source: trunk/essentials/sys-apps/findutils/find/find.c

/* find -- search for files in a directory hierarchy
   Copyright (C) 1990, 91, 92, 93, 94, 2000, 
                 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
   any later version.

   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
   Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301,
   USA.*/

/* GNU find was written by Eric Decker <cire@cisco.com>,
   with enhancements by David MacKenzie <djm@gnu.org>,
   Jay Plett <jay@silence.princeton.nj.us>,
   and Tim Wood <axolotl!tim@toad.com>.
   The idea for -print0 and xargs -0 came from
   Dan Bernstein <brnstnd@kramden.acf.nyu.edu>.  
   Improvements have been made by James Youngman <jay@gnu.org>.
*/


#include "defs.h"

#define USE_SAFE_CHDIR 1
#undef  STAT_MOUNTPOINTS


#include <errno.h>
#include <assert.h>


#ifdef HAVE_FCNTL_H
#include <fcntl.h>
#else
#include <sys/file.h>
#endif

#include "../gnulib/lib/xalloc.h"
#include "../gnulib/lib/human.h"
#include "../gnulib/lib/canonicalize.h"
#include "closeout.h"
#include <modetype.h>
#include "savedirinfo.h"
#include "buildcmd.h"
#include "dirname.h"
#include "quote.h"
#include "quotearg.h"

#ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_H
#include <locale.h>
#endif

#if ENABLE_NLS
# include <libintl.h>
# define _(Text) gettext (Text)
#else
# define _(Text) Text
#define textdomain(Domain)
#define bindtextdomain(Package, Directory)
#endif
#ifdef gettext_noop
# define N_(String) gettext_noop (String)
#else
/* See locate.c for explanation as to why not use (String) */
# define N_(String) String
#endif

#define apply_predicate(pathname, stat_buf_ptr, node)   \
  (*(node)->pred_func)((pathname), (stat_buf_ptr), (node))

#ifdef STAT_MOUNTPOINTS
static void init_mounted_dev_list(int mandatory);
#endif

static void process_top_path PARAMS((char *pathname, mode_t mode));
static int process_path PARAMS((char *pathname, char *name, boolean leaf, char *parent, mode_t type));
static void process_dir PARAMS((char *pathname, char *name, int pathlen, struct stat *statp, char *parent));



/* Name this program was run with. */
char *program_name;

/* A file descriptor open to the initial working directory.
   Doing it this way allows us to work when the i.w.d. has
   unreadable parents.  */
int starting_desc;

/* The stat buffer of the initial working directory. */
static struct stat starting_stat_buf;

enum ChdirSymlinkHandling
  {
    SymlinkHandleDefault,       /* Normally the right choice */
    SymlinkFollowOk             /* see comment in process_top_path() */
  };


enum TraversalDirection
  {
    TraversingUp,
    TraversingDown
  };

enum WdSanityCheckFatality
  {
    FATAL_IF_SANITY_CHECK_FAILS,
    RETRY_IF_SANITY_CHECK_FAILS,
    NON_FATAL_IF_SANITY_CHECK_FAILS
  };



int
main (int argc, char **argv)
{
  int i;
  int end_of_leading_options = 0; /* First arg after any -H/-L etc. */
  struct predicate *eval_tree;

  program_name = argv[0];
  state.exit_status = 0;

  /* Set the option defaults before we do the the locale
   * initialisation as check_nofollow() needs to be executed in the
   * POSIX locale.
   */
  set_option_defaults(&options);

#ifdef HAVE_SETLOCALE
  setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
#endif
  bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
  textdomain (PACKAGE);
  atexit (close_stdout);

  /* Check for -P, -H or -L options. */
  end_of_leading_options = process_leading_options(argc, argv);

  if (options.debug_options & DebugStat)
    options.xstat = debug_stat;

#ifdef DEBUG
/*  fprintf (stderr, "cur_day_start = %s", ctime (&p->cur_day_start)); - what's "p"? */
#endif /* DEBUG */

  /* We are now processing the part of the "find" command line 
   * after the -H/-L options (if any).
   */
  eval_tree = build_expression_tree(argc, argv, end_of_leading_options);

  
  /* safely_chdir() needs to check that it has ended up in the right place. 
   * To avoid bailing out when something gets automounted, it checks if 
   * the target directory appears to have had a directory mounted on it as
   * we chdir()ed.  The problem with this is that in order to notice that 
   * a filesystem was mounted, we would need to lstat() all the mount points.
   * That strategy loses if our machine is a client of a dead NFS server.
   *
   * Hence if safely_chdir() and wd_sanity_check() can manage without needing 
   * to know the mounted device list, we do that.  
   */
  if (!options.open_nofollow_available)
    {
#ifdef STAT_MOUNTPOINTS
      init_mounted_dev_list(0);
#endif
    }
  

  starting_desc = open (".", O_RDONLY);
  if (0 <= starting_desc && fchdir (starting_desc) != 0)
    {
      close (starting_desc);
      starting_desc = -1;
    }
  if (starting_desc < 0)
    {
      starting_dir = xgetcwd ();
      if (! starting_dir)
        error (1, errno, _("cannot get current directory"));
    }
  if ((*options.xstat) (".", &starting_stat_buf) != 0)
    error (1, errno, _("cannot get current directory"));

