| 1 | This directory contains the libffi package, which is not part of GCC but
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| 2 | shipped with GCC as convenience.
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| 3 |
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| 4 | Status
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| 5 | ======
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| 6 |
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| 7 | libffi-2.00 has not been released yet! This is a development snapshot!
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| 8 |
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| 9 | libffi-1.20 was released on October 5, 1998. Check the libffi web
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| 10 | page for updates: <URL:http://sources.redhat.com/libffi/>.
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| 11 |
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| 12 |
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| 13 | What is libffi?
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| 14 | ===============
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| 15 |
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| 16 | Compilers for high level languages generate code that follow certain
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| 17 | conventions. These conventions are necessary, in part, for separate
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| 18 | compilation to work. One such convention is the "calling
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| 19 | convention". The "calling convention" is essentially a set of
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| 20 | assumptions made by the compiler about where function arguments will
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| 21 | be found on entry to a function. A "calling convention" also specifies
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| 22 | where the return value for a function is found.
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| 23 |
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| 24 | Some programs may not know at the time of compilation what arguments
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| 25 | are to be passed to a function. For instance, an interpreter may be
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| 26 | told at run-time about the number and types of arguments used to call
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| 27 | a given function. Libffi can be used in such programs to provide a
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| 28 | bridge from the interpreter program to compiled code.
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| 29 |
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| 30 | The libffi library provides a portable, high level programming
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| 31 | interface to various calling conventions. This allows a programmer to
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| 32 | call any function specified by a call interface description at run
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| 33 | time.
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| 34 |
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| 35 | Ffi stands for Foreign Function Interface. A foreign function
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| 36 | interface is the popular name for the interface that allows code
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| 37 | written in one language to call code written in another language. The
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| 38 | libffi library really only provides the lowest, machine dependent
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| 39 | layer of a fully featured foreign function interface. A layer must
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| 40 | exist above libffi that handles type conversions for values passed
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| 41 | between the two languages.
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| 42 |
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| 43 |
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| 44 | Supported Platforms and Prerequisites
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| 45 | =====================================
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| 46 |
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| 47 | Libffi has been ported to:
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| 48 |
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| 49 | SunOS 4.1.3 & Solaris 2.x (Sparc v8)
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| 50 |
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| 51 | Irix 5.3 & 6.2 (System V/o32 & n32)
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| 52 |
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| 53 | Intel x86 - Linux (System V ABI)
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| 54 |
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| 55 | Alpha - Linux and OSF/1
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| 56 |
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| 57 | m68k - Linux (System V ABI)
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| 58 |
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| 59 | PowerPC - Linux (System V ABI, Darwin, AIX)
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| 60 |
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| 61 | ARM - Linux (System V ABI)
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| 62 |
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| 63 | Libffi has been tested with the egcs 1.0.2 gcc compiler. Chances are
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| 64 | that other versions will work. Libffi has also been built and tested
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| 65 | with the SGI compiler tools.
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| 66 |
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| 67 | On PowerPC, the tests failed (see the note below).
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| 68 |
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| 69 | You must use GNU make to build libffi. SGI's make will not work.
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| 70 | Sun's probably won't either.
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| 71 |
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| 72 | If you port libffi to another platform, please let me know! I assume
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| 73 | that some will be easy (x86 NetBSD), and others will be more difficult
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| 74 | (HP).
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| 75 |
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| 76 |
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| 77 | Installing libffi
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| 78 | =================
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| 79 |
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| 80 | [Note: before actually performing any of these installation steps,
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| 81 | you may wish to read the "Platform Specific Notes" below.]
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| 82 |
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| 83 | First you must configure the distribution for your particular
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| 84 | system. Go to the directory you wish to build libffi in and run the
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| 85 | "configure" program found in the root directory of the libffi source
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| 86 | distribution.
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| 87 |
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| 88 | You may want to tell configure where to install the libffi library and
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| 89 | header files. To do that, use the --prefix configure switch. Libffi
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| 90 | will install under /usr/local by default.
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| 91 |
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| 92 | If you want to enable extra run-time debugging checks use the the
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| 93 | --enable-debug configure switch. This is useful when your program dies
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| 94 | mysteriously while using libffi.
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| 95 |
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| 96 | Another useful configure switch is --enable-purify-safety. Using this
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| 97 | will add some extra code which will suppress certain warnings when you
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| 98 | are using Purify with libffi. Only use this switch when using
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| 99 | Purify, as it will slow down the library.
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| 100 |
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| 101 | Configure has many other options. Use "configure --help" to see them all.
