	2287(carefully)X
2195	2603([SULL92],)X
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2201	4030(on)X
2202	4139(Unix)X
2203	555 3210(systems.)N
2204	868(As)X
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2206	1033(result,)X
2207	1251(we)X
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2212	2224(a)X
2213	2280(logging)X
2214	2544(protocol.)X
2215	755 3333(Logging)N
2216	1050(protocols)X
2217	1372(may)X
2218	1534(be)X
2219	1634(categorized)X
2220	2029(based)X
2221	2236(on)X
2222	2340(how)X
2223	2502(information)X
2224	2904(is)X
2225	2981(logged)X
2226	3223(\(physically)X
2227	3602(or)X
2228	3692(logically\))X
2229	4022(and)X
2230	4161(how)X
2231	555 3423(much)N
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2234	1106(\(before)X
2235	1373(images,)X
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2237	1836(images)X
2238	2097(or)X
2239	2198(both\).)X
2240	2441(In)X
2241	3 f
2242	2542(physical)X
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2244	1 f
2245	3103(,)X
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2251	555 3513(\(pages)N
2252	786(or)X
2253	874(buffers\))X
2254	1150(are)X
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2259	1875(logical)X
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2261	1 f
2262	2387(a)X
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2271	555 3603(we)N
2272	675(may)X
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2276	1489(in)X
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2286	3162(being)X
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2290	3822(logical)X
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2292	4232(In)X
2293	555 3693(fact,)N
2294	718(physical)X
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2296	1271(can)X
2297	1404(be)X
2298	1501(thought)X
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2302	1999(special)X
2303	2243(case)X
2304	2403(of)X
2305	2491(logical)X
2306	2730(logging,)X
2307	3015(since)X
2308	3201(the)X
2309	3320 0.3125(``records'')AX
2310	3686(that)X
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2313	4065(in)X
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2323	2233(logging)X
2324	2501(is)X
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2327	2931(space-ef\256cient)X
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2330	3750(general,)X
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2333	555 3873(chosen)N
2334	798(it)X
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2338	1367(protocol.)X
2339	755 3996(In)N
2340	3 f
2341	843(before-image)X
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2344	1563(,)X
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2357	3 f
2358	3321(after-image)X
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2360	1 f
2361	3987(,)X
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2365	555 4086(copy)N
2366	740(of)X
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2370	1303(the)X
2371	1429(update.)X
2372	1711(If)X
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2374	1915(log)X
2375	2045(only)X
2376	2215(before-images,)X
2377	2723(then)X
2378	2889(there)X
2379	3078(is)X
2380	3159(suf\256cient)X
2381	3485(information)X
2382	3891(in)X
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2385	4237(to)X
2386	555 4176(allow)N
2387	761(us)X
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2390	950(undo)X
2391	1 f
2392	1150(the)X
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2399	2361(represented)X
2400	2759(by)X
2401	2866(the)X
2402	2991(before-image\).)X
2403	3514(However,)X
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2408	814(and)X
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2424	3651(redo)X
2425	1 f
2426	3828(the)X
2427	3947(transaction)X
2428	555 4356(\(reapply)N
2429	849(the)X
2430	973(updates\).)X
2431	1311(Therefore,)X
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2434	2113(before-images)X
2435	2599(necessitates)X
2436	3004(forcing)X
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2439	3648(at)X
2440	3732(commit)X
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2444	913(above,)X
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2457	1247(after-images,)X
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2467	3271(allow)X
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2471	3825(the)X
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2473	555 4659(\(go)N
2474	687(forward)X
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2493	555 4749(sactions)N
2494	845(which)X
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2502	2466(disk.)X
2503	2670(Therefore,)X
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2505	3314(only)X
2506	3487(after-images)X
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2508	555 4839(holding)N
2509	819(all)X
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2511	1090(buffers)X
2512	1338(in)X
2513	1420(main)X
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2515	1887(until)X
2516	2053(commit)X
2517	2317(or)X
2518	2404(writing)X
2519	2655(them)X
2520	2835(to)X
2521	2917(a)X
2522	2973(temporary)X
2523	3323(\256le.)X
2524	755 4962(Since)N
2525	956(neither)X
2526	1202(constraint)X
2527	1541(\(forcing)X
2528	1823(pages)X
2529	2029(on)X
2530	2132(commit)X
2531	2399(or)X
2532	2489(buffering)X
2533	2811(pages)X
2534	3016(until)X
2535	3184(commit\))X
2536	3477(was)X
2537	3624(feasible,)X
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2539	4032(chose)X
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2541	555 5052(log)N
2542	683(both)X
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2555	3486(written)X
2556	3738(to)X
2557	3825(disk.)X
2558	4023(Changes)X
2559	555 5142(affect)N
2560	764(both)X
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2563	1298(and)X
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2581	555 5232(before)N
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2600	555 5322(saction)N
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2622	755 5535(The)N
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2636	3529(modi\256ed)X
2637	3846(page.)X
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2640	3 f
2641	555 5625(write-ahead)N
2642	992(logging)X
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2644	1240(.)X
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2652	2469(disk,)X
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2682	3495(is)X
2683	3571(append-only,)X
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2685
2686	4 p
2687	%%Page: 4 4
2688	10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
2689	3 f
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2712	555 720(ing)N
2713	677(\()X
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2724	2069(extent-based)X
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2726	3 f
2727	555 906(3.1.2.)N
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2731	755 1029(The)N
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2753	2453(locking,)X
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2780	2690(we)X
2781	2810(chose)X
2782	3018(two-phase)X
2783	3373(locking)X
2784	3638(\(2PL\).)X
2785	3890(Strict)X
2786	4088(2PL)X
2787	4246(is)X
2788	555 1389(suboptimal)N
2789	935(for)X
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2793	1791(such)X
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2799	2792(limit)X
2800	2966(concurrency,)X
2801	3408(so)X
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2803	3621(use)X
2804	3752(a)X
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2806	4059(locking)X
2807	555 1479(protocol)N
2808	842(based)X
2809	1045(on)X
2810	1145(one)X
2811	1281(described)X
2812	1609(in)X
2813	1691([LEHM81].)X
2814	755 1602(The)N
2815	901(B-tree)X
2816	1123(locking)X
2817	1384(protocol)X
2818	1672(we)X
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2822	2691(at)X
2823	2769(internal)X
2824	3034(nodes)X
2825	3241(in)X
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2827	3441(tree)X
2828	3582(as)X
2829	3669(it)X
2830	3733(descends.)X
2831	4083(A)X
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2833	555 1692(on)N
2834	658(an)X
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2843	2254(on)X
2844	2356(its)X
2845	2453(child)X
2846	2635(is)X
2847	2710(obtained)X
2848	3008(\(that)X
2849	3177(is,)X
2850	3272(locks)X
2851	3463(are)X
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2853	3 f
2854	3708(coupled)X
2855	1 f
2856	3996([BAY77])X
2857	555 1782(during)N
2858	786(descent\).)X
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2862	1531(\(or)X
2863	1647(internal\))X
2864	1941(page)X
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2866	2190(split,)X
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2873	3250(the)X
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2878	4100(on)X
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2880	555 1872(just-split)N
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2887	1724(coupled)X
2888	1 f
2889	2011(during)X
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2908	1932(pages)X
2909	2135(are)X
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2917	755 2085(Since)N
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2922	1828(descent,)X
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2956	4120(cause)X
2957	555 2265(confusion.)N
2958	938(We)X
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2962	1675(described)X
2963	2010(in)X
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2977	888(that)X
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3053	4111(In)X
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3055	555 2748(worst)N
3056	759(case,)X
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3075	4042(not)X
3076	4170(lose)X
3077	555 2838(user)N
3078	709(data.)X
3079	755 2961(Holding)N
3080	1038(locks)X
3081	1228(on)X
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3132	4134(write)X
3133	555 3231(locks)N
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3145	3041(shorter)X
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3147	755 3354(The)N
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3160	3525(important)X
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3163	555 3444(execution.)N
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3167	1520(non-two-phase)X
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3172	2863(well)X
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3178	555 3534([BAY77],)N
3179	899([LEHM81].)X
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3184	1869(locks)X
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3229	3545(thereby)X
3230	3806(increasing)X
3231	4156(con-)X
3232	555 3804(currency.)N
3233	3 f
3234	555 3990(3.1.3.)N
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3236	1245(of)X
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3240	755 4113(Database)N
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3348	555 4749(3.2.)N
3349	715(Module)X
3350	997(Architecture)X
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3364	3706(a)X
3365	3774(cache)X
3366	3990(of)X
3367	4089(shared)X
3368	555 4962(buffers.)N
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3388	3458(abort)X
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3403	2973(locks)X
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3406	3599(we)X
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3444	3717(\(3\)\).)X
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3468	3846(interfaces)X
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3472	1042(LIBTP.)X
3473
3474	5 p
3475	%%Page: 5 5
3476	10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
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3485	3633 1230(buf_get)N
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3487	17 s
3488	1163 960(Txn)N
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3496	0 355 Dl
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3500	3255 1616 MXY
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3522	2207 1297(lock)N
3523	2564 1386(log)N
3524	865(unlock_all)X
3525	1851 1609(log_unroll)N
3526	1650 2508 MXY
3527	0 178 Dl
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3531	1294 1616 MXY
3532	19 -30 Dl
3533	-19 11 Dl
3534	-20 -11 Dl
3535	20 30 Dl
3536	0 -535 Dl
3537	2319 2508 MXY
3538	-22 -30 Dl
3539	4 23 Dl
3540	-18 14 Dl
3541	36 -7 Dl
3542	-936 -357 Dl
3543	3277 2455(sleep_on)N
3544	1405 1616 MXY
3545	36 4 Dl
3546	-18 -13 Dl
3547	1 -22 Dl
3548	-19 31 Dl
3549	1070 -535 Dl
3550	2631 2508 MXY
3551	36 6 Dl
3552	-18 -14 Dl
3553	3 -22 Dl
3554	-21 30 Dl
3555	891 -357 Dl
3556	1426 2455(sleep_on)N
3557	3255 1884 MXY
3558	-31 -20 Dl
3559	11 20 Dl
3560	-11 19 Dl
3561	31 -19 Dl
3562	-535 0 Dl
3563	1554 2366(wake)N
3564	3277(wake)X
3565	2185 1884 MXY
3566	-31 -20 Dl
3567	12 20 Dl
3568	-12 19 Dl
3569	31 -19 Dl
3570	-356 0 Dl
3571	0 -803 Dl
3572	3 f
3573	17 s
3574	1236 1851(Lock)N
3575	1118 2030(M)N
3576	1247(anager)X
3577	2339 1851(Log)N
3578	2187 2030(M)N
3579	2316(anager)X
3580	3333 1851(Buffer)N
3581	3257 2030(M)N
3582	3386(anager)X
3583	3522 1616 MXY
3584	20 -30 Dl
3585	-20 11 Dl
3586	-20 -11 Dl
3587	20 30 Dl
3588	0 -535 Dl
3589	1950 2654(Process)N
3590	2424(M)X
3591	2553(anager)X
3592	2542 1616 MXY
3593	19 -30 Dl
3594	-19 11 Dl
3595	-20 -11 Dl
3596	20 30 Dl
3597	0 -535 Dl
3598	1 f
3599	11 s
3600	2207 1364(unlock)N
3601	2452 2508 MXY
3602	20 -31 Dl
3603	-20 11 Dl
3604	-19 -11 Dl
3605	19 31 Dl
3606	0 -357 Dl
3607	2497 2322(sleep_on)N
3608	2497 2233(wake)N
3609	3 Dt
3610	-1 Ds
3611	3 f
3612	10 s
3613	1790 2830(Figure)N
3614	2037(1:)X
3615	2144(Library)X
3616	2435(module)X
3617	2708(interfaces.)X
3618	1 f
3619	10 f
3620	555 3010(h)N
3621	579(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
3622	3 f
3623	555 3286(3.2.1.)N
3624	775(The)X
3625	928(Log)X
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3628	755 3409(The)N
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3633	1406(enforces)X
3634	1706(the)X
3635	1831(write-ahead)X
3636	2238(logging)X
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3643	3753(log)X
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3645	3855(,)X
3646	2 f
3647	3901(log_commit)X
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3649	4279(,)X
3650	2 f
3651	555 3499(log_read)N
3652	1 f
3653	844(,)X
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3655	889(log_roll)X
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3657	1171(and)X
3658	2 f
3659	1312(log_unroll)X
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3680	809(log)X
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3700	555 3679(log_read)N
3701	1 f
3702	865(call.)X
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3706	1 f
3707	1311(interface)X
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3715	2993(of)X
3716	3080(the)X
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3720	3641(receives.)X
3721	3965(Rather,)X
3722	4219(all)X
3723	555 3769(log)N
3724	681(records)X
3725	942(are)X
3726	1065 0.4028(referenced)AX
3727	1430(by)X
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3729	1594(header)X
3730	1833(structure,)X
3731	2158(a)X
3732	2218(log)X
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3742	4138(to)X
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3744	555 3859(logged.)N
3745	834(The)X
3746	980(log)X
3747	1103(record)X
3748	1330(type)X
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3753	1951(the)X
3754	2070(appropriate)X
3755	2457(redo)X
3756	2621(and)X
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3763	3639(and)X
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3765	3775(commit)X
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3767	4031(process-)X
3768	555 3949(ing.)N
3769	721(While)X
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3773	1406(the)X
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3775	1528(Log)X
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3792	555 4039(of)N
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3797	755 4162(The)N
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3799	905(log_commit)X