  /* If no paths are given, default to ".".  */
  for (i = end_of_leading_options; i < argc && !looks_like_expression(argv[i], true); i++)
    {
      process_top_path (argv[i], 0);
    }

  /* If there were no path arguments, default to ".". */
  if (i == end_of_leading_options)
    {
      /* 
       * We use a temporary variable here because some actions modify 
       * the path temporarily.  Hence if we use a string constant, 
       * we get a coredump.  The best example of this is if we say 
       * "find -printf %H" (note, not "find . -printf %H").
       */
      char defaultpath[2] = ".";
      process_top_path (defaultpath, 0);
    }

  /* If "-exec ... {} +" has been used, there may be some 
   * partially-full command lines which have been built, 
   * but which are not yet complete.   Execute those now.
   */
  cleanup();
  return state.exit_status;
}


boolean is_fts_enabled()
{
  /* this version of find (i.e. this main()) does not use fts. */
  return false;
}



static char *
specific_dirname(const char *dir)
{
  char dirbuf[1024];

  if (0 == strcmp(".", dir))
    {
      /* OK, what's '.'? */
      if (NULL != getcwd(dirbuf, sizeof(dirbuf)))
        {
          return strdup(dirbuf);
        }
      else
        {
          return strdup(dir);
        }
    }
  else
    {
      char *result = canonicalize_filename_mode(dir, CAN_EXISTING);
      if (NULL == result)
        return strdup(dir);
      else
        return result;
    }
}




/* Return non-zero if FS is the name of a filesystem that is likely to
 * be automounted
 */
static int
fs_likely_to_be_automounted(const char *fs)
{
  return ( (0==strcmp(fs, "nfs")) || (0==strcmp(fs, "autofs")) || (0==strcmp(fs, "subfs")));
}



#ifdef STAT_MOUNTPOINTS
static dev_t *mounted_devices = NULL;
static size_t num_mounted_devices = 0u;


static void
init_mounted_dev_list(int mandatory)
{
  assert(NULL == mounted_devices);
  assert(0 == num_mounted_devices);
  mounted_devices = get_mounted_devices(&num_mounted_devices);
  if (mandatory && (NULL == mounted_devices))
    {
      error(1, 0, "Cannot read list of mounted devices.");
    }
}

static void
refresh_mounted_dev_list(void)
{
  if (mounted_devices)
    {
      free(mounted_devices);
      mounted_devices = 0;
    }
  num_mounted_devices = 0u;
  init_mounted_dev_list(1);
}


/* Search for device DEV in the array LIST, which is of size N. */
static int
dev_present(dev_t dev, const dev_t *list, size_t n)
{
  if (list)
    {
      while (n-- > 0u)
        {
          if ( (*list++) == dev )
            return 1;
        }
    }
  return 0;
}

enum MountPointStateChange
  {
    MountPointRecentlyMounted,
    MountPointRecentlyUnmounted,
    MountPointStateUnchanged
  };



static enum MountPointStateChange
get_mount_state(dev_t newdev)
{
  int new_is_present, new_was_present;
  
  new_was_present = dev_present(newdev, mounted_devices, num_mounted_devices);
  refresh_mounted_dev_list();
  new_is_present  = dev_present(newdev, mounted_devices, num_mounted_devices);
  
  if (new_was_present == new_is_present)
    return MountPointStateUnchanged;
  else if (new_is_present)
    return MountPointRecentlyMounted;
  else
    return MountPointRecentlyUnmounted;
}



/* We stat()ed a directory, chdir()ed into it (we know this 
 * since direction is TraversingDown), stat()ed it again,
 * and noticed that the device numbers are different.  Check
 * if the filesystem was recently mounted. 
 * 
 * If it was, it looks like chdir()ing into the directory
 * caused a filesystem to be mounted.  Maybe automount is
 * running.  Anyway, that's probably OK - but it happens
 * only when we are moving downward.
 *
 * We also allow for the possibility that a similar thing
 * has happened with the unmounting of a filesystem.  This
 * is much rarer, as it relies on an automounter timeout
 * occurring at exactly the wrong moment.
 */
static enum WdSanityCheckFatality
dirchange_is_fatal(const char *specific_what,
                   enum WdSanityCheckFatality isfatal,
                   int silent,
                   struct stat *newinfo)
{
  enum MountPointStateChange transition = get_mount_state(newinfo->st_dev);
  switch (transition)
    {
    case MountPointRecentlyUnmounted:
      isfatal = NON_FATAL_IF_SANITY_CHECK_FAILS;
      if (!silent)
        {
          error (0, 0,
                 _("Warning: filesystem %s has recently been unmounted."),
                 specific_what);
        }
      break;
              
    case MountPointRecentlyMounted:
      isfatal = NON_FATAL_IF_SANITY_CHECK_FAILS;
      if (!silent)
        {
          error (0, 0,
                 _("Warning: filesystem %s has recently been mounted."),
                 specific_what);
        }
      break;

    case MountPointStateUnchanged:
      /* leave isfatal as it is */
      break;
    }
  