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| 102 |
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| 103 | Once configure has finished, type "make". Note that you must be using
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| 104 | GNU make. SGI's make will not work. Sun's probably won't either.
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| 105 | You can ftp GNU make from prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu.
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| 106 |
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| 107 | To ensure that libffi is working as advertised, type "make test".
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| 108 |
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| 109 | To install the library and header files, type "make install".
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| 110 |
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| 111 |
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| 112 | Using libffi
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| 113 | ============
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| 114 |
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| 115 | The Basics
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| 116 | ----------
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| 117 |
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| 118 | Libffi assumes that you have a pointer to the function you wish to
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| 119 | call and that you know the number and types of arguments to pass it,
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| 120 | as well as the return type of the function.
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| 121 |
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| 122 | The first thing you must do is create an ffi_cif object that matches
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| 123 | the signature of the function you wish to call. The cif in ffi_cif
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| 124 | stands for Call InterFace. To prepare a call interface object, use the
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| 125 | following function:
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| 126 |
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| 127 | ffi_status ffi_prep_cif(ffi_cif *cif, ffi_abi abi,
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| 128 | unsigned int nargs,
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| 129 | ffi_type *rtype, ffi_type **atypes);
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| 130 |
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| 131 | CIF is a pointer to the call interface object you wish
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| 132 | to initialize.
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| 133 |
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| 134 | ABI is an enum that specifies the calling convention
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| 135 | to use for the call. FFI_DEFAULT_ABI defaults
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| 136 | to the system's native calling convention. Other
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| 137 | ABI's may be used with care. They are system
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| 138 | specific.
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| 139 |
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| 140 | NARGS is the number of arguments this function accepts.
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| 141 | libffi does not yet support vararg functions.
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| 142 |
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| 143 | RTYPE is a pointer to an ffi_type structure that represents
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| 144 | the return type of the function. Ffi_type objects
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| 145 | describe the types of values. libffi provides
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| 146 | ffi_type objects for many of the native C types:
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| 147 | signed int, unsigned int, signed char, unsigned char,
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| 148 | etc. There is also a pointer ffi_type object and
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| 149 | a void ffi_type. Use &ffi_type_void for functions that
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| 150 | don't return values.
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| 151 |
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| 152 | ATYPES is a vector of ffi_type pointers. ARGS must be NARGS long.
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| 153 | If NARGS is 0, this is ignored.
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| 154 |
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| 155 |
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| 156 | ffi_prep_cif will return a status code that you are responsible
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| 157 | for checking. It will be one of the following:
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| 158 |
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| 159 | FFI_OK - All is good.
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| 160 |
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| 161 | FFI_BAD_TYPEDEF - One of the ffi_type objects that ffi_prep_cif
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| 162 | came across is bad.
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| 163 |
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| 164 |
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| 165 | Before making the call, the VALUES vector should be initialized
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| 166 | with pointers to the appropriate argument values.
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| 167 |
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| 168 | To call the the function using the initialized ffi_cif, use the
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| 169 | ffi_call function:
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| 170 |
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| 171 | void ffi_call(ffi_cif *cif, void *fn, void *rvalue, void **avalues);
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| 172 |
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| 173 | CIF is a pointer to the ffi_cif initialized specifically
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| 174 | for this function.
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| 175 |
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| 176 | FN is a pointer to the function you want to call.
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| 177 |
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| 178 | RVALUE is a pointer to a chunk of memory that is to hold the
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| 179 | result of the function call. Currently, it must be
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| 180 | at least one word in size (except for the n32 version
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| 181 | under Irix 6.x, which must be a pointer to an 8 byte
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| 182 | aligned value (a long long). It must also be at least
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| 183 | word aligned (depending on the return type, and the
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| 184 | system's alignment requirements). If RTYPE is
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| 185 | &ffi_type_void, this is ignored. If RVALUE is NULL,
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| 186 | the return value is discarded.
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| 187 |
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| 188 | AVALUES is a vector of void* that point to the memory locations
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| 189 | holding the argument values for a call.
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| 190 | If NARGS is 0, this is ignored.
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| 191 |
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| 192 |
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| 193 | If you are expecting a return value from FN it will have been stored
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| 194 | at RVALUE.
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| 195 |
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| 196 |
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| 197 |
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| 198 | An Example
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| 199 | ----------
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| 200 |
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| 201 | Here is a trivial example that calls puts() a few times.