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3801	1308(operation)X
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3803	1920(exactly)X
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3819	643(disk)X
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3822	1394(A)X
3823	1478(discussion)X
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3827	2333(strategy)X
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3829	2884(in)X
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3832	3621(section)X
3833	3873(\(section)X
3834	4152(4.2\).)X
3835	2 f
3836	555 4342(Log_unroll)N
3837	1 f
3838	935(reads)X
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3853	555 4432(routines)N
3854	839(to)X
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3868	3464(sequentially)X
3869	3877(forward,)X
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3881	2921(a)X
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3885	555 4708(3.2.2.)N
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3900	2264(memory)X
3901	2563(to)X
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3903	2934(a)X
3904	3002(least-recently-used)X
3905	3641(\(LRU\))X
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3922	3229(alternate)X
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3924	3955(policies)X
3925	4232(as)X
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3927	903(by)X
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4040
4041	6 p
4042	%%Page: 6 6
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4287	2980(a)X
4288	3036(speci\256c)X
4289	3301(transaction.)X
4290	3 f
4291	555 1962(3.2.4.)N
4292	775(The)X
4293	928(Process)X
4294	1207(Manager)X
4295	1 f
4296	755 2085(The)N
4297	3 f
4298	900(Process)X
4299	1179(Manager)X
4300	1 f
4301	1511(acts)X
4302	1656(as)X
4303	1743(a)X
4304	1799(user-level)X
4305	2136(scheduler)X
4306	2464(to)X
4307	2546(make)X
4308	2740(processes)X
4309	3068(wait)X
4310	3226(on)X
4311	3326(unavailable)X
4312	3716(locks)X
4313	3905(and)X
4314	4041(pending)X
4315	555 2175(buffer)N
4316	778(cache)X
4317	988(I/O.)X
4318	1161(For)X
4319	1297(each)X
4320	1470(process,)X
4321	1756(a)X
4322	1817(semaphore)X
4323	2190(is)X
4324	2268(maintained)X
4325	2649(upon)X
4326	2834(which)X
4327	3055(that)X
4328	3200(process)X
4329	3466(waits)X
4330	3660(when)X
4331	3859(it)X
4332	3928(needs)X
4333	4136(to)X
4334	4223(be)X
4335	555 2265(descheduled.)N
4336	1014(When)X
4337	1228(a)X
4338	1286(process)X
4339	1549(needs)X
4340	1754(to)X
4341	1838(be)X
4342	1936(run,)X
4343	2084(its)X
4344	2180(semaphore)X
4345	2549(is)X
4346	2623(cleared,)X
4347	2897(and)X
4348	3034(the)X
4349	3153(operating)X
4350	3477(system)X
4351	3720(reschedules)X
4352	4116(it.)X
4353	4201(No)X
4354	555 2355(sophisticated)N
4355	1002(scheduling)X
4356	1378(algorithm)X
4357	1718(is)X
4358	1799(applied;)X
4359	2085(if)X
4360	2162(the)X
4361	2288(lock)X
4362	2454(for)X
4363	2576(which)X
4364	2800(a)X
4365	2864(process)X
4366	3133(was)X
4367	3286(waiting)X
4368	3554(becomes)X
4369	3863(available,)X
4370	4201(the)X
4371	555 2445(process)N
4372	824(is)X
4373	905(made)X
4374	1107(runnable.)X
4375	1456(It)X
4376	1533(would)X
4377	1761(have)X
4378	1941(been)X
4379	2121(possible)X
4380	2411(to)X
4381	2501(change)X
4382	2757(the)X
4383	2883(kernel's)X
4384	3170(process)X
4385	3439(scheduler)X
4386	3775(to)X
4387	3865(interact)X
4388	4134(more)X
4389	555 2535(ef\256ciently)N
4390	900(with)X
4391	1062(the)X
4392	1180(lock)X
4393	1338(manager,)X
4394	1655(but)X
4395	1777(doing)X
4396	1979(so)X
4397	2070(would)X
4398	2290(have)X
4399	2462(compromised)X
4400	2918(our)X
4401	3045(commitment)X
4402	3469(to)X
4403	3551(a)X
4404	3607(user-level)X
4405	3944(package.)X
4406	3 f
4407	555 2721(3.2.5.)N
4408	775(The)X
4409	928(Transaction)X
4410	1361(Manager)X
4411	1 f
4412	755 2844(The)N
4413	3 f
4414	901(Transaction)X
4415	1335(Manager)X
4416	1 f
4417	1668(provides)X
4418	1965(the)X
4419	2084(standard)X
4420	2377(interface)X
4421	2680(of)X
4422	2 f
4423	2768(txn_begin)X
4424	1 f
4425	3084(,)X
4426	2 f
4427	3125(txn_commit)X
4428	1 f
4429	3499(,)X
4430	3540(and)X
4431	2 f
4432	3676(txn_abort)X
4433	1 f
4434	3987(.)X
4435	4047(It)X
4436	4116(keeps)X
4437	555 2934(track)N
4438	742(of)X
4439	835(all)X
4440	941(active)X
4441	1159(transactions,)X
4442	1588(assigns)X
4443	1845(unique)X
4444	2089(transaction)X
4445	2467(identi\256ers,)X
4446	2833(and)X
4447	2974(directs)X
4448	3213(the)X
4449	3336(abort)X
4450	3526(and)X
4451	3667(commit)X
4452	3936(processing.)X
4453	555 3024(When)N
4454	772(a)X
4455	2 f
4456	833(txn_begin)X
4457	1 f
4458	1174(is)X
4459	1252(issued,)X
4460	1497(the)X
4461	3 f
4462	1620(Transaction)X
4463	2058(Manager)X
4464	1 f
4465	2395(assigns)X
4466	2651(the)X
4467	2773(next)X
4468	2935(available)X
4469	3249(transaction)X
4470	3625(identi\256er,)X
4471	3958(allocates)X
4472	4263(a)X
4473	555 3114(per-process)N
4474	948(transaction)X
4475	1322(structure)X
4476	1625(in)X
4477	1709(shared)X
4478	1941(memory,)X
4479	2249(increments)X
4480	2622(the)X
4481	2741(count)X
4482	2940(of)X
4483	3028(active)X
4484	3241(transactions,)X
4485	3665(and)X
4486	3802(returns)X
4487	4046(the)X
4488	4165(new)X
4489	555 3204(transaction)N
4490	937(identi\256er)X
4491	1256(to)X
4492	1348(the)X
4493	1476(calling)X
4494	1724(process.)X
4495	2034(The)X
4496	2188(in-memory)X
4497	2573(transaction)X
4498	2954(structure)X
4499	3264(contains)X
4500	3560(a)X
4501	3625(pointer)X
4502	3881(into)X
4503	4034(the)X
4504	4161(lock)X
4505	555 3294(table)N
4506	734(for)X
4507	851(locks)X
4508	1043(held)X
4509	1204(by)X
4510	1307(this)X
4511	1445(transaction,)X
4512	1840(the)X
4513	1961(last)X
4514	2095(log)X
4515	2220(sequence)X
4516	2538(number,)X
4517	2826(a)X
4518	2885(transaction)X
4519	3260(state)X
4520	3430(\()X
4521	2 f
4522	3457(idle)X
4523	1 f
4524	(,)S
4525	2 f
4526	3620(running)X
4527	1 f
4528	3873(,)X
4529	2 f
4530	3915(aborting)X
4531	1 f
4532	4190(,)X
4533	4232(or)X
4534	2 f
4535	555 3384(committing\))N
4536	1 f
4537	942(,)X
4538	982(an)X
4539	1078(error)X
4540	1255(code,)X
4541	1447(and)X
4542	1583(a)X
4543	1639(semaphore)X
4544	2007(identi\256er.)X
4545	755 3507(At)N
4546	859(commit,)X
4547	1147(the)X
4548	3 f
4549	1269(Transaction)X
4550	1706(Manager)X
4551	1 f
4552	2042(calls)X
4553	2 f
4554	2213(log_commit)X
4555	1 f
4556	2615(to)X
4557	2700(record)X
4558	2929(the)X
4559	3050(end)X
4560	3189(of)X
4561	3279(transaction)X
4562	3654(and)X
4563	3793(to)X
4564	3878(\257ush)X
4565	4056(the)X
4566	4177(log.)X
4567	555 3597(Then)N
4568	743(it)X
4569	810(directs)X
4570	1047(the)X
4571	3 f
4572	1168(Lock)X
4573	1364(Manager)X
4574	1 f
4575	1699(to)X
4576	1784(release)X
4577	2031(all)X
4578	2134(locks)X
4579	2325(associated)X
4580	2677(with)X
4581	2841(the)X
4582	2961(given)X
4583	3161(transaction.)X
4584	3575(If)X
4585	3651(a)X
4586	3709(transaction)X
4587	4083(aborts,)X
4588	555 3687(the)N
4589	3 f
4590	680(Transaction)X
4591	1120(Manager)X
4592	1 f
4593	1459(calls)X
4594	1633(on)X
4595	2 f
4596	1739(log_unroll)X
4597	1 f
4598	2102(to)X
4599	2190(read)X
4600	2355(the)X
4601	2479(transaction's)X
4602	2915(log)X
4603	3043(records)X
4604	3306(and)X
4605	3448(undo)X
4606	3634(any)X
4607	3776(modi\256cations)X
4608	4237(to)X
4609	555 3777(the)N
4610	673(database.)X
4611	1010(As)X
4612	1119(in)X
4613	1201(the)X
4614	1319(commit)X
4615	1583(case,)X
4616	1762(it)X
4617	1826(then)X
4618	1984(calls)X
4619	2 f
4620	2151(lock_unlock_all)X
4621	1 f
4622	2683(to)X
4623	2765(release)X
4624	3009(the)X
4625	3127(transaction's)X
4626	3557(locks.)X
4627	3 f
4628	555 3963(3.2.6.)N
4629	775(The)X
4630	928(Record)X
4631	1198(Manager)X
4632	1 f
4633	755 4086(The)N
4634	3 f
4635	919(Record)X
4636	1208(Manager)X
4637	1 f
4638	1559(supports)X
4639	1869(the)X
4640	2006(abstraction)X
4641	2397(of)X
4642	2503(reading)X
4643	2783(and)X
4644	2938(writing)X
4645	3208(records)X
4646	3484(to)X
4647	3585(a)X
4648	3660(database.)X
4649	3996(We)X
4650	4147(have)X
4651	555 4176(modi\256ed)N
4652	861(the)X
4653	981(the)X
4654	1101(database)X
4655	1399(access)X
4656	1626(routines)X
4657	3 f
4658	1905(db)X
4659	1 f
4660	1993(\(3\))X
4661	2108([BSD91])X
4662	2418(to)X
4663	2501(call)X
4664	2638(the)X
4665	2757(log,)X
4666	2900(lock,)X
4667	3079(and)X
4668	3216(buffer)X
4669	3434(managers.)X
4670	3803(In)X
4671	3891(order)X
4672	4082(to)X
4673	4165(pro-)X
4674	555 4266(vide)N
4675	718(functionality)X
4676	1152(to)X
4677	1239(perform)X
4678	1523(undo)X
4679	1708(and)X
4680	1849(redo,)X
4681	2037(the)X
4682	3 f
4683	2160(Record)X
4684	2434(Manager)X
4685	1 f
4686	2770(de\256nes)X
4687	3021(a)X
4688	3081(collection)X
4689	3421(of)X
4690	3512(log)X
4691	3638(record)X
4692	3868(types)X
4693	4061(and)X
4694	4201(the)X
4695	555 4356(associated)N
4696	920(undo)X
4697	1115(and)X
4698	1266(redo)X
4699	1444(routines.)X
4700	1777(The)X
4701	3 f
4702	1937(Log)X
4703	2105(Manager)X
4704	1 f
4705	2452(performs)X
4706	2777(a)X
4707	2848(table)X
4708	3039(lookup)X
4709	3296(on)X
4710	3411(the)X
4711	3543(record)X
4712	3783(type)X
4713	3955(to)X
4714	4051(call)X
4715	4201(the)X
4716	555 4446(appropriate)N
4717	951(routines.)X
4718	1299(For)X
4719	1440(example,)X
4720	1762(the)X
4721	1890(B-tree)X
4722	2121(access)X
4723	2356(method)X
4724	2625(requires)X
4725	2913(two)X
4726	3062(log)X
4727	3193(record)X
4728	3428(types:)X
4729	3648(insert)X
4730	3855(and)X
4731	4000(delete.)X
4732	4241(A)X
4733	555 4536(replace)N
4734	808(operation)X
4735	1131(is)X
4736	1204(implemented)X
4737	1642(as)X
4738	1729(a)X
4739	1785(delete)X
4740	1997(followed)X
4741	2302(by)X
4742	2402(an)X
4743	2498(insert)X
4744	2696(and)X
4745	2832(is)X
4746	2905(logged)X
4747	3143(accordingly.)X
4748	3 f
4749	555 4722(3.3.)N
4750	715(Application)X
4751	1134(Architectures)X
4752	1 f
4753	755 4845(The)N
4754	907(structure)X
4755	1215(of)X
4756	1309(LIBTP)X
4757	1558(allows)X
4758	1794(application)X
4759	2177(designers)X
4760	2507(to)X
4761	2596(trade)X
4762	2784(off)X
4763	2905(performance)X
4764	3339(and)X
4765	3481(protection.)X
4766	3872(Since)X
4767	4076(a)X
4768	4138(large)X
4769	555 4935(portion)N
4770	810(of)X
4771	901(LIBTP's)X
4772	1205(functionality)X
4773	1638(is)X
4774	1715(provided)X
4775	2024(by)X
4776	2128(managing)X
4777	2468(structures)X
4778	2804(in)X
4779	2889(shared)X
4780	3122(memory,)X
4781	3432(its)X
4782	3530(structures)X
4783	3865(are)X
4784	3987(subject)X
4785	4237(to)X
4786	555 5025(corruption)N
4787	926(by)X
4788	1043(applications)X
4789	1467(when)X
4790	1678(the)X
4791	1813(library)X
4792	2064(is)X
4793	2154(linked)X
4794	2391(directly)X
4795	2673(with)X
4796	2852(the)X
4797	2987(application.)X
4798	3420(For)X
4799	3568(this)X
4800	3720(reason,)X
4801	3987(LIBTP)X
4802	4246(is)X
4803	555 5115(designed)N
4804	864(to)X
4805	950(allow)X
4806	1152(compilation)X
4807	1558(into)X
4808	1706(a)X
4809	1766(separate)X
4810	2053(server)X
4811	2273(process)X
4812	2537(which)X
4813	2756(may)X
4814	2917(be)X
4815	3016(accessed)X
4816	3321(via)X
4817	3442(a)X
4818	3501(socket)X
4819	3729(interface.)X
4820	4094(In)X
4821	4184(this)X
4822	555 5205(way)N
4823	712(LIBTP's)X
4824	1015(data)X
4825	1172(structures)X
4826	1507(are)X
4827	1629(protected)X
4828	1951(from)X
4829	2130(application)X
4830	2509(code,)X
4831	2704(but)X
4832	2829(communication)X
4833	3349(overhead)X
4834	3666(is)X
4835	3741(increased.)X
4836	4107(When)X
4837	555 5295(applications)N
4838	975(are)X
4839	1107(trusted,)X
4840	1377(LIBTP)X
4841	1631(may)X
4842	1801(be)X
4843	1909(compiled)X
4844	2239(directly)X
4845	2516(into)X
4846	2672(the)X
4847	2802(application)X
4848	3190(providing)X
4849	3533(improved)X
4850	3872(performance.)X
4851	555 5385(Figures)N
4852	815(two)X
4853	955(and)X
4854	1091(three)X
4855	1272(show)X
4856	1461(the)X
4857	1579(two)X
4858	1719(alternate)X
4859	2016(application)X
4860	2392(architectures.)X
4861	755 5508(There)N
4862	964(are)X
4863	1084(potentially)X
4864	1447(two)X
4865	1588(modes)X
4866	1818(in)X
4867	1901(which)X
4868	2118(one)X
4869	2255(might)X
4870	2462(use)X
4871	2590(LIBTP)X
4872	2833(in)X
4873	2916(a)X
4874	2972(server)X
4875	3189(based)X
4876	3392(architecture.)X
4877	3832(In)X
4878	3919(the)X
4879	4037(\256rst,)X
4880	4201(the)X
4881	555 5598(server)N
4882	778(would)X
4883	1004(provide)X
4884	1275(the)X
4885	1399(capability)X
4886	1741(to)X
4887	1829(respond)X
4888	2109(to)X
4889	2197(requests)X
4890	2486(to)X
4891	2574(each)X
4892	2747(of)X
4893	2839(the)X
4894	2962(low)X
4895	3107(level)X
4896	3288(modules)X
4897	3584(\(lock,)X
4898	3794(log,)X
4899	3941(buffer,)X
4900	4183(and)X
4901	555 5688(transaction)N
4902	944(managers\).)X
4903	1356(Unfortunately,)X
4904	1863(the)X
4905	1998(performance)X
4906	2442(of)X
4907	2546(such)X
4908	2730(a)X
4909	2803(system)X
4910	3062(is)X
4911	3152(likely)X
4912	3371(to)X
4913	3470(be)X
4914	3583(blindingly)X
4915	3947(slow)X
4916	4134(since)X
4917
4918	7 p
4919	%%Page: 7 7
4920	10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
4921	3 f
4922	1 f
4923	1 Dt
4924	1864 1125 MXY
4925	15 -26 Dl
4926	-15 10 Dl
4927	-14 -10 Dl
4928	14 26 Dl
4929	0 -266 Dl
4930	1315 1125 MXY
4931	15 -26 Dl
4932	-15 10 Dl
4933	-14 -10 Dl
4934	14 26 Dl
4935	0 -266 Dl
4936	3 Dt
4937	1133 1125 MXY
4938	0 798 Dl
4939	931 0 Dl
4940	0 -798 Dl
4941	-931 0 Dl
4942	1 Dt
4943	1266 1257 MXY
4944	0 133 Dl
4945	665 0 Dl
4946	0 -133 Dl
4947	-665 0 Dl
4948	3 f
4949	8 s
4950	1513 1351(driver)N
4951	1502 1617(LIBTP)N
4952	1266 1390 MXY
4953	0 400 Dl
4954	665 0 Dl
4955	0 -400 Dl
4956	-665 0 Dl
4957	3 Dt
4958	1133 726 MXY
4959	0 133 Dl
4960	931 0 Dl
4961	0 -133 Dl
4962	-931 0 Dl
4963	1 f
4964	1029 1098(txn_abort)N
4965	964 1015(txn_commit)N
4966	1018 932(txn_begin)N
4967	1910 1015(db_ops)N
4968	3 f
4969	1308 820(Application)N
4970	1645(Program)X
4971	1398 1218(Server)N
4972	1594(Process)X
4973	1 f
4974	1390 986(socket)N
4975	1569(interface)X
4976	1 Dt
4977	1848 967 MXY
4978	-23 -14 Dl
4979	8 14 Dl
4980	-8 15 Dl
4981	23 -15 Dl
4982	-50 0 Dl
4983	1324 MX
4984	23 15 Dl
4985	-9 -15 Dl
4986	9 -14 Dl
4987	-23 14 Dl
4988	50 0 Dl
4989	3 Dt
4990	2862 859 MXY
4991	0 1064 Dl
4992	932 0 Dl
4993	0 -1064 Dl
4994	-932 0 Dl
4995	1 Dt
4996	3178 1390 MXY
4997	24 -12 Dl
4998	-17 0 Dl
4999	-8 -15 Dl
5000	1 27 Dl
5001	150 -265 Dl
5002	3494 1390 MXY
5003	0 -27 Dl
5004	-8 15 Dl
5005	-16 1 Dl
5006	24 11 Dl
5007	-166 -265 Dl
5008	3 f
5009	3232 1617(LIBTP)N
5010	2995 1390 MXY
5011	0 400 Dl
5012	666 0 Dl
5013	0 -400 Dl
5014	-666 0 Dl
5015	992 MY
5016	0 133 Dl
5017	666 0 Dl
5018	0 -133 Dl
5019	-666 0 Dl
5020	3168 1086(Application)N
5021	1 f
5022	2939 1201(txn_begin)N
5023	2885 1284(txn_commit)N
5024	2950 1368(txn_abort)N
5025	3465 1284(db_ops)N
5026	3 f
5027	3155 766(Single)N
5028	3339(Process)X
5029	3 Dt
5030	-1 Ds
5031	811 2100(Figure)N
5032	1023(2:)X
5033	1107(Server)X
5034	1318(Architecture.)X
5035	1 f
5036	1727(In)X
5037	1811(this)X
5038	1934(con\256guration,)X
5039	811 2190(the)N
5040	916(library)X
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5044	1507(a)X
5045	1562(server)X
5046	1744(process)X
5047	1962(which)X
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5049	2214(ac-)X
5050	811 2280(cessed)N
5051	993(via)X
5052	1087(a)X
5053	1131(socket)X
5054	1310(interface.)X
5055	3 f
5056	2563 2100(Figure)N
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5059	3140(Process)X
5060	3403(Architecture.)X
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5062	3839(In)X
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5064	2563 2190(con\256guration,)N
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5075	2957(and)X
5076	3065(accessed)X
5077	3303(via)X
5078	3397(a)X
5079	3441(subroutine)X
5080	3727(interface.)X
5081	10 s
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5083	555 2403(h)N
5084	579(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
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5086	555 2679(modifying)N
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5101	3651(lock)X
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5104	4101(one)X
5105	4237(to)X
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5107	781(the)X
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5110	1227(to)X