  return isfatal;
}


#endif



/* Examine the results of the stat() of a directory from before we
 * entered or left it, with the results of stat()ing it afterward.  If
 * these are different, the filesystem tree has been modified while we
 * were traversing it.  That might be an attempt to use a race
 * condition to persuade find to do something it didn't intend
 * (e.g. an attempt by an ordinary user to exploit the fact that root
 * sometimes runs find on the whole filesystem).  However, this can
 * also happen if automount is running (certainly on Solaris).  With 
 * automount, moving into a directory can cause a filesystem to be 
 * mounted there.
 *
 * To cope sensibly with this, we will raise an error if we see the
 * device number change unless we are chdir()ing into a subdirectory,
 * and the directory we moved into has been mounted or unmounted "recently".  
 * Here "recently" means since we started "find" or we last re-read 
 * the /etc/mnttab file. 
 *
 * If the device number does not change but the inode does, that is a
 * problem.
 *
 * If the device number and inode are both the same, we are happy.
 *
 * If a filesystem is (un)mounted as we chdir() into the directory, that 
 * may mean that we're now examining a section of the filesystem that might 
 * have been excluded from consideration (via -prune or -quit for example).
 * Hence we print a warning message to indicate that the output of find 
 * might be inconsistent due to the change in the filesystem.
 */
static boolean
wd_sanity_check(const char *thing_to_stat,
                const char *progname,
                const char *what,
                dev_t old_dev,
                ino_t old_ino,
                struct stat *newinfo,
                int parent,
                int line_no,
                enum TraversalDirection direction,
                enum WdSanityCheckFatality isfatal,
                boolean *changed) /* output parameter */
{
  const char *fstype;
  char *specific_what = NULL;
  int silent = 0;
  const char *current_dir = ".";
  
  *changed = false;
  
  if ((*options.xstat) (current_dir, newinfo) != 0)
    error (1, errno, "%s", thing_to_stat);
  
  if (old_dev != newinfo->st_dev)
    {
      *changed = true;
      specific_what = specific_dirname(what);
      fstype = filesystem_type(newinfo, current_dir);
      silent = fs_likely_to_be_automounted(fstype);

      /* This condition is rare, so once we are here it is 
       * reasonable to perform an expensive computation to 
       * determine if we should continue or fail. 
       */
      if (TraversingDown == direction)
        {
#ifdef STAT_MOUNTPOINTS
          isfatal = dirchange_is_fatal(specific_what,isfatal,silent,newinfo);
#else
          isfatal = RETRY_IF_SANITY_CHECK_FAILS;
#endif
        }

      switch (isfatal)
        {
        case FATAL_IF_SANITY_CHECK_FAILS:
          {
            fstype = filesystem_type(newinfo, current_dir);
            error (1, 0,
                   _("%s%s changed during execution of %s (old device number %ld, new device number %ld, filesystem type is %s) [ref %ld]"),
                   specific_what,
                   parent ? "/.." : "",
                   progname,
                   (long) old_dev,
                   (long) newinfo->st_dev,
                   fstype,
                   line_no);
            /*NOTREACHED*/
            return false;
          }
          
        case NON_FATAL_IF_SANITY_CHECK_FAILS:
          {
            /* Since the device has changed under us, the inode number 
             * will almost certainly also be different. However, we have 
             * already decided that this is not a problem.  Hence we return
             * without checking the inode number.
             */
            free(specific_what);
            return true;
          }

        case RETRY_IF_SANITY_CHECK_FAILS:
          return false;
        }
    }

  /* Device number was the same, check if the inode has changed. */
  if (old_ino != newinfo->st_ino)
    {
      *changed = true;
      specific_what = specific_dirname(what);
      fstype = filesystem_type(newinfo, current_dir);
      
      error ((isfatal == FATAL_IF_SANITY_CHECK_FAILS) ? 1 : 0,
             0,                 /* no relevant errno value */
             _("%s%s changed during execution of %s (old inode number %ld, new inode number %ld, filesystem type is %s) [ref %ld]"),
             specific_what, 
             parent ? "/.." : "",
             progname,
             (long) old_ino,
             (long) newinfo->st_ino,
             fstype,
             line_no);
      free(specific_what);
      return false;
    }
  
  return true;
}


enum SafeChdirStatus
  {
    SafeChdirOK,
    SafeChdirFailSymlink,
    SafeChdirFailNotDir,
    SafeChdirFailStat,
    SafeChdirFailWouldBeUnableToReturn,
    SafeChdirFailChdirFailed,
    SafeChdirFailNonexistent
  };

/* Safely perform a change in directory.  We do this by calling
 * lstat() on the subdirectory, using chdir() to move into it, and
 * then lstat()ing ".".  We compare the results of the two stat calls
 * to see if they are consistent.  If not, we sound the alarm.
 *
 * If following_links() is true, we do follow symbolic links.
 */
static enum SafeChdirStatus
safely_chdir_lstat(const char *dest,
                   enum TraversalDirection direction,
                   struct stat *statbuf_dest,
                   enum ChdirSymlinkHandling symlink_follow_option,
                   boolean *did_stat)
{
  struct stat statbuf_arrived;
  int rv, dotfd=-1;
  int saved_errno;              /* specific_dirname() changes errno. */
  boolean rv_set = false;
  boolean statflag = false;
  int tries = 0;
  enum WdSanityCheckFatality isfatal = RETRY_IF_SANITY_CHECK_FAILS;
  
  saved_errno = errno = 0;

  dotfd = open(".", O_RDONLY);