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| 202 |
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| 203 | #include <stdio.h>
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| 204 | #include <ffi.h>
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| 205 |
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| 206 | int main()
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| 207 | {
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| 208 | ffi_cif cif;
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| 209 | ffi_type *args[1];
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| 210 | void *values[1];
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| 211 | char *s;
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| 212 | int rc;
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| 213 |
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| 214 | /* Initialize the argument info vectors */
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| 215 | args[0] = &ffi_type_uint;
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| 216 | values[0] = &s;
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| 217 |
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| 218 | /* Initialize the cif */
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| 219 | if (ffi_prep_cif(&cif, FFI_DEFAULT_ABI, 1,
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| 220 | &ffi_type_uint, args) == FFI_OK)
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| 221 | {
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| 222 | s = "Hello World!";
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| 223 | ffi_call(&cif, puts, &rc, values);
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| 224 | /* rc now holds the result of the call to puts */
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| 225 |
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| 226 | /* values holds a pointer to the function's arg, so to
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| 227 | call puts() again all we need to do is change the
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| 228 | value of s */
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| 229 | s = "This is cool!";
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| 230 | ffi_call(&cif, puts, &rc, values);
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| 231 | }
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| 232 |
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| 233 | return 0;
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| 234 | }
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| 235 |
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| 236 |
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| 237 |
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| 238 | Aggregate Types
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| 239 | ---------------
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| 240 |
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| 241 | Although libffi has no special support for unions or bit-fields, it is
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| 242 | perfectly happy passing structures back and forth. You must first
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| 243 | describe the structure to libffi by creating a new ffi_type object
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| 244 | for it. Here is the definition of ffi_type:
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| 245 |
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| 246 | typedef struct _ffi_type
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| 247 | {
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| 248 | unsigned size;
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| 249 | short alignment;
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| 250 | short type;
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| 251 | struct _ffi_type **elements;
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| 252 | } ffi_type;
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| 253 |
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| 254 | All structures must have type set to FFI_TYPE_STRUCT. You may set
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| 255 | size and alignment to 0. These will be calculated and reset to the
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| 256 | appropriate values by ffi_prep_cif().
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| 257 |
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| 258 | elements is a NULL terminated array of pointers to ffi_type objects
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| 259 | that describe the type of the structure elements. These may, in turn,
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| 260 | be structure elements.
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| 261 |
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| 262 | The following example initializes a ffi_type object representing the
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| 263 | tm struct from Linux's time.h:
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| 264 |
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| 265 | struct tm {
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| 266 | int tm_sec;
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| 267 | int tm_min;
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| 268 | int tm_hour;
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| 269 | int tm_mday;
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| 270 | int tm_mon;
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| 271 | int tm_year;
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| 272 | int tm_wday;
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| 273 | int tm_yday;
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| 274 | int tm_isdst;
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| 275 | /* Those are for future use. */
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| 276 | long int __tm_gmtoff__;
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| 277 | __const char *__tm_zone__;
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| 278 | };
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| 279 |
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| 280 | {
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| 281 | ffi_type tm_type;
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| 282 | ffi_type *tm_type_elements[12];
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| 283 | int i;
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| 284 |
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| 285 | tm_type.size = tm_type.alignment = 0;
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| 286 | tm_type.elements = &tm_type_elements;
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| 287 |
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| 288 | for (i = 0; i < 9; i++)
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| 289 | tm_type_elements[i] = &ffi_type_sint;
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| 290 |
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| 291 | tm_type_elements[9] = &ffi_type_slong;
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| 292 | tm_type_elements[10] = &ffi_type_pointer;
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| 293 | tm_type_elements[11] = NULL;
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| 294 |
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| 295 | /* tm_type can now be used to represent tm argument types and
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| 296 | return types for ffi_prep_cif() */
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| 297 | }
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| 298 |
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| 299 |
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| 300 |
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| 301 | Platform Specific Notes
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| 302 | =======================
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| 303 |
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| 304 | Intel x86
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| 305 | ---------
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| 306 |
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| 307 | There are no known problems with the x86 port.
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| 308 |
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| 309 | Sun Sparc - SunOS 4.1.3 & Solaris 2.x
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| 310 | -------------------------------------
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| 311 |
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| 312 | There's a bug in the structure passing code for sparc processors.
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| 313 | Struct arguments that are passed in value actually end up being passed
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| 314 | by reference. This will be fixed Real Soon Now.
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| 315 |
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| 316 | "long long" values are not supported yet.
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| 317 |
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| 318 | You must use GNU Make to build libffi on Sun platforms.
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| 319 |
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| 320 | MIPS - Irix 5.3 & 6.x
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| 321 | ---------------------
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| 322 |
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| 323 | Irix 6.2 and better supports three different calling conventions: o32,
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| 324 | n32 and n64. Currently, libffi only supports both o32 and n32 under
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| 325 | Irix 6.x, but only o32 under Irix 5.3. Libffi will automatically be
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| 326 | configured for whichever calling convention it was built for.