5111	1315(log)X
5112	1443(the)X
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5125	4201(the)X
5126	555 2859(relative)N
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5158	3456(the)X
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5160	3916(overhead)X
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5193	3997(such)X
5194	4169(per-)X
5195	555 3219(formance,)N
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5220	889([SQL86]\).)X
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5222	1081(LIBTP)X
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5227	1900(SQL)X
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5232	2777(a)X
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5240	882(\(TCL\))X
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5273	555 3798(4.)N
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5281	1502(Detection)X
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5284	1007(uses)X
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5287	1805(for)X
5288	1929(user)X
5289	2093(data.)X
5290	2297(Strictly)X
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5295	3416(in)X
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5300	3 f
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5321	3997(lock)X
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5365	721(systems.)X
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5438	4103(Edges)X
5439	555 4860(represent)N
5440	878(the)X
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5521	3703(which)X
5522	3921(this)X
5523	4058(process)X
5524	555 5253(runs)N
5525	716(is)X
5526	792(user-settable;)X
5527	1243(for)X
5528	1360(the)X
5529	1481(multi-user)X
5530	1833(tests)X
5531	1998(discussed)X
5532	2328(in)X
5533	2413(section)X
5534	2663(5.1.2,)X
5535	2866(it)X
5536	2933(has)X
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5540	3435(wake)X
5541	3628(up)X
5542	3731(every)X
5543	3932(second,)X
5544	4197(but)X
5545	555 5343(more)N
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5547	1182(schedules)X
5548	1516(are)X
5549	1636(certainly)X
5550	1938(possible.)X
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5555	2796(detected,)X
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5563	4246(is)X
5564	555 5433(nominated)N
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5569	1700(transaction)X
5570	2076(aborts,)X
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5578	3519(its)X
5579	3617(locks,)X
5580	3829(thereby)X
5581	4093(break-)X
5582	555 5523(ing)N
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5584	795(cycle)X
5585	985(in)X
5586	1067(the)X
5587	1185(graph.)X
5588
5589	8 p
5590	%%Page: 8 8
5591	10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
5592	3 f
5593	1 f
5594	4 Ds
5595	1 Dt
5596	1866 865 MXY
5597	1338 0 Dl
5598	1866 1031 MXY
5599	1338 0 Dl
5600	1866 1199 MXY
5601	1338 0 Dl
5602	1866 1366 MXY
5603	1338 0 Dl
5604	1866 1533 MXY
5605	1338 0 Dl
5606	1866 1701 MXY
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5608	-1 Ds
5609	5 Dt
5610	1866 1868 MXY
5611	1338 0 Dl
5612	1 Dt
5613	1 Di
5614	2981 MX
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5616	2981 1575 lineto
5617	3092 1575 lineto
5618	3092 1868 lineto
5619	2981 1868 lineto
5620	closepath 21 2981 1575 3092 1868 Dp
5621	2646 MX
5622	2646 1868 lineto
5623	2646 949 lineto
5624	2758 949 lineto
5625	2758 1868 lineto
5626	2646 1868 lineto
5627	closepath 14 2646 949 2758 1868 Dp
5628	2312 MX
5629	2312 1868 lineto
5630	2312 1701 lineto
5631	2423 1701 lineto
5632	2423 1868 lineto
5633	2312 1868 lineto
5634	closepath 3 2312 1701 2423 1868 Dp
5635	1977 MX
5636	1977 1868 lineto
5637	1977 1512 lineto
5638	2089 1512 lineto
5639	2089 1868 lineto
5640	1977 1868 lineto
5641	closepath 19 1977 1512 2089 1868 Dp
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5650	1890(components)X
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5652	1733 1556(.2)N
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5654	1733 1222(.4)N
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5660	1693(seconds\))X
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5664	555 2255(Figure)N
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5775	2965(to)X
5776	3033(the)X
5777	3129(communication)X
5778	3545(overhead.)X
5779	3828(The)X
5780	3945(true)X
5781	4062(ratios)X
5782	4222(are)X
5783	555 2705(actually)N
5784	775(worse)X
5785	945(since)X
5786	1094(the)X
5787	1190(component)X
5788	1492(timings)X
5789	1703(do)X
5790	1785(not)X
5791	1884(re\257ect)X
5792	2060(the)X
5793	2155(search)X
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5795	2490(within)X
5796	2671(each)X
5797	2804(page)X
5798	2941(or)X
5799	3011(the)X
5800	3106(time)X
5801	3237(required)X
5802	3466(to)X
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5804	3760(the)X
5805	3855(page)X
5806	3992(between)X
5807	4221(the)X
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5813	579(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
5814	3 f
5815	555 3161(4.2.)N
5816	715(Group)X
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5820	959(the)X
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5823	1392(be)X
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5825	1751(to)X
5826	1839(disk)X
5827	1997(at)X
5828	2080(commit)X
5829	2349(time,)X
5830	2536(disk)X
5831	2694(bandwidth)X
5832	3057(fundamentally)X
5833	3545(limits)X
5834	3751(the)X
5835	3874(rate)X
5836	4020(at)X
5837	4103(which)X
5838	555 3374(transactions)N
5839	959(complete.)X
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5872	2853(implementation,)X
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5875	3841(would)X
5876	4067(happen)X
5877	555 3554(serially.)N
5878	755 3677(LIBTP)N
5879	1008(uses)X
5880	3 f
5881	1177(group)X
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5883	1 f
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5888	2464(amortize)X
5889	2775(the)X
5890	2903(cost)X
5891	3062(of)X
5892	3159(one)X
5893	3305(synchronous)X
5894	3740(disk)X
5895	3903(write)X
5896	4098(across)X
5897	555 3767(multiple)N
5898	851(transactions.)X
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5902	2117(a)X
5903	2182(way)X
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5911	3621(simultaneously.)X
5912	4174(The)X
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5914	709(several)X
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5922	2494(the)X
5923	2621(in-memory)X
5924	3006(log)X
5925	3137(page,)X
5926	3338(then)X
5927	3505(sleep)X
5928	3699(on)X
5929	3808(a)X
5930	3873(distinguished)X
5931	555 3947(semaphore.)N
5932	966(Later,)X
5933	1179(a)X
5934	1238(committing)X
5935	1629(transaction)X
5936	2004(\257ushes)X
5937	2249(the)X
5938	2370(page)X
5939	2545(to)X
5940	2630(disk,)X
5941	2805(and)X
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5943	3166(up)X
5944	3268(all)X
5945	3370(its)X
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5947	3756(peers.)X
5948	3988(The)X
5949	4135(point)X
5950	555 4037(at)N
5951	635(which)X
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5966	3400(group)X
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5971	555 4127(the)N
5972	674(minimum)X
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5989	555 4217(in)N
5990	646(a)X
5991	711(group)X
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6027	3848(log)X
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6031	829(to)X
6032	911(accumulate)X
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6036	1839(transaction's)X
6037	2289(commit)X
6038	2553(record)X
6039	2779(is)X
6040	2852(\257ushed.)X
6041	755 4520(Group)N
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6046	2090(performance)X
6047	2517(for)X
6048	2631(high-concurrency)X
6049	3218(environments.)X
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6054	4147(tran-)X
6055	555 4610(sactions)N
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6099	677(faster)X
6100	876(than)X
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6103	1274(disk)X
6104	1427(can)X
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6111	2732(increase)X
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6114	3398(rate.)X
6115	3 f
6116	555 4976(4.3.)N
6117	715(Kernel)X
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6119	1418(for)X
6120	1541(Synchronization)X
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6122	755 5099(Since)N
6123	954(LIBTP)X
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6131	2140(e.g.)X
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6146	555 5189(to)N
6147	640(acquire)X
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6150	1454(to)X
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6186	555 5385(tion)N
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6227	555 5547(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)N
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6238	1645(Digital)X
6239	1839(Equipment)X
6240	2136(Corporation.)X
6241
6242	9 p
6243	%%Page: 9 9
6244	8 s 8 xH 0 xS 1 f
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6267	4079(a)X
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6322	3421(a)X
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6326	4012(memory.)X
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6364	555 1293(tion,)N
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6424	3735([POSIX91].)X
6425	4174(The)X
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6440	4123(and)X
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6476	3563(other)X
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6506	1631(processing)X
6507	2000(benchmark)X
6508	2383(described)X
6509	2717(in)X
6510	2805(section)X
6511	3058(5.1.)X
6512	3223(In)X
6513	3315(one)X
6514	3456(case)X
6515	3620(we)X
6516	3739(ran)X
6517	3867(with)X
6518	4034(both)X
6519	4201(the)X
6520	555 2136(database)N
6521	854(and)X
6522	992(log)X
6523	1116(on)X
6524	1218(the)X
6525	1338(same)X
6526	1525(disk)X
6527	1680(\(1)X
6528	1769(Disk\))X
6529	1969(and)X
6530	2107(in)X
6531	2191(the)X
6532	2311(second,)X
6533	2576(we)X
6534	2692(ran)X
6535	2817(with)X
6536	2981(the)X
6537	3101(database)X
6538	3400(and)X
6539	3538(log)X
6540	3661(on)X
6541	3762(separate)X
6542	4047(disks)X
6543	4232(\(2)X
6544	555 2226(Disk\).)N
6545	800(In)X
6546	894(the)X
6547	1019(last)X
6548	1157(test,)X
6549	1315(we)X
6550	1436(wanted)X
6551	1695(to)X
6552	1784(create)X
6553	2004(a)X
6554	2067(CPU)X
6555	2249(bound)X
6556	2476(environment,)X
6557	2928(so)X
6558	3026(we)X
6559	3146(used)X
6560	3319(a)X
6561	3381(database)X
6562	3684(small)X
6563	3883(enough)X
6564	4145(to)X
6565	4233(\256t)X
6566	555 2316(completely)N
6567	941(in)X
6568	1033(the)X
6569	1161(cache)X
6570	1375(and)X
6571	1521(issued)X
6572	1751(read-only)X
6573	2089(transactions.)X
6574	2541(The)X
6575	2695(results)X
6576	2933(in)X
6577	3024(\256gure)X
6578	3240(\256ve)X
6579	3389(express)X
6580	3659(the)X
6581	3786(kernel)X
6582	4016(call)X
6583	4161(syn-)X
6584	555 2406(chronization)N
6585	980(performance)X
6586	1411(as)X
6587	1502(a)X
6588	1562(percentage)X
6589	1935(of)X
6590	2026(the)X
6591	2148(spinlock)X
6592	2443(performance.)X
6593	2914(For)X
6594	3049(example,)X
6595	3365(in)X
6596	3451(the)X
6597	3573(1)X
6598	3637(disk)X
6599	3794(case,)X
6600	3977(the)X
6601	4098(kernel)X
6602	555 2496(call)N
6603	697(implementation)X
6604	1225(achieved)X
6605	1537(4.4)X
6606	1662(TPS)X
6607	1824(\(transactions)X
6608	2259(per)X
6609	2387(second\))X
6610	2662(while)X
6611	2865(the)X
6612	2988(semaphore)X
6613	3361(implementation)X
6614	3888(achieved)X
6615	4199(4.6)X
6616	555 2586(TPS,)N
6617	735(and)X
6618	874(the)X
6619	995(relative)X
6620	1259(performance)X
6621	1689(of)X
6622	1779(the)X
6623	1900(kernel)X
6624	2123(synchronization)X
6625	2657(is)X
6626	2732(96%)X
6627	2901(that)X
6628	3043(of)X
6629	3132(the)X
6630	3252(spinlock)X
6631	3545(\(100)X
6632	3714(*)X
6633	3776(4.4)X
6634	3898(/)X
6635	3942(4.6\).)X
6636	4111(There)X
6637	555 2676(are)N
6638	674(two)X
6639	814(striking)X
6640	1078(observations)X
6641	1503(from)X
6642	1679(these)X
6643	1864(results:)X
6644	10 f
6645	635 2799(g)N
6646	1 f
6647	755(even)X
6648	927(when)X
6649	1121(the)X
6650	1239(system)X
6651	1481(is)X
6652	1554(disk)X
6653	1707(bound,)X
6654	1947(the)X
6655	2065(CPU)X
6656	2240(cost)X
6657	2389(of)X
6658	2476(synchronization)X
6659	3008(is)X
6660	3081(noticeable,)X
6661	3451(and)X
6662	10 f
6663	635 2922(g)N
6664	1 f
6665	755(when)X
6666	949(we)X
6667	1063(are)X
6668	1182(CPU)X
6669	1357(bound,)X
6670	1597(the)X
6671	1715(difference)X
6672	2062(is)X
6673	2135(dramatic)X
6674	2436(\(67%\).)X
6675	3 f
6676	555 3108(4.4.)N
6677	715(Transaction)X
6678	1148(Protected)X
6679	1499(Access)X
6680	1747(Methods)X
6681	1 f
6682	755 3231(The)N
6683	903(B-tree)X
6684	1127(and)X
6685	1266(\256xed)X
6686	1449(length)X
6687	1671(recno)X
6688	1872(\(record)X
6689	2127(number\))X
6690	2421(access)X
6691	2649(methods)X
6692	2942(have)X
6693	3116(been)X
6694	3290(modi\256ed)X
6695	3596(to)X
6696	3680(provide)X
6697	3947(transaction)X
6698	555 3321(protection.)N
6699	941(Whereas)X
6700	1244(the)X
6701	1363(previously)X
6702	1722(published)X
6703	2054(interface)X
6704	2357(to)X
6705	2440(the)X
6706	2559(access)X
6707	2786(routines)X
6708	3065(had)X
6709	3202(separate)X
6710	3487(open)X
6711	3664(calls)X
6712	3832(for)X
6713	3946(each)X
6714	4114(of)X
6715	4201(the)X
6716	10 f
6717	555 3507(h)N
6718	579(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
6719	1 Dt
6720	2978 5036 MXY
6721	2978 5036 lineto
6722	2978 4662 lineto
6723	3093 4662 lineto
6724	3093 5036 lineto
6725	2978 5036 lineto
6726	closepath 21 2978 4662 3093 5036 Dp
6727	2518 MX
6728	2518 5036 lineto
6729	2518 3960 lineto
6730	2633 3960 lineto
6731	2633 5036 lineto
6732	2518 5036 lineto
6733	closepath 3 2518 3960 2633 5036 Dp
6734	2059 MX
6735	2059 5036 lineto
6736	2059 3946 lineto
6737	2174 3946 lineto
6738	2174 5036 lineto
6739	2059 5036 lineto
6740	closepath 1 2059 3946 2174 5036 Dp
6741	3 f
6742	7 s
6743	2912 5141(Read-only)N
6744	1426 3767(of)N
6745	1487(Spinlock)X
6746	1710(Throughput)X
6747	1480 3710(Throughput)N
6748	1786(as)X
6749	1850(a)X
6750	1892(%)X
6751	11 s
6752	1670 4843(20)N
6753	1670 4614(40)N
6754	1670 4384(60)N
6755	1670 4155(80)N
6756	1648 3925(100)N
6757	7 s
6758	2041 5141(1)N
6759	2083(Disk)X
6760	2490(2)X
6761	2532(Disks)X
6762	5 Dt
6763	1829 5036 MXY
6764	1494 0 Dl
6765	4 Ds
6766	1 Dt
6767	1829 4806 MXY
6768	1494 0 Dl
6769	1829 4577 MXY
6770	1494 0 Dl
6771	1829 4347 MXY
6772	1494 0 Dl
6773	1829 4118 MXY
6774	1494 0 Dl
6775	1829 3888 MXY
6776	1494 0 Dl
6777	3 Dt
6778	-1 Ds
6779	8 s
6780	555 5360(Figure)N
6781	753(5:)X
6782	823(Kernel)X
6783	1028(Overhead)X
6784	1315(for)X
6785	1413(System)X
6786	1625(Call)X
6787	1756(Synchronization.)X
6788	1 f
6789	2254(The)X
6790	2370(performance)X
6791	2708(of)X
6792	2778(the)X
6793	2873(kernel)X
6794	3049(call)X
6795	3158(synchronization)X
6796	3583(is)X
6797	3643(expressed)X
6798	3911(as)X
6799	3980(a)X
6800	4024(percentage)X
6801	555 5450(of)N
6802	625(the)X
6803	720(spinlock)X
6804	954(synchronization)X
6805	1379(performance.)X
6806	1749(In)X
6807	1819(disk)X
6808	1943(bound)X
6809	2120(cases)X
6810	2271(\(1)X
6811	2341(Disk)X
6812	2479(and)X
6813	2588(2)X
6814	2637(Disks\),)X
6815	2837(we)X
6816	2928(see)X
6817	3026(that)X
6818	3139(4-6%)X
6819	3294(of)X
6820	3364(the)X
6821	3459(performance)X
6822	3797(is)X
6823	3857(lost)X
6824	3966(due)X
6825	4074(to)X
6826	4140(kernel)X
6827	555 5540(calls)N
6828	688(while)X
6829	846(in)X
6830	912(the)X
6831	1006(CPU)X
6832	1147(bound)X
6833	1323(case,)X
6834	1464(we)X
6835	1554(have)X
6836	1690(lost)X
6837	1799(67%)X
6838	1932(of)X
6839	2001(the)X
6840	2095(performance)X
6841	2432(due)X
6842	2540(to)X
6843	2606(kernel)X
6844	2781(calls.)X
6845
6846	10 p
6847	%%Page: 10 10
6848	8 s 8 xH 0 xS 1 f
6849	10 s
6850	3 f
6851	1 f
6852	555 630(access)N
6853	781(methods,)X
6854	1092(we)X
6855	1206(now)X
6856	1364(have)X
6857	1536(an)X
6858	1632(integrated)X
6859	1973(open)X
6860	2149(call)X
6861	2285(with)X
6862	2447(the)X
6863	2565(following)X
6864	2896(calling)X
6865	3134(conventions:)X