  /* We jump back to here if wd_sanity_check()
   * recoverably triggers an alert.
   */
 retry:
  ++tries;
  
  if (dotfd >= 0)
    {
      /* Stat the directory we're going to. */
      if (0 == options.xstat(dest, statbuf_dest))
        {
          statflag = true;
          
#ifdef S_ISLNK
          /* symlink_follow_option might be set to SymlinkFollowOk, which
           * would allow us to chdir() into a symbolic link.  This is
           * only useful for the case where the directory we're
           * chdir()ing into is the basename of a command line
           * argument, for example where "foo/bar/baz" is specified on
           * the command line.  When -P is in effect (the default),
           * baz will not be followed if it is a symlink, but if bar
           * is a symlink, it _should_ be followed.  Hence we need the
           * ability to override the policy set by following_links().
           */
          if (!following_links() && S_ISLNK(statbuf_dest->st_mode))
            {
              /* We're not supposed to be following links, but this is 
               * a link.  Check symlink_follow_option to see if we should 
               * make a special exception.
               */
              if (symlink_follow_option == SymlinkFollowOk)
                {
                  /* We need to re-stat() the file so that the 
                   * sanity check can pass. 
                   */
                  if (0 != stat(dest, statbuf_dest))
                    {
                      rv = SafeChdirFailNonexistent;
                      rv_set = true;
                      saved_errno = errno;
                      goto fail;
                    }
                  statflag = true;
                }
              else
                {
                  /* Not following symlinks, so the attempt to
                   * chdir() into a symlink should be prevented.
                   */
                  rv = SafeChdirFailSymlink;
                  rv_set = true;
                  saved_errno = 0;      /* silence the error message */
                  goto fail;
                }
            }
#endif    
#ifdef S_ISDIR
          /* Although the immediately following chdir() would detect
           * the fact that this is not a directory for us, this would
           * result in an extra system call that fails.  Anybody
           * examining the system-call trace should ideally not be
           * concerned that something is actually failing.
           */
          if (!S_ISDIR(statbuf_dest->st_mode))
            {
              rv = SafeChdirFailNotDir;
              rv_set = true;
              saved_errno = 0;  /* silence the error message */
              goto fail;
            }
#endif
          
          if (options.debug_options & DebugSearch)
            fprintf(stderr, "safely_chdir(): chdir(\"%s\")\n", dest);

          if (0 == chdir(dest))
            {
              /* check we ended up where we wanted to go */
              boolean changed = false;
              if (!wd_sanity_check(".", program_name, ".",
                                   statbuf_dest->st_dev,
                                   statbuf_dest->st_ino,
                                   &statbuf_arrived, 
                                   0, __LINE__, direction,
                                   isfatal,
                                   &changed))
                {
                  /* Only allow one failure. */
                  if (RETRY_IF_SANITY_CHECK_FAILS == isfatal)
                    {
                      if (0 == fchdir(dotfd))
                        {
                          isfatal = FATAL_IF_SANITY_CHECK_FAILS;
                          goto retry;
                        }
                      else
                        {
                          /* Failed to return to original directory,
                           * but we know that the current working
                           * directory is not the one that we intend
                           * to be in.  Since fchdir() failed, we
                           * can't recover from this and so this error
                           * is fatal.
                           */
                          error(1, errno,
                                "failed to return to parent directory");
                        }
                    }
                  else
                    {
                      /* XXX: not sure what to use as an excuse here. */
                      rv = SafeChdirFailNonexistent;
                      rv_set = true;
                      saved_errno = 0;
                      goto fail;
                    }
                }
              
              close(dotfd);
              return SafeChdirOK;
            }
          else
            {
              saved_errno = errno;
              if (ENOENT == saved_errno)
                {
                  rv = SafeChdirFailNonexistent;
                  rv_set = true;
                  if (options.ignore_readdir_race)
                    errno = 0;  /* don't issue err msg */
                }
              else if (ENOTDIR == saved_errno)
                {
                  /* This can happen if the we stat a directory,
                   * and then filesystem activity changes it into 
                   * a non-directory.
                   */
                  saved_errno = 0;      /* don't issue err msg */
                  rv = SafeChdirFailNotDir;
                  rv_set = true;
                }
              else
                {
                  rv = SafeChdirFailChdirFailed;
                  rv_set = true;
                }
              goto fail;
            }
        }
      else
        {
          saved_errno = errno;
          rv = SafeChdirFailStat;
          rv_set = true;

          if ( (ENOENT == saved_errno) || (0 == state.curdepth))
            saved_errno = 0;    /* don't issue err msg */
          goto fail;
        }
    }
  else
    {
      /* We do not have read permissions on "." */
      rv = SafeChdirFailWouldBeUnableToReturn;
      rv_set = true;
      goto fail;
    }

  /* This is the success path, so we clear errno.  The caller probably
   * won't be calling error() anyway.
   */
  saved_errno = 0;
  