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| 327 |
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| 328 | By default, the configure script will try to build libffi with the GNU
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| 329 | development tools. To build libffi with the SGI development tools, set
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| 330 | the environment variable CC to either "cc -32" or "cc -n32" before
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| 331 | running configure under Irix 6.x (depending on whether you want an o32
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| 332 | or n32 library), or just "cc" for Irix 5.3.
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| 333 |
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| 334 | With the n32 calling convention, when returning structures smaller
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| 335 | than 16 bytes, be sure to provide an RVALUE that is 8 byte aligned.
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| 336 | Here's one way of forcing this:
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| 337 |
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| 338 | double struct_storage[2];
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| 339 | my_small_struct *s = (my_small_struct *) struct_storage;
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| 340 | /* Use s for RVALUE */
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| 341 |
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| 342 | If you don't do this you are liable to get spurious bus errors.
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| 343 |
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| 344 | "long long" values are not supported yet.
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| 345 |
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| 346 | You must use GNU Make to build libffi on SGI platforms.
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| 347 |
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| 348 | ARM - System V ABI
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| 349 | ------------------
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| 350 |
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| 351 | The ARM port was performed on a NetWinder running ARM Linux ELF
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| 352 | (2.0.31) and gcc 2.8.1.
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| 353 |
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| 354 |
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| 355 |
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| 356 | PowerPC System V ABI
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| 357 | --------------------
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| 358 |
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| 359 | There are two `System V ABI's which libffi implements for PowerPC.
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| 360 | They differ only in how small structures are returned from functions.
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| 361 |
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| 362 | In the FFI_SYSV version, structures that are 8 bytes or smaller are
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| 363 | returned in registers. This is what GCC does when it is configured
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| 364 | for solaris, and is what the System V ABI I have (dated September
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| 365 | 1995) says.
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| 366 |
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| 367 | In the FFI_GCC_SYSV version, all structures are returned the same way:
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| 368 | by passing a pointer as the first argument to the function. This is
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| 369 | what GCC does when it is configured for linux or a generic sysv
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| 370 | target.
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| 371 |
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| 372 | EGCS 1.0.1 (and probably other versions of EGCS/GCC) also has a
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| 373 | inconsistency with the SysV ABI: When a procedure is called with many
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| 374 | floating-point arguments, some of them get put on the stack. They are
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| 375 | all supposed to be stored in double-precision format, even if they are
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| 376 | only single-precision, but EGCS stores single-precision arguments as
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| 377 | single-precision anyway. This causes one test to fail (the `many
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| 378 | arguments' test).
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| 379 |
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| 380 |
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| 381 | What's With The Crazy Comments?
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| 382 | ===============================
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| 383 |
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| 384 | You might notice a number of cryptic comments in the code, delimited
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| 385 | by /*@ and @*/. These are annotations read by the program LCLint, a
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| 386 | tool for statically checking C programs. You can read all about it at
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| 387 | <http://larch-www.lcs.mit.edu:8001/larch/lclint/index.html>.
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| 388 |
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| 389 |
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| 390 | History
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| 391 | =======
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| 392 |
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| 393 | 1.20 Oct-5-98
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| 394 | Raffaele Sena produces ARM port.
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| 395 |
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| 396 | 1.19 Oct-5-98
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| 397 | Fixed x86 long double and long long return support.
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| 398 | m68k bug fixes from Andreas Schwab.
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| 399 | Patch for DU assembler compatibility for the Alpha from Richard
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| 400 | Henderson.
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| 401 |
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| 402 | 1.18 Apr-17-98
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| 403 | Bug fixes and MIPS configuration changes.
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| 404 |
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| 405 | 1.17 Feb-24-98
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| 406 | Bug fixes and m68k port from Andreas Schwab. PowerPC port from
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| 407 | Geoffrey Keating. Various bug x86, Sparc and MIPS bug fixes.
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| 408 |
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| 409 | 1.16 Feb-11-98
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| 410 | Richard Henderson produces Alpha port.
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| 411 |
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| 412 | 1.15 Dec-4-97
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| 413 | Fixed an n32 ABI bug. New libtool, auto* support.
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| 414 |
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| 415 | 1.14 May-13-97
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| 416 | libtool is now used to generate shared and static libraries.
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| 417 | Fixed a minor portability problem reported by Russ McManus
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| 418 | <mcmanr@eq.gs.com>.
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| 419 |
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| 420 | 1.13 Dec-2-96
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| 421 | Added --enable-purify-safety to keep Purify from complaining
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| 422 | about certain low level code.