6866	7 f
6867	715 753(DB)N
6868	859(*dbopen)X
6869	1243(\(const)X
6870	1579(char)X
6871	1819(*file,)X
6872	2155(int)X
6873	2347(flags,)X
6874	2683(int)X
6875	2875(mode,)X
6876	3163(DBTYPE)X
6877	3499(type,)X
6878	1291 843(int)N
6879	1483(dbflags,)X
6880	1915(const)X
6881	2203(void)X
6882	2443(*openinfo\))X
6883	1 f
6884	555 966(where)N
6885	2 f
6886	774(\256le)X
6887	1 f
6888	894(is)X
6889	969(the)X
6890	1089(name)X
6891	1285(of)X
6892	1374(the)X
6893	1494(\256le)X
6894	1618(being)X
6895	1818(opened,)X
6896	2 f
6897	2092(\257ags)X
6898	1 f
6899	2265(and)X
6900	2 f
6901	2402(mode)X
6902	1 f
6903	2597(are)X
6904	2717(the)X
6905	2836(standard)X
6906	3129(arguments)X
6907	3484(to)X
6908	3 f
6909	3567(open)X
6910	1 f
6911	3731(\(2\),)X
6912	2 f
6913	3866(type)X
6914	1 f
6915	4021(is)X
6916	4095(one)X
6917	4232(of)X
6918	555 1056(the)N
6919	680(access)X
6920	913(method)X
6921	1180(types,)X
6922	2 f
6923	1396(db\257ags)X
6924	1 f
6925	1654(indicates)X
6926	1966(the)X
6927	2091(mode)X
6928	2296(of)X
6929	2390(the)X
6930	2515(buffer)X
6931	2739(pool)X
6932	2907(and)X
6933	3049(transaction)X
6934	3427(protection,)X
6935	3798(and)X
6936	2 f
6937	3940(openinfo)X
6938	1 f
6939	4246(is)X
6940	555 1146(the)N
6941	681(access)X
6942	915(method)X
6943	1183(speci\256c)X
6944	1456(information.)X
6945	1902(Currently,)X
6946	2257(the)X
6947	2383(possible)X
6948	2673(values)X
6949	2906(for)X
6950	2 f
6951	3028(db\257ags)X
6952	1 f
6953	3287(are)X
6954	3414(DB_SHARED)X
6955	3912(and)X
6956	4055(DB_TP)X
6957	555 1236(indicating)N
6958	895(that)X
6959	1035(buffers)X
6960	1283(should)X
6961	1516(be)X
6962	1612(kept)X
6963	1770(in)X
6964	1852(a)X
6965	1908(shared)X
6966	2138(buffer)X
6967	2355(pool)X
6968	2517(and)X
6969	2653(that)X
6970	2793(the)X
6971	2911(\256le)X
6972	3033(should)X
6973	3266(be)X
6974	3362(transaction)X
6975	3734(protected.)X
6976	755 1359(The)N
6977	900(modi\256cations)X
6978	1355(required)X
6979	1643(to)X
6980	1725(add)X
6981	1861(transaction)X
6982	2233(protection)X
6983	2578(to)X
6984	2660(an)X
6985	2756(access)X
6986	2982(method)X
6987	3242(are)X
6988	3361(quite)X
6989	3541(simple)X
6990	3774(and)X
6991	3910(localized.)X
6992	715 1482(1.)N
6993	795(Replace)X
6994	1074(\256le)X
6995	2 f
6996	1196(open)X
6997	1 f
6998	1372(with)X
6999	2 f
7000	1534(buf_open)X
7001	1 f
7002	1832(.)X
7003	715 1572(2.)N
7004	795(Replace)X
7005	1074(\256le)X
7006	2 f
7007	1196(read)X
7008	1 f
7009	1363(and)X
7010	2 f
7011	1499(write)X
7012	1 f
7013	1683(calls)X
7014	1850(with)X
7015	2012(buffer)X
7016	2229(manager)X
7017	2526(calls)X
7018	2693(\()X
7019	2 f
7020	2720(buf_get)X
7021	1 f
7022	(,)S
7023	2 f
7024	3000(buf_unpin)X
7025	1 f
7026	3324(\).)X
7027	715 1662(3.)N
7028	795(Precede)X
7029	1070(buffer)X
7030	1287(manager)X
7031	1584(calls)X
7032	1751(with)X
7033	1913(an)X
7034	2009(appropriate)X
7035	2395(\(read)X
7036	2581(or)X
7037	2668(write\))X
7038	2880(lock)X
7039	3038(call.)X
7040	715 1752(4.)N
7041	795(Before)X
7042	1034(updates,)X
7043	1319(issue)X
7044	1499(a)X
7045	1555(logging)X
7046	1819(operation.)X
7047	715 1842(5.)N
7048	795(After)X
7049	985(data)X
7050	1139(have)X
7051	1311(been)X
7052	1483(accessed,)X
7053	1805(release)X
7054	2049(the)X
7055	2167(buffer)X
7056	2384(manager)X
7057	2681(pin.)X
7058	715 1932(6.)N
7059	795(Provide)X
7060	1064(undo/redo)X
7061	1409(code)X
7062	1581(for)X
7063	1695(each)X
7064	1863(type)X
7065	2021(of)X
7066	2108(log)X
7067	2230(record)X
7068	2456(de\256ned.)X
7069	555 2071(The)N
7070	702(following)X
7071	1035(code)X
7072	1209(fragments)X
7073	1552(show)X
7074	1743(how)X
7075	1903(to)X
7076	1987(transaction)X
7077	2361(protect)X
7078	2606(several)X
7079	2856(updates)X
7080	3123(to)X
7081	3206(a)X
7082	3263(B-tree.)X
7083	7 s
7084	3484 2039(3)N
7085	10 s
7086	3533 2071(In)N
7087	3621(the)X
7088	3740(unprotected)X
7089	4140(case,)X
7090	555 2161(an)N
7091	652(open)X
7092	829(call)X
7093	966(is)X
7094	1040(followed)X
7095	1346(by)X
7096	1447(a)X
7097	1504(read)X
7098	1664(call)X
7099	1801(to)X
7100	1884(obtain)X
7101	2105(the)X
7102	2224(meta-data)X
7103	2562(for)X
7104	2677(the)X
7105	2796(B-tree.)X
7106	3058(Instead,)X
7107	3331(we)X
7108	3446(issue)X
7109	3627(an)X
7110	3724(open)X
7111	3901(to)X
7112	3984(the)X
7113	4102(buffer)X
7114	555 2251(manager)N
7115	852(to)X
7116	934(obtain)X
7117	1154(a)X
7118	1210(\256le)X
7119	1332(id)X
7120	1414(and)X
7121	1550(a)X
7122	1606(buffer)X
7123	1823(request)X
7124	2075(to)X
7125	2157(obtain)X
7126	2377(the)X
7127	2495(meta-data)X
7128	2832(as)X
7129	2919(shown)X
7130	3148(below.)X
7131	7 f
7132	715 2374(char)N
7133	955(*path;)X
7134	715 2464(int)N
7135	907(fid,)X
7136	1147(flags,)X
7137	1483(len,)X
7138	1723(mode;)X
7139	715 2644(/*)N
7140	859(Obtain)X
7141	1195(a)X
7142	1291(file)X
7143	1531(id)X
7144	1675(with)X
7145	1915(which)X
7146	2203(to)X
7147	2347(access)X
7148	2683(the)X
7149	2875(buffer)X
7150	3211(pool)X
7151	3451(*/)X
7152	715 2734(fid)N
7153	907(=)X
7154	1003(buf_open\(path,)X
7155	1723(flags,)X
7156	2059(mode\);)X
7157	715 2914(/*)N
7158	859(Read)X
7159	1099(the)X
7160	1291(meta)X
7161	1531(data)X
7162	1771(\(page)X
7163	2059(0\))X
7164	2203(for)X
7165	2395(the)X
7166	2587(B-tree)X
7167	2923(*/)X
7168	715 3004(if)N
7169	859(\(tp_lock\(fid,)X
7170	1531(0,)X
7171	1675(READ_LOCK\)\))X
7172	1003 3094(return)N
7173	1339(error;)X
7174	715 3184(meta_data_ptr)N
7175	1387(=)X
7176	1483(buf_get\(fid,)X
7177	2107(0,)X
7178	2251(BF_PIN,)X
7179	2635(&len\);)X
7180	1 f
7181	555 3307(The)N
7182	714(BF_PIN)X
7183	1014(argument)X
7184	1350(to)X
7185	2 f
7186	1445(buf_get)X
7187	1 f
7188	1718(indicates)X
7189	2036(that)X
7190	2189(we)X
7191	2316(wish)X
7192	2500(to)X
7193	2595(leave)X
7194	2798(this)X
7195	2946(page)X
7196	3131(pinned)X
7197	3382(in)X
7198	3477(memory)X
7199	3777(so)X
7200	3881(that)X
7201	4034(it)X
7202	4111(is)X
7203	4197(not)X
7204	555 3397(swapped)N
7205	862(out)X
7206	990(while)X
7207	1194(we)X
7208	1314(are)X
7209	1439(accessing)X
7210	1772(it.)X
7211	1881(The)X
7212	2031(last)X
7213	2167(argument)X
7214	2495(to)X
7215	2 f
7216	2582(buf_get)X
7217	1 f
7218	2847(returns)X
7219	3095(the)X
7220	3218(number)X
7221	3488(of)X
7222	3580(bytes)X
7223	3774(on)X
7224	3879(the)X
7225	4002(page)X
7226	4179(that)X
7227	555 3487(were)N
7228	732(valid)X
7229	912(so)X
7230	1003(that)X
7231	1143(the)X
7232	1261(access)X
7233	1487(method)X
7234	1747(may)X
7235	1905(initialize)X
7236	2205(the)X
7237	2323(page)X
7238	2495(if)X
7239	2564(necessary.)X
7240	755 3610(Next,)N
7241	955(consider)X
7242	1251(inserting)X
7243	1555(a)X
7244	1615(record)X
7245	1845(on)X
7246	1949(a)X
7247	2009(particular)X
7248	2341(page)X
7249	2517(of)X
7250	2608(a)X
7251	2668(B-tree.)X
7252	2932(In)X
7253	3022(the)X
7254	3143(unprotected)X
7255	3545(case,)X
7256	3727(we)X
7257	3844(read)X
7258	4006(the)X
7259	4127(page,)X
7260	555 3700(call)N
7261	2 f
7262	693(_bt_insertat)X
7263	1 f
7264	1079(,)X
7265	1121(and)X
7266	1258(write)X
7267	1444(the)X
7268	1563(page.)X
7269	1776(Instead,)X
7270	2049(we)X
7271	2164(lock)X
7272	2323(the)X
7273	2442(page,)X
7274	2635(request)X
7275	2888(the)X
7276	3007(buffer,)X
7277	3245(log)X
7278	3368(the)X
7279	3487(change,)X
7280	3756(modify)X
7281	4008(the)X
7282	4127(page,)X
7283	555 3790(and)N
7284	691(release)X
7285	935(the)X
7286	1053(buffer.)X
7287	7 f
7288	715 3913(int)N
7289	907(fid,)X
7290	1147(len,)X
7291	1387(pageno;)X
7292	1867(/*)X
7293	2011(Identifies)X
7294	2539(the)X
7295	2731(buffer)X
7296	3067(*/)X
7297	715 4003(int)N
7298	907(index;)X
7299	1867(/*)X
7300	2011(Location)X
7301	2443(at)X
7302	2587(which)X
7303	2875(to)X
7304	3019(insert)X
7305	3355(the)X
7306	3547(new)X
7307	3739(pair)X
7308	3979(*/)X
7309	715 4093(DBT)N
7310	907(*keyp,)X
7311	1243(*datap;)X
7312	1867(/*)X
7313	2011(Key/Data)X
7314	2443(pair)X
7315	2683(to)X
7316	2827(be)X
7317	2971(inserted)X
7318	3403(*/)X
7319	715 4183(DATUM)N
7320	1003(*d;)X
7321	1867(/*)X
7322	2011(Key/data)X
7323	2443(structure)X
7324	2923(to)X
7325	3067(insert)X
7326	3403(*/)X
7327	715 4363(/*)N
7328	859(Lock)X
7329	1099(and)X
7330	1291(request)X
7331	1675(the)X
7332	1867(buffer)X
7333	2203(*/)X
7334	715 4453(if)N
7335	859(\(tp_lock\(fid,)X
7336	1531(pageno,)X
7337	1915(WRITE_LOCK\)\))X
7338	1003 4543(return)N
7339	1339(error;)X
7340	715 4633(buffer_ptr)N
7341	1243(=)X
7342	1339(buf_get\(fid,)X
7343	1963(pageno,)X
7344	2347(BF_PIN,)X
7345	2731(&len\);)X
7346	715 4813(/*)N
7347	859(Log)X
7348	1051(and)X
7349	1243(perform)X
7350	1627(the)X
7351	1819(update)X
7352	2155(*/)X
7353	715 4903(log_insdel\(BTREE_INSERT,)N
7354	1915(fid,)X
7355	2155(pageno,)X
7356	2539(keyp,)X
7357	2827(datap\);)X
7358	715 4993(_bt_insertat\(buffer_ptr,)N
7359	1915(d,)X
7360	2059(index\);)X
7361	715 5083(buf_unpin\(buffer_ptr\);)N
7362	1 f
7363	555 5206(Succinctly,)N
7364	942(the)X
7365	1068(algorithm)X
7366	1407(for)X
7367	1529(turning)X
7368	1788(unprotected)X
7369	2195(code)X
7370	2375(into)X
7371	2527(protected)X
7372	2854(code)X
7373	3034(is)X
7374	3115(to)X
7375	3205(replace)X
7376	3466(read)X
7377	3633(operations)X
7378	3995(with)X
7379	2 f
7380	4165(lock)X
7381	1 f
7382	555 5296(and)N
7383	2 f
7384	691(buf_get)X
7385	1 f
7386	951(operations)X
7387	1305(and)X
7388	1441(write)X
7389	1626(operations)X
7390	1980(with)X
7391	2 f
7392	2142(log)X
7393	1 f
7394	2264(and)X
7395	2 f
7396	2400(buf_unpin)X
7397	1 f
7398	2744(operations.)X
7399	8 s
7400	10 f
7401	555 5458(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)N
7402	5 s
7403	1 f
7404	727 5536(3)N
7405	8 s
7406	766 5561(The)N
7407	884(following)X
7408	1152(code)X
7409	1291(fragments)X
7410	1565(are)X
7411	1661(examples,)X
7412	1937(but)X
7413	2038(do)X
7414	2120(not)X
7415	2220(de\256ne)X
7416	2394(the)X
7417	2490(\256nal)X
7418	2622(interface.)X
7419	2894(The)X
7420	3011(\256nal)X
7421	3143(interface)X
7422	3383(will)X
7423	3501(be)X
7424	3579(determined)X
7425	3884(after)X
7426	4018(LIBTP)X
7427	4214(has)X
7428	555 5633(been)N
7429	691(fully)X
7430	828(integrated)X
7431	1099(with)X
7432	1229(the)X
7433	1323(most)X
7434	1464(recent)X
7435	3 f
7436	1635(db)X
7437	1 f
7438	1707(\(3\))X
7439	1797(release)X
7440	1989(from)X
7441	2129(the)X
7442	2223(Computer)X
7443	2495(Systems)X
7444	2725(Research)X
7445	2974(Group)X
7446	3153(at)X
7447	3215(University)X
7448	3501(of)X
7449	3570(California,)X
7450	3861(Berkeley.)X
7451
7452	11 p
7453	%%Page: 11 11
7454	8 s 8 xH 0 xS 1 f
7455	10 s
7456	3 f
7457	555 630(5.)N
7458	655(Performance)X
7459	1 f
7460	755 753(In)N
7461	845(this)X
7462	983(section,)X
7463	1253(we)X
7464	1370(present)X
7465	1625(the)X
7466	1746(results)X
7467	1978(of)X
7468	2067(two)X
7469	2209(very)X
7470	2374(different)X
7471	2673(benchmarks.)X
7472	3103(The)X
7473	3250(\256rst)X
7474	3396(is)X
7475	3471(an)X
7476	3569(online)X
7477	3791(transaction)X
7478	4165(pro-)X
7479	555 843(cessing)N
7480	824(benchmark,)X
7481	1234(similar)X
7482	1489(to)X
7483	1584(the)X
7484	1715(standard)X
7485	2020(TPCB,)X
7486	2272(but)X
7487	2407(has)X
7488	2547(been)X
7489	2732(adapted)X
7490	3015(to)X
7491	3110(run)X
7492	3250(in)X
7493	3345(a)X
7494	3414(desktop)X
7495	3696(environment.)X
7496	4174(The)X
7497	555 933(second)N
7498	798(emulates)X
7499	1103(a)X
7500	1159(computer-aided)X
7501	1683(design)X
7502	1912(environment)X
7503	2337(and)X
7504	2473(provides)X
7505	2769(more)X
7506	2954(complex)X
7507	3250(query)X
7508	3453(processing.)X
7509	3 f
7510	555 1119(5.1.)N
7511	715(Transaction)X
7512	1148(Processing)X
7513	1533(Benchmark)X
7514	1 f
7515	755 1242(For)N
7516	887(this)X
7517	1023(section,)X
7518	1291(all)X
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7520	1820(numbers)X
7521	2117(shown)X
7522	2346(except)X
7523	2576(for)X
7524	2690(the)X
7525	2808(commercial)X
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7527	3504(system)X
7528	3746(were)X
7529	3923(obtained)X
7530	4219(on)X
7531	555 1332(a)N
7532	614(DECstation)X
7533	1009(5000/200)X
7534	1333(with)X
7535	1497(32MBytes)X
7536	1852(of)X
7537	1941(memory)X
7538	2230(running)X
7539	2501(Ultrix)X
7540	2714(V4.0,)X
7541	2914(accessing)X
7542	3244(a)X
7543	3302(DEC)X
7544	3484(RZ57)X
7545	3688(1GByte)X
7546	3959(disk)X
7547	4114(drive.)X
7548	555 1422(The)N
7549	720(commercial)X
7550	1139(relational)X
7551	1482(database)X
7552	1799(system)X
7553	2061(tests)X
7554	2242(were)X
7555	2438(run)X
7556	2584(on)X
7557	2703(a)X
7558	2778(comparable)X
7559	3192(machine,)X
7560	3523(a)X
7561	3598(Sparcstation)X
7562	4033(1+)X
7563	4157(with)X
7564	555 1512(32MBytes)N
7565	915(memory)X
7566	1209(and)X
7567	1352(a)X
7568	1415(1GByte)X
7569	1691(external)X
7570	1976(disk)X
7571	2135(drive.)X
7572	2366(The)X
7573	2517(database,)X
7574	2840(binaries)X
7575	3120(and)X
7576	3262(log)X
7577	3390(resided)X
7578	3648(on)X
7579	3754(the)X
7580	3878(same)X
7581	4069(device.)X
7582	555 1602(Reported)N
7583	869(times)X
7584	1062(are)X
7585	1181(the)X
7586	1299(means)X
7587	1524(of)X
7588	1611(\256ve)X
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7590	1913(and)X
7591	2049(have)X
7592	2221(standard)X
7593	2513(deviations)X
7594	2862(within)X
7595	3086(two)X
7596	3226(percent)X
7597	3483(of)X
7598	3570(the)X
7599	3688(mean.)X
7600	755 1725(The)N
7601	905(test)X
7602	1041(database)X
7603	1343(was)X
7604	1493(con\256gured)X
7605	1861(according)X
7606	2203(to)X
7607	2290(the)X
7608	2413(TPCB)X
7609	2637(scaling)X
7610	2889(rules)X
7611	3070(for)X
7612	3189(a)X
7613	3250(10)X
7614	3355(transaction)X
7615	3732(per)X
7616	3860(second)X
7617	4108(\(TPS\))X
7618	555 1815(system)N
7619	817(with)X
7620	999(1,000,000)X
7621	1359(account)X
7622	1649(records,)X
7623	1946(100)X
7624	2106(teller)X
7625	2311(records,)X
7626	2607(and)X
7627	2762(10)X
7628	2881(branch)X
7629	3139(records.)X
7630	3455(Where)X
7631	3709(TPS)X
7632	3885(numbers)X
7633	4200(are)X
7634	555 1905(reported,)N
7635	865(we)X
7636	981(are)X
7637	1102(running)X
7638	1373(a)X
7639	1431(modi\256ed)X
7640	1737(version)X
7641	1995(of)X
7642	2084(the)X
7643	2203(industry)X
7644	2486(standard)X
7645	2779(transaction)X
7646	3152(processing)X
7647	3516(benchmark,)X
7648	3914(TPCB.)X
7649	4174(The)X
7650	555 1995(TPCB)N
7651	780(benchmark)X
7652	1163(simulates)X
7653	1491(a)X
7654	1553(withdrawal)X
7655	1940(performed)X
7656	2301(by)X
7657	2407(a)X
7658	2469(hypothetical)X
7659	2891(teller)X
7660	3082(at)X
7661	3166(a)X
7662	3228(hypothetical)X
7663	3650(bank.)X
7664	3872(The)X
7665	4022(database)X
7666	555 2085(consists)N
7667	831(of)X
7668	921(relations)X
7669	1220(\(\256les\))X
7670	1430(for)X
7671	1547(accounts,)X
7672	1871(branches,)X
7673	2200(tellers,)X
7674	2439(and)X
7675	2578(history.)X
7676	2863(For)X
7677	2997(each)X
7678	3168(transaction,)X
7679	3563(the)X
7680	3684(account,)X
7681	3976(teller,)X
7682	4183(and)X
7683	555 2175(branch)N
7684	795(balances)X
7685	1093(must)X
7686	1269(be)X
7687	1366(updated)X
7688	1641(to)X
7689	1724(re\257ect)X
7690	1946(the)X
7691	2065(withdrawal)X
7692	2447(and)X
7693	2584(a)X
7694	2640(history)X
7695	2882(record)X
7696	3108(is)X
7697	3181(written)X
7698	3428(which)X
7699	3644(contains)X
7700	3931(the)X
7701	4049(account)X
7702	555 2265(id,)N
7703	657(branch)X
7704	896(id,)X
7705	998(teller)X
7706	1183(id,)X
7707	1285(and)X
7708	1421(the)X
7709	1539(amount)X
7710	1799(of)X
7711	1886(the)X
7712	2004(withdrawal)X
7713	2385([TPCB90].)X
7714	755 2388(Our)N
7715	914(implementation)X
7716	1450(of)X
7717	1551(the)X
7718	1683(benchmark)X
7719	2074(differs)X
7720	2317(from)X
7721	2506(the)X
7722	2637(speci\256cation)X
7723	3075(in)X
7724	3170(several)X
7725	3431(aspects.)X
7726	3736(The)X
7727	3894(speci\256cation)X
7728	555 2478(requires)N
7729	840(that)X
7730	985(the)X
7731	1108(database)X
7732	1410(keep)X
7733	1587(redundant)X
7734	1933(logs)X
7735	2091(on)X
7736	2196(different)X
7737	2498(devices,)X
7738	2784(but)X
7739	2911(we)X
7740	3030(use)X
7741	3162(a)X
7742	3223(single)X
7743	3439(log.)X
7744	3606(Furthermore,)X
7745	4052(all)X
7746	4157(tests)X
7747	555 2568(were)N
7748	734(run)X
7749	863(on)X
7750	965(a)X
7751	1023(single,)X
7752	1256(centralized)X
7753	1631(system)X
7754	1875(so)X
7755	1968(there)X
7756	2151(is)X
7757	2226(no)X
7758	2328(notion)X
7759	2553(of)X
7760	2641(remote)X