  /* We use the same exit path for success or failure. 
   * which has occurred is recorded in RV. 
   */
 fail:
  /* We do not call error() as this would result in a duplicate error
   * message when the caller does the same thing.
   */
  if (saved_errno)
    errno = saved_errno;
  
  if (dotfd >= 0)
    {
      close(dotfd);
      dotfd = -1;
    }
  
  *did_stat = statflag;
  assert(rv_set);
  return rv;
}

#if defined(O_NOFOLLOW)
/* Safely change working directory to the specified subdirectory.  If
 * we are not allowed to follow symbolic links, we use open() with
 * O_NOFOLLOW, followed by fchdir().  This ensures that we don't
 * follow symbolic links (of course, we do follow them if the -L
 * option is in effect).
 */
static enum SafeChdirStatus
safely_chdir_nofollow(const char *dest,
                      enum TraversalDirection direction,
                      struct stat *statbuf_dest,
                      enum ChdirSymlinkHandling symlink_follow_option,
                      boolean *did_stat)
{
  int extraflags, fd;

  (void) direction;
  (void) statbuf_dest;
  
  extraflags = 0;
  *did_stat = false;
  
  switch (symlink_follow_option)
    {
    case SymlinkFollowOk:
      extraflags = 0;
      break;
      
    case SymlinkHandleDefault:
      if (following_links())
        extraflags = 0;
      else
        extraflags = O_NOFOLLOW;
      break;
    }
  
  errno = 0;
  fd = open(dest, O_RDONLY|extraflags);
  if (fd < 0)
    {
      switch (errno)
        {
        case ELOOP:
          return SafeChdirFailSymlink; /* This is why we use O_NOFOLLOW */
        case ENOENT:
          return SafeChdirFailNonexistent;
        default:
          return SafeChdirFailChdirFailed;
        }
    }
  
  errno = 0;
  if (0 == fchdir(fd))
    {
      close(fd);
      return SafeChdirOK;
    }
  else
    {
      int saved_errno = errno;
      close(fd);
      errno = saved_errno;
      
      switch (errno)
        {
        case ENOTDIR:
          return SafeChdirFailNotDir;
          
        case EACCES:
        case EBADF:             /* Shouldn't happen */
        case EINTR:
        case EIO:
        default:
          return SafeChdirFailChdirFailed;
        }
    }
}
#endif

static enum SafeChdirStatus
safely_chdir(const char *dest,
             enum TraversalDirection direction,
             struct stat *statbuf_dest,
             enum ChdirSymlinkHandling symlink_follow_option,
             boolean *did_stat)
{
  /* We're about to leave a directory.  If there are any -execdir
   * argument lists which have been built but have not yet been
   * processed, do them now because they must be done in the same
   * directory.
   */
  complete_pending_execdirs(get_eval_tree());

#if defined(O_NOFOLLOW)
  if (options.open_nofollow_available)
    return safely_chdir_nofollow(dest, direction, statbuf_dest, symlink_follow_option, did_stat);
#endif
  return safely_chdir_lstat(dest, direction, statbuf_dest, symlink_follow_option, did_stat);
}




/* Safely go back to the starting directory. */
static void
chdir_back (void)
{
  struct stat stat_buf;
  boolean dummy;
  
  if (starting_desc < 0)
    {
      if (options.debug_options & DebugSearch)
        fprintf(stderr, "chdir_back(): chdir(\"%s\")\n", starting_dir);
      
#ifdef STAT_MOUNTPOINTS
      /* We will need the mounted device list.  Get it now if we don't
       * already have it.
       */
      if (NULL == mounted_devices)
        init_mounted_dev_list(1);
#endif
      
      if (chdir (starting_dir) != 0)
        error (1, errno, "%s", starting_dir);

      wd_sanity_check(starting_dir,
                      program_name,
                      starting_dir,
                      starting_stat_buf.st_dev,
                      starting_stat_buf.st_ino,
                      &stat_buf, 0, __LINE__,
                      TraversingUp,
                      FATAL_IF_SANITY_CHECK_FAILS,
                      &dummy);
    }
  else
    {
      if (options.debug_options & DebugSearch)
        fprintf(stderr, "chdir_back(): chdir(<starting-point>)\n");

      if (fchdir (starting_desc) != 0)
        error (1, errno, "%s", starting_dir);
    }
}


/* Move to the parent of a given directory and then call a function,
 * restoring the cwd.  Don't bother changing directory if the
 * specified directory is a child of "." or is the root directory.
 */
static void
at_top (char *pathname,
        mode_t mode,
        struct stat *pstat,
        void (*action)(char *pathname,
                       char *basename,
                       int mode,
                       struct stat *pstat))
{
  int dirchange;
  char *parent_dir = dir_name(pathname);
  char *base = base_name(pathname);
  
  state.curdepth = 0;
  state.starting_path_length = strlen (pathname);

  if (0 == strcmp(pathname, parent_dir)
      || 0 == strcmp(parent_dir, "."))
    {
      dirchange = 0;
      base = pathname;
    }
  else
    {
      enum TraversalDirection direction;
      enum SafeChdirStatus chdir_status;
      struct stat st;
      boolean did_stat = false;
      
      dirchange = 1;
      if (0 == strcmp(base, ".."))
        direction = TraversingUp;
      else
        direction = TraversingDown;