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| 423 | Sparc fix for calling functions with < 6 args.
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| 424 | Linux x86 a.out fix.
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| 425 |
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| 426 | 1.12 Nov-22-96
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| 427 | Added missing ffi_type_void, needed for supporting void return
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| 428 | types. Fixed test case for non MIPS machines. Cygnus Support
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| 429 | is now Cygnus Solutions.
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| 430 |
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| 431 | 1.11 Oct-30-96
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| 432 | Added notes about GNU make.
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| 433 |
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| 434 | 1.10 Oct-29-96
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| 435 | Added configuration fix for non GNU compilers.
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| 436 |
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| 437 | 1.09 Oct-29-96
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| 438 | Added --enable-debug configure switch. Clean-ups based on LCLint
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| 439 | feedback. ffi_mips.h is always installed. Many configuration
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| 440 | fixes. Fixed ffitest.c for sparc builds.
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| 441 |
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| 442 | 1.08 Oct-15-96
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| 443 | Fixed n32 problem. Many clean-ups.
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| 444 |
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| 445 | 1.07 Oct-14-96
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| 446 | Gordon Irlam rewrites v8.S again. Bug fixes.
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|---|
| 447 |
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|---|
| 448 | 1.06 Oct-14-96
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|---|
| 449 | Gordon Irlam improved the sparc port.
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| 450 |
|
|---|
| 451 | 1.05 Oct-14-96
|
|---|
| 452 | Interface changes based on feedback.
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|---|
| 453 |
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|---|
| 454 | 1.04 Oct-11-96
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|---|
| 455 | Sparc port complete (modulo struct passing bug).
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| 456 |
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| 457 | 1.03 Oct-10-96
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|---|
| 458 | Passing struct args, and returning struct values works for
|
|---|
| 459 | all architectures/calling conventions. Expanded tests.
|
|---|
| 460 |
|
|---|
| 461 | 1.02 Oct-9-96
|
|---|
| 462 | Added SGI n32 support. Fixed bugs in both o32 and Linux support.
|
|---|
| 463 | Added "make test".
|
|---|
| 464 |
|
|---|
| 465 | 1.01 Oct-8-96
|
|---|
| 466 | Fixed float passing bug in mips version. Restructured some
|
|---|
| 467 | of the code. Builds cleanly with SGI tools.
|
|---|
| 468 |
|
|---|
| 469 | 1.00 Oct-7-96
|
|---|
| 470 | First release. No public announcement.
|
|---|
| 471 |
|
|---|
| 472 |
|
|---|
| 473 | Authors & Credits
|
|---|
| 474 | =================
|
|---|
| 475 |
|
|---|
| 476 | libffi was written by Anthony Green <green@cygnus.com>.
|
|---|
| 477 |
|
|---|
| 478 | Portions of libffi were derived from Gianni Mariani's free gencall
|
|---|
| 479 | library for Silicon Graphics machines.
|
|---|
| 480 |
|
|---|
| 481 | The closure mechanism was designed and implemented by Kresten Krab
|
|---|
| 482 | Thorup.
|
|---|
| 483 |
|
|---|
| 484 | The Sparc port was derived from code contributed by the fine folks at
|
|---|
| 485 | Visible Decisions Inc <http://www.vdi.com>. Further enhancements were
|
|---|
| 486 | made by Gordon Irlam at Cygnus Solutions <http://www.cygnus.com>.
|
|---|
| 487 |
|
|---|
| 488 | The Alpha port was written by Richard Henderson at Cygnus Solutions.
|
|---|
| 489 |
|
|---|
| 490 | Andreas Schwab ported libffi to m68k Linux and provided a number of
|
|---|
| 491 | bug fixes.
|
|---|
| 492 |
|
|---|
| 493 | Geoffrey Keating ported libffi to the PowerPC.
|
|---|
| 494 |
|
|---|
| 495 | Raffaele Sena ported libffi to the ARM.
|
|---|
| 496 |
|
|---|
| 497 | Jesper Skov and Andrew Haley both did more than their fair share of
|
|---|
| 498 | stepping through the code and tracking down bugs.
|
|---|
| 499 |
|
|---|
| 500 | Thanks also to Tom Tromey for bug fixes and configuration help.
|
|---|
| 501 |
|
|---|
| 502 | Thanks to Jim Blandy, who provided some useful feedback on the libffi
|
|---|
| 503 | interface.
|
|---|
| 504 |
|
|---|
| 505 | If you have a problem, or have found a bug, please send a note to
|
|---|
| 506 | green@cygnus.com.
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