7761	2885(accesses.)X
7762	3219(Finally,)X
7763	3486(we)X
7764	3601(calculated)X
7765	3948(throughput)X
7766	555 2658(by)N
7767	662(dividing)X
7768	955(the)X
7769	1080(total)X
7770	1249(elapsed)X
7771	1517(time)X
7772	1686(by)X
7773	1793(the)X
7774	1918(number)X
7775	2190(of)X
7776	2284(transactions)X
7777	2694(processed)X
7778	3038(rather)X
7779	3253(than)X
7780	3418(by)X
7781	3525(computing)X
7782	3894(the)X
7783	4018(response)X
7784	555 2748(time)N
7785	717(for)X
7786	831(each)X
7787	999(transaction.)X
7788	755 2871(The)N
7789	912(performance)X
7790	1351(comparisons)X
7791	1788(focus)X
7792	1993(on)X
7793	2104(traditional)X
7794	2464(Unix)X
7795	2655(techniques)X
7796	3029(\(unprotected,)X
7797	3486(using)X
7798	3 f
7799	3690(\257ock)X
7800	1 f
7801	3854(\(2\))X
7802	3979(and)X
7803	4126(using)X
7804	3 f
7805	555 2961(fsync)N
7806	1 f
7807	733(\(2\)\))X
7808	884(and)X
7809	1030(a)X
7810	1096(commercial)X
7811	1504(relational)X
7812	1836(database)X
7813	2142(system.)X
7814	2433(Well-behaved)X
7815	2913(applications)X
7816	3329(using)X
7817	3 f
7818	3531(\257ock)X
7819	1 f
7820	3695(\(2\))X
7821	3818(are)X
7822	3946(guaranteed)X
7823	555 3051(that)N
7824	704(concurrent)X
7825	1077(processes')X
7826	1441(updates)X
7827	1715(do)X
7828	1824(not)X
7829	1955(interact)X
7830	2225(with)X
7831	2396(one)X
7832	2541(another,)X
7833	2831(but)X
7834	2962(no)X
7835	3070(guarantees)X
7836	3442(about)X
7837	3648(atomicity)X
7838	3978(are)X
7839	4105(made.)X
7840	555 3141(That)N
7841	731(is,)X
7842	833(if)X
7843	911(the)X
7844	1038(system)X
7845	1289(crashes)X
7846	1555(in)X
7847	1646(mid-transaction,)X
7848	2198(only)X
7849	2369(parts)X
7850	2554(of)X
7851	2649(that)X
7852	2797(transaction)X
7853	3177(will)X
7854	3329(be)X
7855	3433(re\257ected)X
7856	3738(in)X
7857	3828(the)X
7858	3954 0.3125(after-crash)AX
7859	555 3231(state)N
7860	725(of)X
7861	815(the)X
7862	936(database.)X
7863	1276(The)X
7864	1424(use)X
7865	1554(of)X
7866	3 f
7867	1643(fsync)X
7868	1 f
7869	1821(\(2\))X
7870	1937(at)X
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7872	2391(commit)X
7873	2657(time)X
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7875	3119(guarantees)X
7876	3485(of)X
7877	3574(durability)X
7878	3907(after)X
7879	4077(system)X
7880	555 3321(failure.)N
7881	825(However,)X
7882	1160(there)X
7883	1341(is)X
7884	1414(no)X
7885	1514(mechanism)X
7886	1899(to)X
7887	1981(perform)X
7888	2260(transaction)X
7889	2632(abort.)X
7890	3 f
7891	555 3507(5.1.1.)N
7892	775(Single-User)X
7893	1191(Tests)X
7894	1 f
7895	755 3630(These)N
7896	978(tests)X
7897	1151(compare)X
7898	1459(LIBTP)X
7899	1712(in)X
7900	1804(a)X
7901	1870(variety)X
7902	2123(of)X
7903	2220(con\256gurations)X
7904	2708(to)X
7905	2800(traditional)X
7906	3159(UNIX)X
7907	3390(solutions)X
7908	3708(and)X
7909	3854(a)X
7910	3920(commercial)X
7911	555 3720(relational)N
7912	884(database)X
7913	1187(system)X
7914	1435(\(RDBMS\).)X
7915	1814(To)X
7916	1929(demonstrate)X
7917	2347(the)X
7918	2471(server)X
7919	2694(architecture)X
7920	3100(we)X
7921	3220(built)X
7922	3392(a)X
7923	3454(front)X
7924	3636(end)X
7925	3777(test)X
7926	3913(process)X
7927	4179(that)X
7928	555 3810(uses)N
7929	732(TCL)X
7930	922([OUST90])X
7931	1304(to)X
7932	1405(parse)X
7933	1614(database)X
7934	1930(access)X
7935	2175(commands)X
7936	2561(and)X
7937	2716(call)X
7938	2870(the)X
7939	3006(database)X
7940	3321(access)X
7941	3565(routines.)X
7942	3901(In)X
7943	4006(one)X
7944	4160(case)X
7945	555 3900(\(SERVER\),)N
7946	956(frontend)X
7947	1249(and)X
7948	1386(backend)X
7949	1675(processes)X
7950	2004(were)X
7951	2181(created)X
7952	2434(which)X
7953	2650(communicated)X
7954	3142(via)X
7955	3260(an)X
7956	3356(IP)X
7957	3447(socket.)X
7958	3712(In)X
7959	3799(the)X
7960	3917(second)X
7961	4160(case)X
7962	555 3990(\(TCL\),)N
7963	802(a)X
7964	860(single)X
7965	1073(process)X
7966	1336(read)X
7967	1497(queries)X
7968	1751(from)X
7969	1929(standard)X
7970	2223(input,)X
7971	2429(parsed)X
7972	2660(them,)X
7973	2861(and)X
7974	2998(called)X
7975	3211(the)X
7976	3330(database)X
7977	3628(access)X
7978	3855(routines.)X
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7980	555 4080(performance)N
7981	987(difference)X
7982	1338(between)X
7983	1630(the)X
7984	1752(TCL)X
7985	1927(and)X
7986	2067(SERVER)X
7987	2397(tests)X
7988	2563(quanti\256es)X
7989	2898(the)X
7990	3020(communication)X
7991	3542(overhead)X
7992	3861(of)X
7993	3952(the)X
7994	4074(socket.)X
7995	555 4170(The)N
7996	732(RDBMS)X
7997	1063(implementation)X
7998	1617(used)X
7999	1816(embedded)X
8000	2198(SQL)X
8001	2401(in)X
8002	2515(C)X
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8005	3062(database)X
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8007	3835(Therefore,)X
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8044	1126 4596(TCL)N
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8094	1906(\(2\))X
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8168
8169	12 p
8170	%%Page: 12 12
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8189	1715 2184(TCL)N
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8236	1087 1877(2)N
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8374	3487(CPU)X
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8376	3814(disk)X
8377	3975(utilization)X
8378	555 3534(slightly)N
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8380	1181(approximately)X
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8504	555 4320(we)N
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8518	3472(TPCB)X
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8520	4083(and)X
8521	4219(no)X
8522	3 f
8523	555 4410(fsync)N
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8525	733(\(2\))X
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8693	2647(of)X
8694	2743(four)X
8695	2906(to)X
8696	2997(approach)X
8697	3321(100%)X
8698	3537(CPU)X
8699	3721(saturation.)X
8700	4106(In)X
8701	4201(the)X
8702	555 5343(case)N
8703	718(where)X
8704	939(we)X
8705	1057(do)X
8706	1161(perform)X
8707	1444(writes,)X
8708	1684(we)X
8709	1802(are)X
8710	1925(interested)X
8711	2261(in)X
8712	2347(detecting)X
8713	2665(when)X
8714	2863(lock)X
8715	3025(contention)X
8716	3387(becomes)X
8717	3691(a)X
8718	3750(dominant)X
8719	4075(perfor-)X
8720	555 5433(mance)N
8721	787(factor.)X
8722	1037(Contention)X
8723	1414(will)X
8724	1560(cause)X
8725	1761(two)X
8726	1903(phenomena;)X
8727	2317(we)X
8728	2433(will)X
8729	2579(see)X
8730	2704(transactions)X
8731	3109(queueing)X
8732	3425(behind)X
8733	3665(frequently)X
8734	4017(accessed)X
8735	555 5523(data,)N
8736	731(and)X
8737	869(we)X
8738	985(will)X
8739	1131(see)X
8740	1256(transaction)X
8741	1629(abort)X
8742	1815(rates)X
8743	1988(increasing)X
8744	2339(due)X
8745	2476(to)X
8746	2559(deadlock.)X
8747	2910(Given)X
8748	3127(that)X
8749	3268(the)X
8750	3387(branch)X
8751	3627(\256le)X
8752	3750(contains)X
8753	4038(only)X
8754	4201(ten)X
8755	8 s
8756	10 f
8757	555 5595(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)N
8758	5 s
8759	1 f
8760	727 5673(4)N
8761	8 s
8762	763 5698(Although)N
8763	1021(the)X
8764	1115(log)X
8765	1213(is)X
8766	1272(written)X
8767	1469(sequentially,)X
8768	1810(we)X
8769	1900(do)X
8770	1980(not)X
8771	2078(get)X
8772	2172(the)X
8773	2266(bene\256t)X
8774	2456(of)X
8775	2525(sequentiality)X
8776	2868(since)X
8777	3015(the)X
8778	3109(log)X
8779	3207(and)X
8780	3315(database)X
8781	3550(reside)X
8782	3718(on)X
8783	3798(the)X
8784	3892(same)X
8785	4039(disk.)X
8786
8787	13 p
8788	%%Page: 13 13
8789	8 s 8 xH 0 xS 1 f
8790	10 s
8791	3 f
8792	1 f
8793	3187 2051 MXY
8794	0 18 Dl
8795	0 -9 Dl
8796	9 0 Dl
8797	-18 0 Dl
8798	3286 2028 MXY
8799	0 17 Dl
8800	0 -9 Dl
8801	9 0 Dl
8802	-18 0 Dl
8803	3384 1926 MXY
8804	0 18 Dl
8805	0 -9 Dl
8806	9 0 Dl
8807	-18 0 Dl
8808	3483 1910 MXY
8809	0 18 Dl
8810	0 -9 Dl
8811	9 0 Dl
8812	-18 0 Dl
8813	3581 1910 MXY
8814	0 18 Dl
8815	0 -9 Dl
8816	9 0 Dl
8817	-18 0 Dl
8818	3680 1832 MXY
8819	0 18 Dl
8820	0 -9 Dl
8821	9 0 Dl
8822	-18 0 Dl
8823	3778 1909 MXY
8824	0 18 Dl
8825	0 -9 Dl
8826	9 0 Dl
8827	-18 0 Dl
8828	3877 1883 MXY
8829	0 18 Dl
8830	0 -9 Dl
8831	9 0 Dl
8832	-18 0 Dl
8833	3975 1679 MXY
8834	0 17 Dl
8835	0 -8 Dl
8836	9 0 Dl
8837	-18 0 Dl
8838	4074 1487 MXY
8839	0 17 Dl
8840	0 -8 Dl
8841	9 0 Dl
8842	-18 0 Dl
8843	5 Dt
8844	3187 2060 MXY
8845	99 -24 Dl
8846	98 -101 Dl
8847	99 -16 Dl
8848	98 0 Dl
8849	99 -78 Dl
8850	98 77 Dl
8851	99 -26 Dl
8852	98 -204 Dl
8853	99 -192 Dl
8854	3 f
8855	6 s
8856	4088 1516(SMALL)N
8857	3 Dt
8858	3187 2051 MXY
8859	0 18 Dl
8860	0 -9 Dl
8861	9 0 Dl
8862	-18 0 Dl
8863	3286 2051 MXY
8864	0 18 Dl
8865	0 -9 Dl
8866	9 0 Dl
8867	-18 0 Dl
8868	3384 2041 MXY
8869	0 18 Dl
8870	0 -9 Dl
8871	9 0 Dl
8872	-18 0 Dl
8873	3483 1990 MXY
8874	0 18 Dl
8875	0 -9 Dl
8876	9 0 Dl
8877	-18 0 Dl
8878	3581 1843 MXY
8879	0 17 Dl
8880	0 -8 Dl
8881	9 0 Dl
8882	-18 0 Dl
8883	3680 1578 MXY
8884	0 18 Dl
8885	0 -9 Dl
8886	9 0 Dl
8887	-18 0 Dl
8888	3778 1496 MXY
8889	0 18 Dl
8890	0 -9 Dl
8891	9 0 Dl
8892	-18 0 Dl
8893	3877 1430 MXY
8894	0 18 Dl
8895	0 -9 Dl
8896	9 0 Dl
8897	-18 0 Dl
8898	3975 1269 MXY
8899	0 18 Dl
8900	0 -9 Dl
8901	9 0 Dl
8902	-18 0 Dl
8903	4074 1070 MXY
8904	0 18 Dl
8905	0 -9 Dl
8906	9 0 Dl
8907	-18 0 Dl
8908	1 Dt
8909	3187 2060 MXY
8910	99 0 Dl
8911	98 -10 Dl
8912	99 -51 Dl
8913	98 -147 Dl
8914	99 -265 Dl
8915	98 -82 Dl
8916	99 -66 Dl
8917	98 -161 Dl
8918	99 -199 Dl
8919	4088 1099(LARGE)N
8920	5 Dt
8921	3089 2060 MXY
8922	985 0 Dl
8923	3089 MX
8924	0 -1174 Dl
8925	4 Ds
8926	1 Dt
8927	3581 2060 MXY
8928	0 -1174 Dl
8929	4074 2060 MXY
8930	0 -1174 Dl
8931	3089 1825 MXY
8932	985 0 Dl
8933	9 s
8934	2993 1855(25)N
8935	3089 1591 MXY
8936	985 0 Dl
8937	2993 1621(50)N
8938	3089 1356 MXY
8939	985 0 Dl
8940	2993 1386(75)N
8941	3089 1121 MXY
8942	985 0 Dl
8943	2957 1151(100)N
8944	3089 886 MXY
8945	985 0 Dl
8946	2957 916(125)N
8947	3281 2199(Multiprogramming)N
8948	3071 2152(0)N
8949	3569(5)X
8950	4038(10)X
8951	2859 787(Aborts)N
8952	3089(per)X
8953	3211(500)X
8954	2901 847(transactions)N
8955	-1 Ds
8956	3 Dt
8957	2037 1342 MXY
8958	0 18 Dl
8959	0 -9 Dl
8960	9 0 Dl
8961	-18 0 Dl
8962	2125 1358 MXY
8963	0 18 Dl
8964	0 -9 Dl
8965	9 0 Dl
8966	-18 0 Dl
8967	2213 1341 MXY
8968	0 18 Dl
8969	0 -9 Dl
8970	9 0 Dl
8971	-18 0 Dl
8972	2301 1191 MXY
8973	0 18 Dl
8974	0 -9 Dl
8975	9 0 Dl
8976	-18 0 Dl
8977	2388 1124 MXY
8978	0 18 Dl
8979	0 -9 Dl
8980	9 0 Dl
8981	-17 0 Dl
8982	2476 1157 MXY
8983	0 18 Dl
8984	0 -9 Dl
8985	9 0 Dl
8986	-18 0 Dl
8987	2564 1157 MXY
8988	0 18 Dl
8989	0 -9 Dl
8990	9 0 Dl
8991	-18 0 Dl
8992	2652 1161 MXY
8993	0 18 Dl
8994	0 -9 Dl
8995	9 0 Dl
8996	-18 0 Dl
8997	2740 1153 MXY
8998	0 18 Dl
8999	0 -9 Dl
9000	9 0 Dl
9001	-18 0 Dl
9002	2828 1150 MXY
9003	0 18 Dl
9004	0 -9 Dl
9005	8 0 Dl
9006	-17 0 Dl
9007	5 Dt
9008	2037 1351 MXY
9009	88 16 Dl
9010	88 -17 Dl
9011	88 -150 Dl
9012	87 -67 Dl
9013	88 33 Dl
9014	88 0 Dl
9015	88 4 Dl
9016	88 -8 Dl
9017	88 -3 Dl
9018	6 s
9019	2685 1234(READ-ONLY)N
9020	3 Dt
9021	2037 1464 MXY
9022	0 18 Dl
9023	0 -9 Dl
9024	9 0 Dl
9025	-18 0 Dl
9026	2125 1640 MXY
9027	0 18 Dl
9028	0 -9 Dl
9029	9 0 Dl
9030	-18 0 Dl
9031	2213 1854 MXY
9032	0 18 Dl
9033	0 -9 Dl
9034	9 0 Dl
9035	-18 0 Dl
9036	2301 1872 MXY
9037	0 18 Dl
9038	0 -9 Dl
9039	9 0 Dl
9040	-18 0 Dl
9041	2388 1871 MXY
9042	0 17 Dl
9043	0 -9 Dl
9044	9 0 Dl
9045	-17 0 Dl
9046	2476 1933 MXY
9047	0 18 Dl
9048	0 -9 Dl
9049	9 0 Dl
9050	-18 0 Dl
9051	2564 1914 MXY
9052	0 18 Dl
9053	0 -9 Dl
9054	9 0 Dl
9055	-18 0 Dl
9056	2652 1903 MXY
9057	0 18 Dl
9058	0 -9 Dl
9059	9 0 Dl
9060	-18 0 Dl
9061	2740 1980 MXY
9062	0 18 Dl
9063	0 -9 Dl
9064	9 0 Dl
9065	-18 0 Dl
9066	2828 2004 MXY
9067	0 18 Dl
9068	0 -9 Dl
9069	8 0 Dl
9070	-17 0 Dl
9071	1 Dt
9072	2037 1473 MXY
9073	88 176 Dl
9074	88 214 Dl
9075	88 18 Dl
9076	87 -2 Dl
9077	88 63 Dl
9078	88 -19 Dl
9079	88 -11 Dl
9080	88 77 Dl
9081	88 24 Dl
9082	2759 1997(NO-FSYNC)N
9083	5 Dt
9084	1949 2060 MXY
9085	879 0 Dl
9086	1949 MX
9087	0 -1174 Dl
9088	4 Ds
9089	1 Dt
9090	2388 2060 MXY
9091	0 -1174 Dl
9092	2828 2060 MXY
9093	0 -1174 Dl
9094	1949 1825 MXY
9095	879 0 Dl
9096	9 s
9097	1842 1855(40)N
9098	1949 1591 MXY
9099	879 0 Dl
9100	1842 1621(80)N
9101	1949 1356 MXY
9102	879 0 Dl
9103	1806 1386(120)N
9104	1949 1121 MXY
9105	879 0 Dl
9106	1806 1151(160)N
9107	1949 886 MXY
9108	879 0 Dl
9109	1806 916(200)N
9110	2088 2199(Multiprogramming)N
9111	1844 863(in)N
9112	1922(TPS)X
9113	1761 792(Throughput)N
9114	1931 2121(0)N
9115	2370 2133(5)N
9116	2792(10)X
9117	6 s
9118	1679 1833(LIBTP)N
9119	-1 Ds
9120	3 Dt
9121	837 1019 MXY
9122	0 17 Dl
9123	0 -9 Dl
9124	9 0 Dl
9125	-18 0 Dl
9126	929 878 MXY
9127	0 17 Dl
9128	0 -9 Dl
9129	9 0 Dl
9130	-18 0 Dl
9131	1021 939 MXY
9132	0 18 Dl
9133	0 -9 Dl
9134	9 0 Dl
9135	-18 0 Dl
9136	1113 1043 MXY
9137	0 18 Dl
9138	0 -9 Dl
9139	9 0 Dl
9140	-18 0 Dl
9141	1205 1314 MXY
9142	0 18 Dl
9143	0 -9 Dl
9144	9 0 Dl
9145	-18 0 Dl
9146	1297 1567 MXY
9147	0 18 Dl
9148	0 -9 Dl
9149	9 0 Dl
9150	-18 0 Dl
9151	1389 1665 MXY
9152	0 18 Dl
9153	0 -9 Dl
9154	9 0 Dl
9155	-18 0 Dl
9156	1481 1699 MXY
9157	0 18 Dl
9158	0 -9 Dl
9159	9 0 Dl
9160	-18 0 Dl
9161	1573 1828 MXY
9162	0 18 Dl
9163	0 -9 Dl
9164	9 0 Dl
9165	-18 0 Dl
9166	1665 1804 MXY
9167	0 18 Dl
9168	0 -9 Dl
9169	8 0 Dl
9170	-17 0 Dl
9171	5 Dt
9172	837 1027 MXY
9173	92 -141 Dl
9174	92 62 Dl
9175	92 104 Dl
9176	92 271 Dl
9177	92 253 Dl
9178	92 98 Dl
9179	92 34 Dl
9180	92 129 Dl
9181	92 -24 Dl
9182	745 2060 MXY
9183	920 0 Dl
9184	745 MX
9185	0 -1174 Dl
9186	4 Ds
9187	1 Dt
9188	1205 2060 MXY
9189	0 -1174 Dl
9190	1665 2060 MXY
9191	0 -1174 Dl
9192	745 1766 MXY
9193	920 0 Dl
9194	9 s
9195	673 1796(3)N
9196	745 1473 MXY
9197	920 0 Dl
9198	673 1503(5)N
9199	745 1180 MXY
9200	920 0 Dl
9201	673 1210(8)N
9202	745 886 MXY
9203	920 0 Dl
9204	637 916(10)N
9205	905 2199(Multiprogramming)N
9206	622 851(in)N
9207	700(TPS)X
9208	575 792(Throughput)N
9209	733 2152(0)N
9210	1196(5)X
9211	1629(10)X
9212	3 Dt
9213	-1 Ds
9214	8 s
9215	655 2441(Figure)N
9216	872(7:)X
9217	960(Multi-user)X
9218	1286(Performance.)X
9219	1 f
9220	655 2531(Since)N
9221	825(the)X
9222	931(con\256guration)X
9223	1300(is)X
9224	1371(completely)X
9225	655 2621(disk)N
9226	790(bound,)X
9227	994(we)X
9228	1096(see)X
9229	1204(only)X
9230	1345(a)X
9231	1400(small)X
9232	1566(im-)X
9233	655 2711(provement)N
9234	964(by)X
9235	1064(adding)X
9236	1274(a)X
9237	1337(second)X
9238	1549(pro-)X
9239	655 2801(cess.)N
9240	849(Adding)X
9241	1081(any)X
9242	1213(more)X
9243	1383(concurrent)X
9244	655 2891(processes)N
9245	935(causes)X
9246	1137(performance)X
9247	1493(degra-)X
9248	655 2981(dation.)N
9249	3 f
9250	1927 2441(Figure)N
9251	2149(8:)X
9252	2243(Multi-user)X
9253	2574(Performance)X
9254	1927 2531(on)N
9255	2021(a)X
9256	2079(small)X
9257	2251(database.)X
9258	1 f
9259	2551(With)X
9260	2704(one)X
9261	2821(pro-)X
9262	1927 2621(cess,)N
9263	2075(we)X
9264	2174(are)X
9265	2276(driving)X
9266	2486(the)X
9267	2589(CPU)X
9268	2739(at)X
9269	2810(96%)X
9270	1927 2711(utilization)N
9271	2215(leaving)X
9272	2430(little)X
9273	2575(room)X
9274	2737(for)X
9275	2838(im-)X
9276	1927 2801(provement)N
9277	2238(as)X
9278	2328(the)X
9279	2443(multiprogramming)X
9280	1927 2891(level)N
9281	2091(increases.)X
9282	2396(In)X
9283	2489(the)X
9284	2607(NO-FSYNC)X
9285	1927 2981(case,)N
9286	2076(lock)X
9287	2209(contention)X
9288	2502(degrades)X
9289	2751(perfor-)X
9290	1927 3071(mance)N
9291	2117(as)X
9292	2194(soon)X
9293	2339(as)X
9294	2416(a)X
9295	2468(second)X
9296	2669(process)X
9297	2884(is)X
9298	1927 3161(added.)N
9299	3 f
9300	3199 2441(Figure)N
9301	3405(9:)X
9302	3482(Abort)X
9303	3669(rates)X
9304	3827(on)X
9305	3919(the)X
9306	4028(TPCB)X
9307	3199 2531(Benchmark.)N
9308	1 f
9309	3589(The)X
9310	3726(abort)X
9311	3895(rate)X
9312	4028(climbs)X
9313	3199 2621(more)N
9314	3366(quickly)X
9315	3594(for)X
9316	3704(the)X
9317	3818(large)X
9318	3980(database)X
9319	3199 2711(test)N
9320	3324(since)X
9321	3491(processes)X
9322	3771(are)X
9323	3884(descheduled)X
9324	3199 2801(more)N
9325	3409(frequently,)X
9326	3766(allowing)X
9327	4068(more)X
9328	3199 2891(processes)N
9329	3459(to)X
9330	3525(vie)X
9331	3619(for)X
9332	3709(the)X
9333	3803(same)X
9334	3950(locks.)X