      /* We pass SymlinkFollowOk to safely_chdir(), which allows it to
       * chdir() into a symbolic link.  This is only useful for the
       * case where the directory we're chdir()ing into is the
       * basename of a command line argument, for example where
       * "foo/bar/baz" is specified on the command line.  When -P is
       * in effect (the default), baz will not be followed if it is a
       * symlink, but if bar is a symlink, it _should_ be followed.
       * Hence we need the ability to override the policy set by
       * following_links().
       */
      chdir_status = safely_chdir(parent_dir, direction, &st, SymlinkFollowOk, &did_stat);
      if (SafeChdirOK != chdir_status)
        {
          const char *what = (SafeChdirFailWouldBeUnableToReturn == chdir_status) ? "." : parent_dir;
          if (errno)
            error (0, errno, "%s", what);
          else
            error (0, 0, "Failed to safely change directory into `%s'",
                   parent_dir);
            
          /* We can't process this command-line argument. */
          state.exit_status = 1;
          return;
        }
    }

  free (parent_dir);
  parent_dir = NULL;
  
  action(pathname, base, mode, pstat);
  
  if (dirchange)
    {
      chdir_back();
    }
}


static void do_process_top_dir(char *pathname,
                               char *base,
                               int mode,
                               struct stat *pstat)
{
  (void) pstat;
  
  process_path (pathname, base, false, ".", mode);
  complete_pending_execdirs(get_eval_tree());
}

static void do_process_predicate(char *pathname,
                                 char *base,
                                 int mode,
                                 struct stat *pstat)
{
  (void) mode;
  
  state.rel_pathname = base;
  apply_predicate (pathname, pstat, get_eval_tree());
}





/* Descend PATHNAME, which is a command-line argument.  

   Actions like -execdir assume that we are in the 
   parent directory of the file we're examining, 
   and on entry to this function our working directory
   is whatever it was when find was invoked.  Therefore
   If PATHNAME is "." we just leave things as they are. 
   Otherwise, we figure out what the parent directory is, 
   and move to that.
*/
static void
process_top_path (char *pathname, mode_t mode)
{
  at_top(pathname, mode, NULL, do_process_top_dir);
}


/* Info on each directory in the current tree branch, to avoid
   getting stuck in symbolic link loops.  */
static struct dir_id *dir_ids = NULL;
/* Entries allocated in `dir_ids'.  */
static int dir_alloc = 0;
/* Index in `dir_ids' of directory currently being searched.
   This is always the last valid entry.  */
static int dir_curr = -1;
/* (Arbitrary) number of entries to grow `dir_ids' by.  */
#define DIR_ALLOC_STEP 32




/* We've detected a filesystem loop.   This is caused by one of 
 * two things:
 *
 * 1. Option -L is in effect and we've hit a symbolic link that 
 *    points to an ancestor.  This is harmless.  We won't traverse the 
 *    symbolic link.
 *
 * 2. We have hit a real cycle in the directory hierarchy.  In this 
 *    case, we issue a diagnostic message (POSIX requires this) and we
 *    skip that directory entry.
 */
static void
issue_loop_warning(const char *name, const char *pathname, int level)
{
  struct stat stbuf_link;
  if (lstat(name, &stbuf_link) != 0)
    stbuf_link.st_mode = S_IFREG;
  
  if (S_ISLNK(stbuf_link.st_mode))
    {
      error(0, 0,
            _("Symbolic link `%s' is part of a loop in the directory hierarchy; we have already visited the directory to which it points."),
            pathname);
    }
  else
    {
      int distance = 1 + (dir_curr-level);
      /* We have found an infinite loop.  POSIX requires us to
       * issue a diagnostic.  Usually we won't get to here
       * because when the leaf optimisation is on, it will cause
       * the subdirectory to be skipped.  If /a/b/c/d is a hard
       * link to /a/b, then the link count of /a/b/c is 2,
       * because the ".." entry of /b/b/c/d points to /a, not
       * to /a/b/c.
       */
      error(0, 0,
            _("Filesystem loop detected; `%s' has the same device number and inode as a directory which is %d %s."),
            pathname,
            distance,
            (distance == 1 ?
             _("level higher in the filesystem hierarchy") :
             _("levels higher in the filesystem hierarchy")));
    }
}



/* Recursively descend path PATHNAME, applying the predicates.
   LEAF is true if PATHNAME is known to be in a directory that has no
   more unexamined subdirectories, and therefore it is not a directory.
   Knowing this allows us to avoid calling stat as long as possible for
   leaf files.

   NAME is PATHNAME relative to the current directory.  We access NAME
   but print PATHNAME.

   PARENT is the path of the parent of NAME, relative to find's
   starting directory.

   Return nonzero iff PATHNAME is a directory. */

static int
process_path (char *pathname, char *name, boolean leaf, char *parent,
              mode_t mode)
{
  struct stat stat_buf;
  static dev_t root_dev;        /* Device ID of current argument pathname. */
  int i;
  struct predicate *eval_tree;

  eval_tree = get_eval_tree();
  /* Assume it is a non-directory initially. */
  stat_buf.st_mode = 0;
  state.rel_pathname = name;
  state.type = 0;
  state.have_stat = false;
  state.have_type = false;

  if (!digest_mode(mode, pathname, name, &stat_buf, leaf))
    return 0;
  
  if (!S_ISDIR (state.type))
    {
      if (state.curdepth >= options.mindepth)
        apply_predicate (pathname, &stat_buf, eval_tree);
      return 0;
    }

  /* From here on, we're working on a directory.  */

  
  /* Now we really need to stat the directory, even if we know the
   * type, because we need information like struct stat.st_rdev.
   */
  if (get_statinfo(pathname, name, &stat_buf) != 0)
    return 0;

  state.have_stat = true;
  mode = state.type = stat_buf.st_mode; /* use full info now that we have it. */
  state.stop_at_current_level =
    options.maxdepth >= 0
    && state.curdepth >= options.maxdepth;

  /* If we've already seen this directory on this branch,
     don't descend it again.  */
  for (i = 0; i <= dir_curr; i++)
    if (stat_buf.st_ino == dir_ids[i].ino &&
        stat_buf.st_dev == dir_ids[i].dev)
      {
        state.stop_at_current_level = true;
        issue_loop_warning(name, pathname, i);
      }
  
  if (dir_alloc <= ++dir_curr)
    {
      dir_alloc += DIR_ALLOC_STEP;
      dir_ids = (struct dir_id *)
        xrealloc ((char *) dir_ids, dir_alloc * sizeof (struct dir_id));
    }
  dir_ids[dir_curr].ino = stat_buf.st_ino;
  dir_ids[dir_curr].dev = stat_buf.st_dev;

  if (options.stay_on_filesystem)
    {
      if (state.curdepth == 0)
        root_dev = stat_buf.st_dev;
      else if (stat_buf.st_dev != root_dev)
        state.stop_at_current_level = true;
    }

  if (options.do_dir_first && state.curdepth >= options.mindepth)
    apply_predicate (pathname, &stat_buf, eval_tree);

  if (options.debug_options & DebugSearch)
    fprintf(stderr, "pathname = %s, stop_at_current_level = %d\n",
            pathname, state.stop_at_current_level);
  
  if (state.stop_at_current_level == false)
    /* Scan directory on disk. */
    process_dir (pathname, name, strlen (pathname), &stat_buf, parent);

  if (options.do_dir_first == false && state.curdepth >= options.mindepth)
    {
      /* The fields in 'state' are now out of date.  Correct them.
       */
      if (!digest_mode(mode, pathname, name, &stat_buf, leaf))
        return 0;

      if (0 == dir_curr)
        {
          at_top(pathname, mode, &stat_buf, do_process_predicate);
        }
      else
        {
          do_process_predicate(pathname, name, mode, &stat_buf);
        }
    }

  dir_curr--;

  return 1;
}



/* Scan directory PATHNAME and recurse through process_path for each entry.

   PATHLEN is the length of PATHNAME.

   NAME is PATHNAME relative to the current directory.

   STATP is the results of *options.xstat on it.

   PARENT is the path of the parent of NAME, relative to find's
   starting directory.  */

static void
process_dir (char *pathname, char *name, int pathlen, struct stat *statp, char *parent)
{
  int subdirs_left;             /* Number of unexamined subdirs in PATHNAME. */
  boolean subdirs_unreliable;   /* if true, cannot use dir link count as subdir limif (if false, it may STILL be unreliable) */
  unsigned int idx;             /* Which entry are we on? */
  struct stat stat_buf;

  struct savedir_dirinfo *dirinfo;

  if (statp->st_nlink < 2)
    {
      subdirs_unreliable = true;
    }
  else
    {
      subdirs_unreliable = false; /* not necessarily right */
      subdirs_left = statp->st_nlink - 2; /* Account for name and ".". */
    }
  
  errno = 0;
  dirinfo = xsavedir(name, 0);

  
  if (dirinfo == NULL)
    {
      assert(errno != 0);
      error (0, errno, "%s", pathname);
      state.exit_status = 1;
    }
  else
    {
      register char *namep;     /* Current point in `name_space'. */
      char *cur_path;           /* Full path of each file to process. */
      char *cur_name;           /* Base name of each file to process. */
      unsigned cur_path_size;   /* Bytes allocated for `cur_path'. */
      register unsigned file_len; /* Length of each path to process. */
      register unsigned pathname_len; /* PATHLEN plus trailing '/'. */
      boolean did_stat = false;
      
      if (pathname[pathlen - 1] == '/')
        pathname_len = pathlen + 1; /* For '\0'; already have '/'. */
      else
        pathname_len = pathlen + 2; /* For '/' and '\0'. */
      cur_path_size = 0;
      cur_path = NULL;

      /* We're about to leave the directory.  If there are any
       * -execdir argument lists which have been built but have not
       * yet been processed, do them now because they must be done in
       * the same directory.
       */
      complete_pending_execdirs(get_eval_tree());
      
      if (strcmp (name, "."))
        {
          enum SafeChdirStatus status = safely_chdir (name, TraversingDown, &stat_buf, SymlinkHandleDefault, &did_stat);
          switch (status)
            {
            case SafeChdirOK:
              /* If there had been a change but wd_sanity_check()
               * accepted it, we need to accept that on the 
               * way back up as well, so modify our record 
               * of what we think we should see later.
               * If there was no change, the assignments are a no-op.
               *
               * However, before performing the assignment, we need to
               * check that we have the stat information.   If O_NOFOLLOW
               * is available, safely_chdir() will not have needed to use 
               * stat(), and so stat_buf will just contain random data.
               */
              if (!did_stat)
                {
                  /* If there is a link we need to follow it.  Hence 
                   * the direct call to stat() not through (options.xstat)
                   */
                  if (0 != stat(".", &stat_buf))
                    break;      /* skip the assignment. */
                }
              dir_ids[dir_curr].dev = stat_buf.st_dev;
              dir_ids[dir_curr].ino = stat_buf.st_ino;
              