9335	10 s
9336	10 f
9337	555 3284(h)N
9338	579(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
9339	1 f
9340	555 3560(records,)N
9341	835(we)X
9342	952(expect)X
9343	1185(contention)X
9344	1546(to)X
9345	1631(become)X
9346	1904(a)X
9347	1963(factor)X
9348	2174(quickly)X
9349	2437(and)X
9350	2576(the)X
9351	2697(NO-FSYNC)X
9352	3120(line)X
9353	3263(in)X
9354	3348(\256gure)X
9355	3557(eight)X
9356	3739(demonstrates)X
9357	4184(this)X
9358	555 3650(dramatically.)N
9359	1022(Each)X
9360	1209(additional)X
9361	1555(process)X
9362	1822(causes)X
9363	2058(both)X
9364	2226(more)X
9365	2417(waiting)X
9366	2682(and)X
9367	2823(more)X
9368	3013(deadlocking.)X
9369	3470(Figure)X
9370	3704(nine)X
9371	3867(shows)X
9372	4092(that)X
9373	4237(in)X
9374	555 3740(the)N
9375	681(small)X
9376	882(database)X
9377	1187(case)X
9378	1353(\(SMALL\),)X
9379	1725(waiting)X
9380	1992(is)X
9381	2072(the)X
9382	2197(dominant)X
9383	2526(cause)X
9384	2732(of)X
9385	2826(declining)X
9386	3151(performance)X
9387	3585(\(the)X
9388	3737(number)X
9389	4009(of)X
9390	4103(aborts)X
9391	555 3830(increases)N
9392	878(less)X
9393	1026(steeply)X
9394	1281(than)X
9395	1447(the)X
9396	1573(performance)X
9397	2008(drops)X
9398	2214(off)X
9399	2336(in)X
9400	2426(\256gure)X
9401	2641(eight\),)X
9402	2876(while)X
9403	3082(in)X
9404	3172(the)X
9405	3298(large)X
9406	3487(database)X
9407	3792(case)X
9408	3958(\(LARGE\),)X
9409	555 3920(deadlocking)N
9410	967(contributes)X
9411	1343(more)X
9412	1528(to)X
9413	1610(the)X
9414	1728(declining)X
9415	2046(performance.)X
9416	755 4043(Deadlocks)N
9417	1116(are)X
9418	1237(more)X
9419	1424(likely)X
9420	1628(to)X
9421	1712(occur)X
9422	1913(in)X
9423	1997(the)X
9424	2116(LARGE)X
9425	2404(test)X
9426	2536(than)X
9427	2695(in)X
9428	2778(the)X
9429	2897(SMALL)X
9430	3189(test)X
9431	3321(because)X
9432	3597(there)X
9433	3779(are)X
9434	3899(more)X
9435	4085(oppor-)X
9436	555 4133(tunities)N
9437	814(to)X
9438	900(wait.)X
9439	1082(In)X
9440	1173(the)X
9441	1295(SMALL)X
9442	1590(case,)X
9443	1773(processes)X
9444	2105(never)X
9445	2307(do)X
9446	2410(I/O)X
9447	2540(and)X
9448	2679(are)X
9449	2801(less)X
9450	2944(likely)X
9451	3149(to)X
9452	3234(be)X
9453	3333(descheduled)X
9454	3753(during)X
9455	3985(a)X
9456	4044(transac-)X
9457	555 4223(tion.)N
9458	740(In)X
9459	828(the)X
9460	947(LARGE)X
9461	1235(case,)X
9462	1415(processes)X
9463	1744(will)X
9464	1889(frequently)X
9465	2240(be)X
9466	2337(descheduled)X
9467	2755(since)X
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9469	3100(have)X
9470	3273(to)X
9471	3356(perform)X
9472	3636(I/O.)X
9473	3804(This)X
9474	3967(provides)X
9475	4263(a)X
9476	555 4313(window)N
9477	837(where)X
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9479	1118(second)X
9480	1365(process)X
9481	1630(can)X
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9483	2022(locks)X
9484	2215(on)X
9485	2318(already)X
9486	2578(locked)X
9487	2815(pages,)X
9488	3041(thus)X
9489	3197(increasing)X
9490	3550(the)X
9491	3671(likelihood)X
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9493	4108(build-)X
9494	555 4403(ing)N
9495	677(up)X
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9499	1251(waiting)X
9500	1511(processes.)X
9501	1879(Eventually,)X
9502	2266(this)X
9503	2401(leads)X
9504	2586(to)X
9505	2668(deadlock.)X
9506	3 f
9507	555 4589(5.2.)N
9508	715(The)X
9509	868(OO1)X
9510	1052(Benchmark)X
9511	1 f
9512	755 4712(The)N
9513	903(TPCB)X
9514	1125(benchmark)X
9515	1505(described)X
9516	1836(in)X
9517	1921(the)X
9518	2042(previous)X
9519	2341(section)X
9520	2591(measures)X
9521	2913(performance)X
9522	3343(under)X
9523	3549(a)X
9524	3608(conventional)X
9525	4044(transac-)X
9526	555 4802(tion)N
9527	706(processing)X
9528	1076(workload.)X
9529	1446(Other)X
9530	1656(application)X
9531	2039(domains,)X
9532	2357(such)X
9533	2531(as)X
9534	2625(computer-aided)X
9535	3156(design,)X
9536	3412(have)X
9537	3591(substantially)X
9538	4022(different)X
9539	555 4892(access)N
9540	786(patterns.)X
9541	1105(In)X
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9543	1392(to)X
9544	1479(measure)X
9545	1772(the)X
9546	1895(performance)X
9547	2327(of)X
9548	2418(LIBTP)X
9549	2664(under)X
9550	2871(workloads)X
9551	3229(of)X
9552	3320(this)X
9553	3459(type,)X
9554	3641(we)X
9555	3759(implemented)X
9556	4201(the)X
9557	555 4982(OO1)N
9558	731(benchmark)X
9559	1108(described)X
9560	1436(in)X
9561	1518([CATT91].)X
9562	755 5105(The)N
9563	908(database)X
9564	1213(models)X
9565	1472(a)X
9566	1535(set)X
9567	1651(of)X
9568	1745(electronics)X
9569	2120(components)X
9570	2534(with)X
9571	2703(connections)X
9572	3113(among)X
9573	3358(them.)X
9574	3585(One)X
9575	3746(table)X
9576	3929(stores)X
9577	4143(parts)X
9578	555 5195(and)N
9579	696(another)X
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9581	1174(connections.)X
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9587	2927(at)X
9588	3009(any)X
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9590	3351(part.)X
9591	3540(Ninety)X
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9594	4134(these)X
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9599	1406(parts)X
9600	1584(\(those)X
9601	1802(with)X
9602	1966(nearby)X
9603	2 f
9604	2207(ids)X
9605	1 f
9606	2300(\))X
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9610	2771(spatial)X
9611	3001(locality)X
9612	3262(often)X
9613	3448(exhibited)X
9614	3767(in)X
9615	3850(CAD)X
9616	4040(applica-)X
9617	555 5375(tions.)N
9618	779(Ten)X
9619	933(percent)X
9620	1198(of)X
9621	1293(the)X
9622	1419(connections)X
9623	1830(are)X
9624	1957(randomly)X
9625	2292(distributed)X
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9627	2908(all)X
9628	3016(other)X
9629	3209(parts)X
9630	3393(in)X
9631	3483(the)X
9632	3609(database.)X
9633	3954(Every)X
9634	4174(part)X
9635	555 5465(appears)N
9636	829(exactly)X
9637	1089(three)X
9638	1278(times)X
9639	1479(in)X
9640	1569(the)X
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9652	3235(more)X
9653	3427(times)X
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9657	3841(to)X
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9659	3930(\256eld.)X
9660	4139(Parts)X
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9662	2 f
9663	727(x)X
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9667	919(y)X
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9672	1720(in)X
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9676
9677	14 p
9678	%%Page: 14 14
9679	10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
9680	3 f
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9682	755 630(The)N
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9701	555 720(tions.)N
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9725	3475(database,)X
9726	3798(and)X
9727	3940(calls)X
9728	4113(a)X
9729	4175(null)X
9730	755 933(procedure)N
9731	1097(in)X
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9739	2 f
9740	2699(x)X
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9744	2891(y)X
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9746	2947(positions.)X
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9766	3823(parts.)X
9767	4045(Each)X
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9769	755 1146(those)N
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9783	3649(depth-\256rst)X
9784	4000(for)X
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9799	3162(also)X
9800	3314(exists,)X
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9837	4036(must)X
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9839	555 1662(enforced.)N
9840	898(It)X
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9878	555 1938(5.2.1.)N
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9881	755 2061(The)N
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9889	2532([OUST90])X
9890	2914(interface)X
9891	3235(described)X
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9913	618(TCL)X
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9921	2697(with)X
9922	2866(ordinary)X
9923	3165(program)X
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9926	4120(Data-)X
9927	555 2331(base)N
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9936	2392(are)X
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9940	3105(variables.)X
9941	755 2454(The)N
9942	903(parts)X
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9952	2377(id)X
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9964	3912(\256xed-length)X
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9966	824(using)X
9967	1029(the)X
9968	1159(4.4BSD)X
9969	1446(recno)X
9970	1657(access)X
9971	1895(method.)X
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9973	2306(addition,)X
9974	2620(two)X
9975	2771(B-tree)X
9976	3003(indices)X
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9980	3947(connection)X
9981	555 2634(table)N
9982	732(entries.)X
9983	1007(One)X
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10002	3937(to)X
10003	1 f
10004	4019(\256eld)X
10005	4181(to)X
10006	4263(a)X
10007	555 2724(connection)N
10008	932(record)X
10009	1163(number.)X
10010	1473(These)X
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10012	1941(support)X
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10014	2345(lookups)X
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10017	3133(in)X
10018	3219(both)X
10019	3385(directions.)X
10020	3765(For)X
10021	3900(the)X
10022	4022(traversal)X
10023	555 2814(tests,)N
10024	743(the)X
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10026	1165(does)X
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10030	1889(to)X
10031	1976(discover)X
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10034	2747(part's)X
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10038	3017(,)X
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10046	555 2904(the)N
10047	673(part)X
10048	818(itself.)X
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10050	555 3090(5.2.2.)N
10051	775(Performance)X
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10053	1766(for)X
10054	1889(OO1)X
10055	1 f
10056	755 3213(We)N
10057	888(compare)X
10058	1186(LIBTP's)X
10059	1487(OO1)X
10060	1664(performance)X
10061	2092(to)X
10062	2174(that)X
10063	2314(reported)X
10064	2602(in)X
10065	2684([CATT91].)X
10066	3087(Those)X
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10068	3532(were)X
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10071	4119(a)X
10072	4175(Sun)X
10073	555 3303(3/280)N
10074	759(\(25)X
10075	888(MHz)X
10076	1075(MC68020\))X
10077	1448(with)X
10078	1612(16)X
10079	1714(MBytes)X
10080	1989(of)X
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10083	2505(two)X
10084	2647(Hitachi)X
10085	2904(892MByte)X
10086	3267(disks)X
10087	3452(\(15)X
10088	3580(ms)X
10089	3694(average)X
10090	3966(seek)X
10091	4130(time\))X
10092	555 3393(behind)N
10093	793(an)X
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10100	2180(8MByte)X
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10176	555 3876(numbers.)N
10177	755 3999(Because)N
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10193	4157(with)X
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10198	1393(Ultrix)X
10199	1610(V4.0)X
10200	1794(and)X
10201	1936(a)X
10202	1998(DEC)X
10203	2184(1GByte)X
10204	2459(RZ57)X
10205	2666(SCSI)X
10206	2859(disk.)X
10207	3057(We)X
10208	3194(compare)X
10209	3496(the)X
10210	3619(local)X
10211	3800(performance)X
10212	4232(of)X
10213	555 4179(OO1)N
10214	734(on)X
10215	837(the)X
10216	958(DECstation)X
10217	1354(to)X
10218	1439(its)X
10219	1536(remote)X
10220	1781(performance.)X
10221	2250(For)X
10222	2383(the)X
10223	2503(remote)X
10224	2748(case,)X
10225	2929(we)X
10226	3045(ran)X
10227	3170(the)X
10228	3290(frontend)X
10229	3584(on)X
10230	3686(a)X
10231	3744(DECstation)X
10232	4139(3100)X
10233	555 4269(with)N
10234	717(16)X
10235	817(MBytes)X
10236	1090(of)X
10237	1177(main)X
10238	1357(memory.)X
10239	755 4392(The)N
10240	900(databases)X
10241	1228(tested)X
10242	1435(in)X
10243	1517([CATT91])X
10244	1880(are)X
10245	10 f
10246	635 4515(g)N
10247	1 f
10248	755(INDEX,)X
10249	1045(a)X
10250	1101(highly-optimized)X
10251	1672(access)X
10252	1898(method)X
10253	2158(package)X
10254	2442(developed)X
10255	2792(at)X
10256	2870(Sun)X
10257	3014(Microsystems.)X
10258	10 f
10259	635 4638(g)N
10260	1 f
10261	755(OODBMS,)X
10262	1137(a)X
10263	1193(beta)X
10264	1347(release)X
10265	1591(of)X
10266	1678(a)X
10267	1734(commercial)X
10268	2133(object-oriented)X
10269	2639(database)X
10270	2936(management)X
10271	3366(system.)X
10272	10 f
10273	635 4761(g)N
10274	1 f
10275	755(RDBMS,)X
10276	1076(a)X
10277	1133(UNIX-based)X
10278	1565(commercial)X
10279	1965(relational)X
10280	2289(data)X
10281	2444(manager)X
10282	2742(at)X
10283	2821(production)X
10284	3189(release.)X
10285	3474(The)X
10286	3620(OO1)X
10287	3797(implementation)X
10288	755 4851(used)N
10289	922(embedded)X
10290	1272(SQL)X
10291	1443(in)X
10292	1525(C.)X
10293	1638(Stored)X
10294	1867(procedures)X
10295	2240(were)X
10296	2417(de\256ned)X
10297	2673(to)X
10298	2755(reduce)X
10299	2990(client-server)X
10300	3412(traf\256c.)X
10301	755 4974(Table)N
10302	974(two)X
10303	1130(shows)X
10304	1366(the)X
10305	1500(measurements)X
10306	1995(from)X
10307	2187([CATT91])X
10308	2566(and)X
10309	2718(LIBTP)X
10310	2976(for)X
10311	3106(a)X
10312	3178(local)X
10313	3370(test)X
10314	3517(on)X
10315	3632(the)X
10316	3765(MC680x0-based)X
10317	555 5064(hardware.)N
10318	915(All)X
10319	1037(caches)X
10320	1272(are)X
10321	1391(cleared)X
10322	1644(before)X
10323	1870(each)X
10324	2038(test.)X
10325	2209(All)X
10326	2331(times)X
10327	2524(are)X
10328	2643(in)X
10329	2725(seconds.)X
10330	755 5187(Table)N
10331	960(two)X
10332	1102(shows)X
10333	1324(that)X
10334	1466(LIBTP)X
10335	1710(outperforms)X
10336	2123(the)X
10337	2242(commercial)X
10338	2642(relational)X
10339	2966(system,)X
10340	3229(but)X
10341	3352(is)X
10342	3426(slower)X
10343	3661(than)X
10344	3820(OODBMS)X
10345	4183(and)X
10346	555 5277(INDEX.)N
10347	872(Since)X
10348	1077(the)X
10349	1202(caches)X
10350	1444(were)X
10351	1628(cleared)X
10352	1888(at)X
10353	1973(the)X
10354	2098(start)X
10355	2263(of)X
10356	2356(each)X
10357	2530(test,)X
10358	2687(disk)X
10359	2846(throughput)X
10360	3223(is)X
10361	3302(critical)X
10362	3551(in)X
10363	3639(this)X
10364	3780(test.)X
10365	3957(The)X
10366	4108(single)X
10367	555 5367(SCSI)N
10368	749(HP)X
10369	877(drive)X
10370	1068(used)X
10371	1241(by)X
10372	1347(LIBTP)X
10373	1595(is)X
10374	1674(approximately)X
10375	2163(13%)X
10376	2336(slower)X
10377	2576(than)X
10378	2739(the)X
10379	2862(disks)X
10380	3051(used)X
10381	3223(in)X
10382	3310([CATT91])X
10383	3678(which)X
10384	3899(accounts)X
10385	4205(for)X
10386	555 5457(part)N
10387	700(of)X
10388	787(the)X
10389	905(difference.)X
10390	755 5580(OODBMS)N
10391	1118(and)X
10392	1255(INDEX)X
10393	1525(outperform)X
10394	1906(LIBTP)X
10395	2148(most)X
10396	2323(dramatically)X
10397	2744(on)X
10398	2844(traversal.)X
10399	3181(This)X
10400	3343(is)X
10401	3416(because)X
10402	3691(we)X
10403	3805(use)X
10404	3932(index)X
10405	4130(look-)X
10406	555 5670(ups)N
10407	689(to)X
10408	774(\256nd)X
10409	921(connections,)X
10410	1347(whereas)X
10411	1634(the)X
10412	1755(other)X
10413	1942(two)X
10414	2084(systems)X
10415	2359(use)X
10416	2488(a)X
10417	2546(link)X
10418	2692(access)X
10419	2920(method.)X
10420	3222(The)X
10421	3369(index)X
10422	3569(requires)X
10423	3850(us)X
10424	3943(to)X
10425	4027(examine)X
10426
10427	15 p
10428	%%Page: 15 15
10429	10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
10430	3 f
10431	1 f
10432	10 f
10433	555 679(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)N
10434	2 f
10435	606 769(Measure)N
10436	1 f
10437	1019(INDEX)X
10438	1389(OODBMS)X
10439	1851(RDBMS)X
10440	2250(LIBTP)X
10441	10 f
10442	555 771(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)N
10443	555 787(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)N
10444	1 f
10445	595 869(Lookup)N
10446	1114(5.4)X
10447	1490(12.9)X
10448	1950(27)X
10449	2291(27.2)X