              break;
      
            case SafeChdirFailWouldBeUnableToReturn:
              error (0, errno, ".");
              state.exit_status = 1;
              break;
              
            case SafeChdirFailNonexistent:
            case SafeChdirFailStat:
            case SafeChdirFailNotDir:
            case SafeChdirFailChdirFailed:
              error (0, errno, "%s", pathname);
              state.exit_status = 1;
              return;
              
            case SafeChdirFailSymlink:
              error (0, 0,
                     _("warning: not following the symbolic link %s"),
                     pathname);
              state.exit_status = 1;
              return;
            }
        }

      for (idx=0; idx < dirinfo->size; ++idx)
        {
          /* savedirinfo() may return dirinfo=NULL if extended information 
           * is not available. 
           */
          mode_t mode = (dirinfo->entries[idx].flags & SavedirHaveFileType) ? 
            dirinfo->entries[idx].type_info : 0;
          namep = dirinfo->entries[idx].name;

          /* Append this directory entry's name to the path being searched. */
          file_len = pathname_len + strlen (namep);
          if (file_len > cur_path_size)
            {
              while (file_len > cur_path_size)
                cur_path_size += 1024;
              if (cur_path)
                free (cur_path);
              cur_path = xmalloc (cur_path_size);
              strcpy (cur_path, pathname);
              cur_path[pathname_len - 2] = '/';
            }
          cur_name = cur_path + pathname_len - 1;
          strcpy (cur_name, namep);

          state.curdepth++;
          if (!options.no_leaf_check && !subdirs_unreliable)
            {
              if (mode && S_ISDIR(mode) && (subdirs_left == 0))
                {
                  /* This is a subdirectory, but the number of directories we 
                   * have found now exceeds the number we would expect given 
                   * the hard link count on the parent.   This is likely to be 
                   * a bug in the filesystem driver (e.g. Linux's 
                   * /proc filesystem) or may just be a fact that the OS 
                   * doesn't really handle hard links with Unix semantics.
                   * In the latter case, -noleaf should be used routinely.
                   */
                  error(0, 0, _("WARNING: Hard link count is wrong for %s: this may be a bug in your filesystem driver.  Automatically turning on find's -noleaf option.  Earlier results may have failed to include directories that should have been searched."),
                        pathname);
                  state.exit_status = 1; /* We know the result is wrong, now */
                  options.no_leaf_check = true; /* Don't make same
                                                   mistake again */
                  subdirs_left = 1; /* band-aid for this iteration. */
                }
              
              /* Normal case optimization.  On normal Unix
                 filesystems, a directory that has no subdirectories
                 has two links: its name, and ".".  Any additional
                 links are to the ".." entries of its subdirectories.
                 Once we have processed as many subdirectories as
                 there are additional links, we know that the rest of
                 the entries are non-directories -- in other words,
                 leaf files. */
              subdirs_left -= process_path (cur_path, cur_name,
                                            subdirs_left == 0, pathname,
                                            mode);
            }
          else
            {
              /* There might be weird (e.g., CD-ROM or MS-DOS) filesystems
                 mounted, which don't have Unix-like directory link counts. */
              process_path (cur_path, cur_name, false, pathname, mode);
            }
          
          state.curdepth--;
        }


      /* We're about to leave the directory.  If there are any
       * -execdir argument lists which have been built but have not
       * yet been processed, do them now because they must be done in
       * the same directory.
       */
      complete_pending_execdirs(get_eval_tree()); 

      if (strcmp (name, "."))
        {
          enum SafeChdirStatus status;
          struct dir_id did;
          boolean did_stat = false;
          
          /* We could go back and do the next command-line arg
             instead, maybe using longjmp.  */
          char const *dir;
          boolean deref = following_links() ? true : false;
          
          if ( (state.curdepth>0) && !deref)
            dir = "..";
          else
            {
              chdir_back ();
              dir = parent;
            }
          
          status = safely_chdir (dir, TraversingUp, &stat_buf, SymlinkHandleDefault, &did_stat);
          switch (status)
            {
            case SafeChdirOK:
              break;
      
            case SafeChdirFailWouldBeUnableToReturn:
              error (1, errno, ".");
              return;
              
            case SafeChdirFailNonexistent:
            case SafeChdirFailStat:
            case SafeChdirFailSymlink:
            case SafeChdirFailNotDir:
            case SafeChdirFailChdirFailed:
              error (1, errno, "%s", pathname);
              return;
            }

          if (dir_curr > 0)
            {
              did.dev = dir_ids[dir_curr-1].dev;
              did.ino = dir_ids[dir_curr-1].ino;
            }
          else
            {
              did.dev = starting_stat_buf.st_dev;
              did.ino = starting_stat_buf.st_ino;
            }
        }

      if (cur_path)
        free (cur_path);
      free_dirinfo(dirinfo);
    }
}