10450	595 959(Traversal)N
10451	1074(13)X
10452	1530(9.8)X
10453	1950(90)X
10454	2291(47.3)X
10455	595 1049(Insert)N
10456	1114(7.4)X
10457	1530(1.5)X
10458	1950(22)X
10459	2331(9.7)X
10460	10 f
10461	555 1059(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)N
10462	555(c)X
10463	999(c)Y
10464	919(c)Y
10465	839(c)Y
10466	759(c)Y
10467	959 1059(c)N
10468	999(c)Y
10469	919(c)Y
10470	839(c)Y
10471	759(c)Y
10472	1329 1059(c)N
10473	999(c)Y
10474	919(c)Y
10475	839(c)Y
10476	759(c)Y
10477	1791 1059(c)N
10478	999(c)Y
10479	919(c)Y
10480	839(c)Y
10481	759(c)Y
10482	2190 1059(c)N
10483	999(c)Y
10484	919(c)Y
10485	839(c)Y
10486	759(c)Y
10487	2512 1059(c)N
10488	999(c)Y
10489	919(c)Y
10490	839(c)Y
10491	759(c)Y
10492	2618 679(i)N
10493	2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
10494	2 f
10495	2829 769(Measure)N
10496	3401(Cache)X
10497	3726(Local)X
10498	4028(Remote)X
10499	1 f
10500	10 f
10501	2618 771(i)N
10502	2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
10503	2618 787(i)N
10504	2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
10505	1 f
10506	2658 869(Lookup)N
10507	3401(cold)X
10508	3747(15.7)X
10509	4078(20.6)X
10510	3401 959(warm)N
10511	3787(7.8)X
10512	4078(12.4)X
10513	10 f
10514	2618 969(i)N
10515	2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
10516	1 f
10517	2658 1059(Forward)N
10518	2950(traversal)X
10519	3401(cold)X
10520	3747(28.4)X
10521	4078(52.6)X
10522	3401 1149(warm)N
10523	3747(23.5)X
10524	4078(47.4)X
10525	10 f
10526	2618 1159(i)N
10527	2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
10528	1 f
10529	2658 1249(Backward)N
10530	3004(traversal)X
10531	3401(cold)X
10532	3747(24.2)X
10533	4078(47.4)X
10534	3401 1339(warm)N
10535	3747(24.3)X
10536	4078(47.6)X
10537	10 f
10538	2618 1349(i)N
10539	2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
10540	1 f
10541	2658 1439(Insert)N
10542	3401(cold)X
10543	3787(7.5)X
10544	4078(10.3)X
10545	3401 1529(warm)N
10546	3787(6.7)X
10547	4078(10.9)X
10548	10 f
10549	2618 1539(i)N
10550	2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
10551	2618(c)X
10552	1479(c)Y
10553	1399(c)Y
10554	1319(c)Y
10555	1239(c)Y
10556	1159(c)Y
10557	1079(c)Y
10558	999(c)Y
10559	919(c)Y
10560	839(c)Y
10561	759(c)Y
10562	3341 1539(c)N
10563	1479(c)Y
10564	1399(c)Y
10565	1319(c)Y
10566	1239(c)Y
10567	1159(c)Y
10568	1079(c)Y
10569	999(c)Y
10570	919(c)Y
10571	839(c)Y
10572	759(c)Y
10573	3666 1539(c)N
10574	1479(c)Y
10575	1399(c)Y
10576	1319(c)Y
10577	1239(c)Y
10578	1159(c)Y
10579	1079(c)Y
10580	999(c)Y
10581	919(c)Y
10582	839(c)Y
10583	759(c)Y
10584	3968 1539(c)N
10585	1479(c)Y
10586	1399(c)Y
10587	1319(c)Y
10588	1239(c)Y
10589	1159(c)Y
10590	1079(c)Y
10591	999(c)Y
10592	919(c)Y
10593	839(c)Y
10594	759(c)Y
10595	4309 1539(c)N
10596	1479(c)Y
10597	1399(c)Y
10598	1319(c)Y
10599	1239(c)Y
10600	1159(c)Y
10601	1079(c)Y
10602	999(c)Y
10603	919(c)Y
10604	839(c)Y
10605	759(c)Y
10606	3 f
10607	587 1785(Table)N
10608	823(2:)X
10609	931(Local)X
10610	1163(MC680x0)X
10611	1538(Performance)X
10612	2026(of)X
10613	2133(Several)X
10614	587 1875(Systems)N
10615	883(on)X
10616	987(OO1.)X
10617	2667 1785(Table)N
10618	2909(3:)X
10619	3023(Local)X
10620	3260(vs.)X
10621	3397(Remote)X
10622	3707(Performance)X
10623	4200(of)X
10624	2667 1875(LIBTP)N
10625	2926(on)X
10626	3030(OO1.)X
10627	1 f
10628	10 f
10629	555 1998(h)N
10630	579(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
10631	1 f
10632	555 2274(two)N
10633	696(disk)X
10634	850(pages,)X
10635	1074(but)X
10636	1197(the)X
10637	1316(links)X
10638	1492(require)X
10639	1741(only)X
10640	1904(one,)X
10641	2061(regardless)X
10642	2408(of)X
10643	2496(database)X
10644	2794(size.)X
10645	2980(Cattell)X
10646	3214(reports)X
10647	3458(that)X
10648	3599(lookups)X
10649	3873(using)X
10650	4067(B-trees)X
10651	555 2364(instead)N
10652	808(of)X
10653	901(links)X
10654	1082(makes)X
10655	1313(traversal)X
10656	1616(take)X
10657	1776(twice)X
10658	1976(as)X
10659	2069(long)X
10660	2237(in)X
10661	2325(INDEX.)X
10662	2641(Adding)X
10663	2907(a)X
10664	2969(link)X
10665	3119(access)X
10666	3351(method)X
10667	3617(to)X
10668	3 f
10669	3704(db)X
10670	1 f
10671	3792(\(3\))X
10672	3911(or)X
10673	4003(using)X
10674	4201(the)X
10675	555 2454(existing)N
10676	828(hash)X
10677	995(method)X
10678	1255(would)X
10679	1475(apparently)X
10680	1834(be)X
10681	1930(a)X
10682	1986(good)X
10683	2166(idea.)X
10684	755 2577(Both)N
10685	936(OODBMS)X
10686	1304(and)X
10687	1446(INDEX)X
10688	1722(issue)X
10689	1908 0.1944(coarser-granularity)AX
10690	2545(locks)X
10691	2739(than)X
10692	2902(LIBTP.)X
10693	3189(This)X
10694	3356(limits)X
10695	3562(concurrency)X
10696	3985(for)X
10697	4104(multi-)X
10698	555 2667(user)N
10699	711(applications,)X
10700	1140(but)X
10701	1264(helps)X
10702	1455(single-user)X
10703	1829(applications.)X
10704	2278(In)X
10705	2367(addition,)X
10706	2671(the)X
10707	2791(fact)X
10708	2934(that)X
10709	3076(LIBTP)X
10710	3319(releases)X
10711	3595(B-tree)X
10712	3817(locks)X
10713	4007(early)X
10714	4189(is)X
10715	4263(a)X
10716	555 2757(drawback)N
10717	896(in)X
10718	986(OO1.)X
10719	1210(Since)X
10720	1416(there)X
10721	1605(is)X
10722	1686(no)X
10723	1793(concurrency)X
10724	2218(in)X
10725	2307(the)X
10726	2432(benchmark,)X
10727	2836(high-concurrency)X
10728	3430(strategies)X
10729	3760(only)X
10730	3929(show)X
10731	4125(up)X
10732	4232(as)X
10733	555 2847(increased)N
10734	882(locking)X
10735	1145(overhead.)X
10736	1503(Finally,)X
10737	1772(the)X
10738	1892(architecture)X
10739	2294(of)X
10740	2383(the)X
10741	2503(LIBTP)X
10742	2747(implementation)X
10743	3271(was)X
10744	3418(substantially)X
10745	3844(different)X
10746	4143(from)X
10747	555 2937(that)N
10748	702(of)X
10749	796(either)X
10750	1006(OODBMS)X
10751	1375(or)X
10752	1469(INDEX.)X
10753	1786(Both)X
10754	1968(of)X
10755	2062(those)X
10756	2258(systems)X
10757	2538(do)X
10758	2645(the)X
10759	2770(searches)X
10760	3070(in)X
10761	3159(the)X
10762	3284(user's)X
10763	3503(address)X
10764	3771(space,)X
10765	3997(and)X
10766	4139(issue)X
10767	555 3027(requests)N
10768	844(for)X
10769	964(pages)X
10770	1173(to)X
10771	1260(the)X
10772	1383(server)X
10773	1605(process.)X
10774	1911(Pages)X
10775	2123(are)X
10776	2247(cached)X
10777	2496(in)X
10778	2583(the)X
10779	2706(client,)X
10780	2929(and)X
10781	3070(many)X
10782	3273(queries)X
10783	3530(can)X
10784	3667(be)X
10785	3768(satis\256ed)X
10786	4055(without)X
10787	555 3117(contacting)N
10788	910(the)X
10789	1029(server)X
10790	1247(at)X
10791	1326(all.)X
10792	1467(LIBTP)X
10793	1710(submits)X
10794	1979(all)X
10795	2080(the)X
10796	2199(queries)X
10797	2452(to)X
10798	2535(the)X
10799	2653(server)X
10800	2870(process,)X
10801	3151(and)X
10802	3287(receives)X
10803	3571(database)X
10804	3868(records)X
10805	4125(back;)X
10806	555 3207(it)N
10807	619(does)X
10808	786(no)X
10809	886(client)X
10810	1084(caching.)X
10811	755 3330(The)N
10812	911(RDBMS)X
10813	1221(architecture)X
10814	1632(is)X
10815	1716(much)X
10816	1925(closer)X
10817	2148(to)X
10818	2241(that)X
10819	2392(of)X
10820	2490(LIBTP.)X
10821	2783(A)X
10822	2872(server)X
10823	3100(process)X
10824	3372(receives)X
10825	3667(queries)X
10826	3930(and)X
10827	4076(returns)X
10828	555 3420(results)N
10829	786(to)X
10830	870(a)X
10831	928(client.)X
10832	1168(The)X
10833	1315(timing)X
10834	1545(results)X
10835	1776(in)X
10836	1860(table)X
10837	2038(two)X
10838	2180(clearly)X
10839	2421(show)X
10840	2612(that)X
10841	2754(the)X
10842	2874(conventional)X
10843	3309(database)X
10844	3607(client/server)X
10845	4025(model)X
10846	4246(is)X
10847	555 3510(expensive.)N
10848	941(LIBTP)X
10849	1188(outperforms)X
10850	1605(the)X
10851	1728(RDBMS)X
10852	2032(on)X
10853	2136(traversal)X
10854	2437(and)X
10855	2577(insertion.)X
10856	2921(We)X
10857	3057(speculate)X
10858	3380(that)X
10859	3524(this)X
10860	3663(is)X
10861	3740(due)X
10862	3880(in)X
10863	3966(part)X
10864	4115(to)X
10865	4201(the)X
10866	555 3600(overhead)N
10867	870(of)X
10868	957(query)X
10869	1160(parsing,)X
10870	1436(optimization,)X
10871	1880(and)X
10872	2016(repeated)X
10873	2309(interpretation)X
10874	2761(of)X
10875	2848(the)X
10876	2966(plan)X
10877	3124(tree)X
10878	3265(in)X
10879	3347(the)X
10880	3465(RDBMS')X
10881	3791(query)X
10882	3994(executor.)X
10883	755 3723(Table)N
10884	962(three)X
10885	1147(shows)X
10886	1371(the)X
10887	1492(differences)X
10888	1873(between)X
10889	2164(local)X
10890	2343(and)X
10891	2482(remote)X
10892	2728(execution)X
10893	3063(of)X
10894	3153(LIBTP's)X
10895	3456(OO1)X
10896	3635(implementation)X
10897	4160(on)X
10898	4263(a)X
10899	555 3813(DECstation.)N
10900	989(We)X
10901	1122(measured)X
10902	1451(performance)X
10903	1879(with)X
10904	2042(a)X
10905	2099(populated)X
10906	2436(\(warm\))X
10907	2694(cache)X
10908	2899(and)X
10909	3036(an)X
10910	3133(empty)X
10911	3354(\(cold\))X
10912	3567(cache.)X
10913	3812(Reported)X
10914	4126(times)X
10915	555 3903(are)N
10916	681(the)X
10917	806(means)X
10918	1037(of)X
10919	1130(twenty)X
10920	1374(tests,)X
10921	1562(and)X
10922	1704(are)X
10923	1829(in)X
10924	1917(seconds.)X
10925	2237(Standard)X
10926	2548(deviations)X
10927	2903(were)X
10928	3086(within)X
10929	3316(seven)X
10930	3525(percent)X
10931	3788(of)X
10932	3881(the)X
10933	4005(mean)X
10934	4205(for)X
10935	555 3993(remote,)N
10936	818(and)X
10937	954(two)X
10938	1094(percent)X
10939	1351(of)X
10940	1438(the)X
10941	1556(mean)X
10942	1750(for)X
10943	1864(local.)X
10944	755 4116(The)N
10945	914(20ms)X
10946	1121(overhead)X
10947	1450(of)X
10948	1551(TCP/IP)X
10949	1824(on)X
10950	1938(an)X
10951	2048(Ethernet)X
10952	2354(entirely)X
10953	2633(accounts)X
10954	2948(for)X
10955	3076(the)X
10956	3207(difference)X
10957	3567(in)X
10958	3662(speed.)X
10959	3918(The)X
10960	4076(remote)X
10961	555 4206(traversal)N
10962	857(times)X
10963	1055(are)X
10964	1179(nearly)X
10965	1405(double)X
10966	1648(the)X
10967	1771(local)X
10968	1952(times)X
10969	2150(because)X
10970	2430(we)X
10971	2549(do)X
10972	2653(index)X
10973	2855(lookups)X
10974	3132(and)X
10975	3272(part)X
10976	3421(fetches)X
10977	3673(in)X
10978	3759(separate)X
10979	4047(queries.)X
10980	555 4296(It)N
10981	629(would)X
10982	854(make)X
10983	1053(sense)X
10984	1252(to)X
10985	1339(do)X
10986	1444(indexed)X
10987	1723(searches)X
10988	2021(on)X
10989	2126(the)X
10990	2248(server,)X
10991	2489(but)X
10992	2615(we)X
10993	2733(were)X
10994	2914(unwilling)X
10995	3244(to)X
10996	3330(hard-code)X
10997	3676(knowledge)X
10998	4052(of)X
10999	4143(OO1)X
11000	555 4386(indices)N
11001	803(into)X
11002	948(our)X
11003	1075(LIBTP)X
11004	1317(TCL)X
11005	1488(server.)X
11006	1745(Cold)X
11007	1920(and)X
11008	2056(warm)X
11009	2259(insertion)X
11010	2559(times)X
11011	2752(are)X
11012	2871(identical)X
11013	3167(since)X
11014	3352(insertions)X
11015	3683(do)X
11016	3783(not)X
11017	3905(bene\256t)X
11018	4143(from)X
11019	555 4476(caching.)N
11020	755 4599(One)N
11021	915(interesting)X
11022	1279(difference)X
11023	1632(shown)X
11024	1867(by)X
11025	1973(table)X
11026	2155(three)X
11027	2342(is)X
11028	2421(the)X
11029	2545(cost)X
11030	2700(of)X
11031	2793(forward)X
11032	3074(versus)X
11033	3305(backward)X
11034	3644(traversal.)X
11035	3987(When)X
11036	4205(we)X
11037	555 4689(built)N
11038	725(the)X
11039	847(database,)X
11040	1168(we)X
11041	1285(inserted)X
11042	1562(parts)X
11043	1741(in)X
11044	1826(part)X
11045	2 f
11046	1974(id)X
11047	1 f
11048	2059(order.)X
11049	2292(We)X
11050	2427(built)X
11051	2596(the)X
11052	2717(indices)X
11053	2967(at)X
11054	3048(the)X
11055	3169(same)X
11056	3357(time.)X
11057	3562(Therefore,)X
11058	3923(the)X
11059	4044(forward)X
11060	555 4779(index)N
11061	757(had)X
11062	897(keys)X
11063	1068(inserted)X
11064	1346(in)X
11065	1432(order,)X
11066	1646(while)X
11067	1848(the)X
11068	1970(backward)X
11069	2307(index)X
11070	2509(had)X
11071	2649(keys)X
11072	2820(inserted)X
11073	3098(more)X
11074	3286(randomly.)X
11075	3656(In-order)X
11076	3943(insertion)X
11077	4246(is)X
11078	555 4885(pessimal)N
11079	858(for)X
11080	975(B-tree)X
11081	1199(indices,)X
11082	1469(so)X
11083	1563(the)X
11084	1684(forward)X
11085	1962(index)X
11086	2163(is)X
11087	2239(much)X
11088	2440(larger)X
11089	2651(than)X
11090	2812(the)X
11091	2933(backward)X
11092	3269(one)X
11093	7 s
11094	3385 4853(5)N
11095	10 s
11096	4885(.)Y
11097	3476(This)X
11098	3640(larger)X
11099	3850(size)X
11100	3997(shows)X
11101	4219(up)X
11102	555 4975(as)N
11103	642(extra)X
11104	823(disk)X
11105	976(reads)X
11106	1166(in)X
11107	1248(the)X
11108	1366(cold)X
11109	1524(benchmark.)X
11110	3 f
11111	555 5161(6.)N
11112	655(Conclusions)X
11113	1 f
11114	755 5284(LIBTP)N
11115	1006(provides)X
11116	1311(the)X
11117	1438(basic)X
11118	1632(building)X
11119	1927(blocks)X
11120	2165(to)X
11121	2256(support)X
11122	2525(transaction)X
11123	2906(protection.)X
11124	3300(In)X
11125	3396(comparison)X
11126	3799(with)X
11127	3970(traditional)X
11128	555 5374(Unix)N
11129	746(libraries)X
11130	1040(and)X
11131	1187(commercial)X
11132	1597(systems,)X
11133	1900(it)X
11134	1974(offers)X
11135	2192(a)X
11136	2258(variety)X
11137	2511(of)X
11138	2608(tradeoffs.)X
11139	2964(Using)X
11140	3185(complete)X
11141	3509(transaction)X
11142	3891(protection)X
11143	4246(is)X
11144	555 5464(more)N
11145	747(complicated)X
11146	1166(than)X
11147	1331(simply)X
11148	1575(adding)X
11149	3 f
11150	1820(fsync)X
11151	1 f
11152	1998(\(2\))X
11153	2119(and)X
11154	3 f
11155	2262(\257ock)X
11156	1 f
11157	2426(\(2\))X
11158	2547(calls)X
11159	2721(to)X
11160	2810(code,)X
11161	3008(but)X
11162	3136(it)X
11163	3206(is)X
11164	3285(faster)X
11165	3490(in)X
11166	3578(some)X
11167	3773(cases)X
11168	3969(and)X
11169	4111(offers)X
11170	8 s
11171	10 f
11172	555 5536(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)N
11173	5 s
11174	1 f
11175	727 5614(5)N
11176	8 s
11177	763 5639(The)N
11178	878(next)X
11179	1004(release)X
11180	1196(of)X
11181	1265(the)X
11182	1359(4.4BSD)X
11183	1580(access)X
11184	1758(method)X
11185	1966(will)X
11186	2082(automatically)X
11187	2446(detect)X
11188	2614(and)X
11189	2722(compensate)X
11190	3039(for)X
11191	3129(in-order)X
11192	3350(insertion,)X
11193	3606(eliminating)X
11194	3914(this)X
11195	4023(problem.)X
11196
11197	16 p
11198	%%Page: 16 16
11199	8 s 8 xH 0 xS 1 f
11200	10 s
11201	3 f
11202	1 f
11203	555 630(stricter)N
11204	801(guarantees)X
11205	1168(\(atomicity,)X
11206	1540(consistency,)X
11207	1957(isolation,)X
11208	2275(and)X
11209	2414(durability\).)X
11210	2815(If)X
11211	2892(the)X
11212	3013(data)X
11213	3170(to)X
11214	3255(be)X
11215	3354(protected)X
11216	3676(are)X
11217	3798(already)X
11218	4058(format-)X
11219	555 720(ted)N
11220	675(\()X
11221	2 f
11222	702(i.e.)X
11223	1 f
11224	821(use)X
11225	949(one)X
11226	1086(of)X
11227	1174(the)X
11228	1293(database)X
11229	1591(access)X
11230	1818(methods\),)X
11231	2157(then)X
11232	2316(adding)X
11233	2555(transaction)X
11234	2928(protection)X
11235	3274(requires)X
11236	3554(no)X
11237	3655(additional)X
11238	3996(complex-)X
11239	555 810(ity,)N
11240	679(but)X
11241	801(incurs)X
11242	1017(a)X
11243	1073(performance)X
11244	1500(penalty)X
11245	1756(of)X
11246	1843(approximately)X
11247	2326(15%.)X
11248	755 933(In)N
11249	844(comparison)X
11250	1240(with)X
11251	1404(commercial)X
11252	1805(database)X
11253	2104(systems,)X
11254	2399(the)X
11255	2519(tradeoffs)X
11256	2827(are)X
11257	2948(more)X
11258	3135(complex.)X
11259	3473(LIBTP)X
11260	3717(does)X
11261	3886(not)X
11262	4009(currently)X
11263	555 1023(support)N
11264	825(a)X
11265	891(standard)X
11266	1193(query)X
11267	1406(language.)X
11268	1766(The)X
11269	1921(TCL-based)X
11270	2312(server)X
11271	2539(process)X
11272	2810(allows)X
11273	3049(a)X
11274	3115(certain)X
11275	3364(ease)X
11276	3533(of)X
11277	3630(use)X
11278	3767(which)X
11279	3993(would)X
11280	4223(be)X
11281	555 1113(enhanced)N
11282	882(with)X
11283	1047(a)X
11284	1106(more)X
11285	1294(user-friendly)X
11286	1732(interface)X
11287	2037(\()X
11288	2 f
11289	2064(e.g.)X
11290	1 f
11291	2203(a)X
11292	2261(windows)X
11293	2572(based)X
11294	2777(query-by-form)X
11295	3272(application\),)X
11296	3697(for)X
11297	3813(which)X
11298	4031(we)X
11299	4147(have)X
11300	555 1203(a)N
11301	620(working)X
11302	916(prototype.)X
11303	1292(When)X
11304	1513(accesses)X
11305	1815(do)X
11306	1924(not)X
11307	2055(require)X
11308	2312(sophisticated)X
11309	2758(query)X
11310	2969(processing,)X
11311	3360(the)X
11312	3486(TCL)X
11313	3665(interface)X
11314	3975(is)X
11315	4056(an)X
11316	4160(ade-)X
11317	555 1293(quate)N
11318	756(solution.)X
11319	1080(What)X
11320	1281(LIBTP)X
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11322	1693(to)X
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11324	2052(in)X
11325	2140(functionality,)X
11326	2595(it)X
11327	2665(makes)X
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11329	3002(for)X
11330	3122(in)X
11331	3210(performance)X
11332	3643(and)X
11333	3785(\257exibility.)X
11334	4161(Any)X
11335	555 1383(application)N
11336	931(may)X
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11339	1410(of)X
11340	1497(its)X
11341	1592(record)X
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11343	2120(or)X
11344	2207(the)X
11345	2325(more)X
11346	2510(primitive)X
11347	2823(log,)X
11348	2965(lock,)X
11349	3143(and)X
11350	3279(buffer)X
11351	3496(calls.)X
11352	755 1506(Future)N
11353	987(work)X
11354	1175(will)X
11355	1322(focus)X
11356	1519(on)X
11357	1621(overcoming)X
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11362	2614(in)X
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11364	2916(LIBTP)X
11365	3160(is)X
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11367	3547(de\256cient)X
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11369	3983(extending)X
11370	555 1596(its)N
11371	652(transaction)X
11372	1026(model.)X
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11376	1808(an)X
11377	1905(SQL)X
11378	2077(parser)X
11379	2295(and)X
11380	2432(forms)X
11381	2640(front)X
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11383	2954(will)X
11384	3099(improve)X
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11386	3506(system's)X
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11388	3967(of)X
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11391	555 1686(make)N
11392	750(it)X
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11394	1001(competitive)X
11395	1400(with)X
11396	1563(commercial)X
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11398	2277(In)X
11399	2365(the)X
11400	2484(long)X
11401	2647(term,)X
11402	2835(we)X
11403	2950(would)X
11404	3170(like)X
11405	3310(to)X
11406	3392(add)X
11407	3528(generalized)X
11408	3919(hierarchical)X
11409	555 1776(locking,)N
11410	836(nested)X
11411	1062(transactions,)X
11412	1486(parallel)X
11413	1748(transactions,)X
11414	2171(passing)X
11415	2431(of)X
11416	2518(transactions)X
11417	2921(between)X
11418	3209(processes,)X
11419	3557(and)X
11420	3693(distributed)X
11421	4055(commit)X
11422	555 1866(handling.)N
11423	900(In)X
11424	992(the)X
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11426	1300(term,)X
11427	1492(the)X
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11429	1776(step)X
11430	1929(is)X
11431	2006(to)X
11432	2092(integrate)X
11433	2397(LIBTP)X
11434	2643(with)X
11435	2809(the)X
11436	2931(most)X
11437	3110(recent)X
11438	3331(release)X
11439	3579(of)X
11440	3670(the)X
11441	3792(database)X
11442	4093(access)X
11443	555 1956(routines)N
11444	833(and)X
11445	969(make)X
11446	1163(it)X
11447	1227(freely)X
11448	1435(available)X
11449	1745(via)X
11450	1863(anonymous)X
11451	2252(ftp.)X
11452	3 f
11453	555 2142(7.)N
11454	655(Acknowledgements)X
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11456	755 2265(We)N
11457	888(would)X
11458	1109(like)X
11459	1250(to)X
11460	1332(thank)X
11461	1530(John)X
11462	1701(Wilkes)X
11463	1948(and)X
11464	2084(Carl)X
11465	2242(Staelin)X
11466	2484(of)X
11467	2571(Hewlett-Packard)X
11468	3131(Laboratories)X
11469	3557(and)X
11470	3693(Jon)X
11471	3824(Krueger.)X
11472	4148(John)X
11473	555 2355(and)N
11474	694(Carl)X
11475	855(provided)X
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11480	1700(disk)X
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11488	2868(hours)X
11489	3068(after)X
11490	3238(we)X
11491	3354(requested)X
11492	3684(it.)X
11493	3770(Jon)X
11494	3903(spent)X
11495	4094(count-)X
11496	555 2445(less)N
11497	699(hours)X
11498	901(helping)X
11499	1164(us)X
11500	1258(understand)X
11501	1633(the)X
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11503	2107(of)X
11504	2197(commercial)X
11505	2599(database)X
11506	2899(products)X
11507	3198(and)X
11508	3337(their)X
11509	3507(behavior)X
11510	3811(under)X
11511	4017(a)X
11512	4076(variety)X
11513	555 2535(of)N
11514	642(system)X
11515	884(con\256gurations.)X
11516	3 f
11517	555 2721(8.)N
11518	655(References)X
11519	1 f
11520	555 2901([ANDR89])N
11521	942(Andrade,)X
11522	1265(J.,)X
11523	1361(Carges,)X
11524	1629(M.,)X
11525	1765(Kovach,)X
11526	2060(K.,)X
11527	2183(``Building)X
11528	2541(an)X
11529	2642(On-Line)X
11530	2939(Transaction)X
11531	3343(Processing)X
11532	3715(System)X
11533	3975(On)X
11534	4098(UNIX)X
11535	727 2991(System)N
11536	982(V'',)X
11537	2 f
11538	1134(CommUNIXations)X
11539	1 f
11540	1725(,)X
11541	1765 0.2188(November/December)AX
11542	2477(1989.)X
11543	555 3171([BAY77])N
11544	878(Bayer,)X
11545	1110(R.,)X
11546	1223(Schkolnick,)X
11547	1623(M.,)X
11548	1754(``Concurrency)X
11549	2243(of)X
11550	2330(Operations)X
11551	2702(on)X
11552	2802(B-Trees'',)X
11553	2 f
11554	3155(Acta)X
11555	3322(Informatica)X
11556	1 f
11557	3700(,)X
11558	3740(1977.)X
11559	555 3351([BERN80])N
11560	936(Bernstein,)X
11561	1297(P.,)X
11562	1415(Goodman,)X
11563	1785(N.,)X
11564	1917(``Timestamp)X
11565	2365(Based)X
11566	2595(Algorithms)X
11567	2992(for)X
11568	3119(Concurrency)X
11569	3567(Control)X
11570	3844(in)X
11571	3939(Distributed)X
11572	727 3441(Database)N
11573	1042(Systems'',)X
11574	2 f
11575	1402(Proceedings)X
11576	1823(6th)X
11577	1945(International)X
11578	2387(Conference)X
11579	2777(on)X
11580	2877(Very)X
11581	3049(Large)X
11582	3260(Data)X
11583	3440(Bases)X
11584	1 f
11585	3627(,)X
11586	3667(October)X
11587	3946(1980.)X
11588	555 3621([BSD91])N
11589	864(DB\(3\),)X
11590	2 f
11591	1109(4.4BSD)X
11592	1376(Unix)X
11593	1552(Programmer's)X
11594	2044(Manual)X
11595	2313(Reference)X
11596	2655(Guide)X
11597	1 f
11598	2851(,)X
11599	2891(University)X
11600	3249(of)X
11601	3336(California,)X
11602	3701(Berkeley,)X
11603	4031(1991.)X
11604	555 3801([CATT91])N
11605	923(Cattell,)X
11606	1181(R.G.G.,)X
11607	1455(``An)X
11608	1632(Engineering)X
11609	2049(Database)X
11610	2369(Benchmark'',)X
11611	2 f
11612	2838(The)X
11613	2983(Benchmark)X
11614	3373(Handbook)X
11615	3731(for)X
11616	3848(Database)X
11617	4179(and)X
11618	727 3891(Transaction)N
11619	1133(Processing)X
11620	1509(Systems)X
11621	1 f
11622	1763(,)X
11623	1803(J.)X
11624	1874(Gray,)X
11625	2075(editor,)X
11626	2302(Morgan)X
11627	2576(Kaufman)X
11628	2895(1991.)X
11629	555 4071([CHEN91])N
11630	929(Cheng,)X
11631	1180(E.,)X
11632	1291(Chang,)X
11633	1542(E.,)X
11634	1653(Klein,)X
11635	1872(J.,)X
11636	1964(Lee,)X
11637	2126(D.,)X
11638	2245(Lu,)X
11639	2375(E.,)X
11640	2485(Lutgardo,)X
11641	2820(A.,)X
11642	2939(Obermarck,)X
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11647	3961(Extensible)X
11648	727 4161(Event-Based)N
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11650	1556(Manager'',)X
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11659	3430(TN,)X
11660	3577(June)X
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11662	555 4341([CHOU85])N
11663	943(Chou,)X
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11674	3481(Relational)X
11675	3836(Database)X
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11677	727 4431(tems'',)N
11678	2 f
11679	972(Proceedings)X
11680	1393(of)X
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11685	2587(on)X
11686	2687(Very)X
11687	2859(Large)X
11688	3070(Databases)X
11689	1 f
11690	3408(,)X
11691	3448(1985.)X
11692	555 4611([DEWI84])N
11693	925(DeWitt,)X
11694	1207(D.,)X
11695	1331(Katz,)X
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11723	944(Gray,)X
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11725	1252(Lorie,)X
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11729	1999(and)X
11730	2143(Traiger,)X
11731	2428(I.,)X
11732	2522(``Granularity)X
11733	2973(of)X
11734	3067(locks)X
11735	3263(and)X
11736	3406(degrees)X
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11738	3773(consistency)X
11739	4174(in)X
11740	4263(a)X
11741	727 4971(large)N
11742	909(shared)X
11743	1140(data)X
11744	1295(base'',)X
11745	2 f
11746	1533(Modeling)X
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11748	1944(Data)X
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11752	1 f
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11757	3822(New)X
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11759	4199(pp.)X
11760	727 5061(365-394.)N
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11769	2928(Database)X
11770	3246(Recovery'',)X
11771	2 f
11772	3651(Computing)X
11773	4029(Surveys)X
11774	1 f
11775	4279(,)X
11776	727 5331(15\(4\);)N
11777	943(237-318,)X
11778	1250(1983.)X
11779	555 5511([KUNG81])N
11780	943(Kung,)X
11781	1162(H.)X
11782	1261(T.,)X
11783	1371(Richardson,)X
11784	1777(J.,)X
11785	1869(``On)X
11786	2042(Optimistic)X
11787	2400(Methods)X
11788	2701(for)X
11789	2816(Concurrency)X
11790	3252(Control'',)X
11791	2 f
11792	3591(ACM)X
11793	3781(Transactions)X
11794	4219(on)X
11795	727 5601(Database)N
11796	1054(Systems)X
11797	1 f
11798	1328(6\(2\);)X
11799	1504(213-226,)X
11800	1811(1981.)X
11801
11802	17 p
11803	%%Page: 17 17
11804	10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
11805	3 f
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11807	555 630([LEHM81])N
11808	939(Lehman,)X
11809	1245(P.,)X
11810	1352(Yao,)X
11811	1529(S.,)X
11812	1636(``Ef\256cient)X
11813	1989(Locking)X
11814	2279(for)X
11815	2396(Concurrent)X
11816	2780(Operations)X
11817	3155(on)X
11818	3258(B-trees'',)X
11819	2 f
11820	3587(ACM)X
11821	3779(Transactions)X
11822	4219(on)X
11823	727 720(Database)N
11824	1054(Systems)X
11825	1 f
11826	1308(,)X
11827	1348(6\(4\),)X
11828	1522(December)X
11829	1873(1981.)X
11830	555 900([MOHA91])N
11831	964(Mohan,)X
11832	1241(C.,)X
11833	1364(Pirahesh,)X
11834	1690(H.,)X
11835	1818(``ARIES-RRH:)X
11836	2366(Restricted)X
11837	2721(Repeating)X
11838	3076(of)X
11839	3173(History)X
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11842	3660(ARIES)X
11843	3920(Transaction)X
11844	727 990(Recovery)N
11845	1055(Method'',)X
11846	2 f
11847	1398(Proceedings)X
11848	1819(7th)X
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11854	1 f
11855	3449(,)X
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11860	555 1170([NODI90])N
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11864	1602(S.,)X
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11868	2996(A)X
11869	3077(Transaction)X
11870	3479(Model)X
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11873	4072(Design)X
11874	727 1260(Applications'',)N
11875	2 f
11876	1242(Proceedings)X
11877	1675(16th)X
11878	1849(International)X
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11880	2704(on)X
11881	2815(Very)X
11882	2998(Large)X
11883	3220(Data)X
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11885	1 f
11886	3598(,)X
11887	3649(Brisbane,)X
11888	3985(Australia,)X
11889	727 1350(August)N
11890	978(1990.)X
11891	555 1530([OUST90])N
11892	923(Ousterhout,)X
11893	1324(J.,)X
11894	1420(``Tcl:)X
11895	1648(An)X
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11898	2555(Language'',)X
11899	2 f
11900	2971(Proceedings)X
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11904	1 f
11905	4045(,)X
11906	4089(Wash-)X
11907	727 1620(ington,)N
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11911	555 1800([POSIX91])N
11912	955(``Unapproved)X
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11914	1645(for)X
11915	1773(Realtime)X
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11930	925(Rosenblum,)X
11931	1341(M.,)X
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11977	1 f
11978	2608(,)X
11979	2648(Kobe,)X
11980	2862(Japan,)X
11981	3085(April)X
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11987	1732(``Camelot:)X
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11990	2501(Distributed)X
11991	2888(Transaction)X
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11994	2 f
11995	4004(Proceed-)X
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12001	1 f
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12003	1806(February)X
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12020	919(Stonebraker,)X
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12022	1480(``Operating)X
12023	1876(System)X
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12025	2406(for)X
12026	2520(Database)X
12027	2835(Management'',)X
12028	2 f
12029	3348(Communications)X
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12032	4110(ACM)X
12033	1 f
12034	4279(,)X
12035	727 3240(1981.)N
12036	555 3420([SULL92])N
12037	925(Sullivan,)X
12038	1247(M.,)X
12039	1394(Olson,)X
12040	1641(M.,)X
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12050	727 3510(Storage)N
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12075	2428(``TPC)X
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12080	3973(Waterside)X
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12086	947(Young,)X
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12183	755 4746(In)N
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12217	3 f
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12220	1159(Olson)X
12221	1 f
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12230	2786(Electrical)X
12231	3118(Engineering)X
12232	3534(and)X
12233	3674(Computer)X
12234	4018(Sciences)X
12235	555 5139(at)N
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12243	2405(interests)X
12244	2703(are)X
12245	2833(database)X
12246	3141(systems)X
12247	3425(and)X
12248	3572(mass)X
12249	3763(storage)X
12250	4026(systems.)X
12251	555 5229(Mike)N
12252	759(spent)X
12253	963(two)X
12254	1118(years)X
12255	1323(working)X
12256	1625(for)X
12257	1754(a)X
12258	1825(commercial)X
12259	2239(database)X
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12261	2808(vendor)X
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12263	3307(joining)X
12264	3567(the)X
12265	3699(Postgres)X
12266	4004(Research)X
12267	555 5319(Group)N
12268	780(at)X
12269	858(Berkeley)X
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12271	1250(1988.)X
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12274	1877(his)X
12275	1990(B.A.)X
12276	2161(in)X
12277	2243(Computer)X
12278	2583(Science)X
12279	2853(from)X
12280	3029(Berkeley)X
12281	3339(in)X
12282	3421(May)X
12283	3588(1991.)X
12284	755 5442(Mike)N
12285	945(only)X
12286	1108(recently)X
12287	1388(transferred)X
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12289	1903(Sin)X
12290	2030(City,)X
12291	2208(but)X
12292	2330(is)X
12293	2403(rapidly)X
12294	2650(adopting)X
12295	2950(local)X
12296	3126(customs)X
12297	3408(and)X
12298	3544(coloration.)X
12299	3929(In)X
12300	4016(his)X
12301	4129(spare)X
12302	555 5532(time,)N
12303	742(he)X
12304	843(organizes)X
12305	1176(informal)X
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12309	2240(groups)X
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12311	2568(discuss)X
12312	2823(recent)X
12313	3044(technical)X
12314	3358(and)X
12315	3498(economic)X
12316	3834(developments.)X
12317	555 5622(Among)N
12318	815(his)X
12319	928(hobbies)X
12320	1197(are)X
12321	1316(Charles)X
12322	1581(Dickens,)X
12323	1884(Red)X
12324	2033(Rock,)X
12325	2242(and)X
12326	2378(speaking)X
12327	2683(Dutch)X
12328	2899(to)X
12329	2981(anyone)X
12330	3233(who)X
12331	3391(will)X
12332	3535(permit)X
12333	3764(it.)X
12334
12335	17 p
12336	%%Trailer
12337	xt
12338
12339	xs
12340

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