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1This is gzip.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from gzip.texi.
2
3 This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.11, 5 February 2007), and
4documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
5
6 Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2007 Free Software
7Foundation, Inc.
8
9 Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
10
11 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
12 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
13 Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
14 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
15 and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
16 in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
17
18INFO-DIR-SECTION Utilities
19START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
20* Gzip: (gzip). The gzip command for compressing files.
21END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
22
23INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
24START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
25* gzip: (gzip)Invoking gzip. Compress files.
26END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
27
28
29File: gzip.info, Node: Top, Next: Overview, Up: (dir)
30
31Compressing Files
32*****************
33
34This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.11, 5 February 2007), and
35documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
36
37 Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2007 Free Software
38Foundation, Inc.
39
40 Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
41
42 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
43 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
44 Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
45 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
46 and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
47 in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
48
49* Menu:
50
51* Overview:: Preliminary information.
52* Sample:: Sample output from `gzip'.
53* Invoking gzip:: How to run `gzip'.
54* Advanced usage:: Concatenated files.
55* Environment:: The `GZIP' environment variable
56* Tapes:: Using `gzip' on tapes.
57* Problems:: Reporting bugs.
58* Copying This Manual:: How to make copies of this manual.
59* Concept Index:: Index of concepts.
60
61
62File: gzip.info, Node: Overview, Next: Sample, Prev: Top, Up: Top
63
641 Overview
65**********
66
67`gzip' reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding
68(LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the
69extension `.gz', while keeping the same ownership modes, access and
70modification times. (The default extension is `-gz' for VMS, `z' for
71MSDOS, OS/2 FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified or if a file
72name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard output.
73`gzip' will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it
74will ignore symbolic links.
75
76 If the new file name is too long for its file system, `gzip'
77truncates it. `gzip' attempts to truncate only the parts of the file
78name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) If the
79name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated.
80For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe
81is compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems
82which do not have a limit on file name length.
83
84 By default, `gzip' keeps the original file name and time stamp in
85the compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with
86the `-N' option. This is useful when the compressed file name was
87truncated or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file
88transfer. However, due to limitations in the current `gzip' file
89format, fractional seconds are discarded. Also, time stamps must fall
90within the range 1970-01-01 00:00:00 through 2106-02-07 06:28:15 UTC,
91and hosts whose operating systems use 32-bit time stamps are further
92restricted to time stamps no later than 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. The
93upper bounds assume the typical case where leap seconds are ignored.
94
95 Compressed files can be restored to their original form using `gzip
96-d' or `gunzip' or `zcat'. If the original name saved in the
97compressed file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is
98constructed from the original one to make it legal.
99
100 `gunzip' takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each
101file whose name ends with `.gz', `.z', `.Z', `-gz', `-z' or `_z' and
102which begins with the correct magic number with an uncompressed file
103without the original extension. `gunzip' also recognizes the special
104extensions `.tgz' and `.taz' as shorthands for `.tar.gz' and `.tar.Z'
105respectively. When compressing, `gzip' uses the `.tgz' extension if
106necessary instead of truncating a file with a `.tar' extension.
107
108 `gunzip' can currently decompress files created by `gzip', `zip',
109`compress' or `pack'. The detection of the input format is automatic.
110When using the first two formats, `gunzip' checks a 32 bit CRC (cyclic
111redundancy check). For `pack', `gunzip' checks the uncompressed
112length. The `compress' format was not designed to allow consistency
113checks. However `gunzip' is sometimes able to detect a bad `.Z' file.
114If you get an error when uncompressing a `.Z' file, do not assume that
115the `.Z' file is correct simply because the standard `uncompress' does
116not complain. This generally means that the standard `uncompress' does
117not check its input, and happily generates garbage output. The SCO
118`compress -H' format (LZH compression method) does not include a CRC but
119also allows some consistency checks.
120
121 Files created by `zip' can be uncompressed by `gzip' only if they
122have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This
123feature is only intended to help conversion of `tar.zip' files to the
124`tar.gz' format. To extract a `zip' file with a single member, use a
125command like `gunzip <foo.zip' or `gunzip -S .zip foo.zip'. To extract
126`zip' files with several members, use `unzip' instead of `gunzip'.
127
128 `zcat' is identical to `gunzip -c'. `zcat' uncompresses either a
129list of files on the command line or its standard input and writes the
130uncompressed data on standard output. `zcat' will uncompress files
131that have the correct magic number whether they have a `.gz' suffix or
132not.
133
134 `gzip' uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in `zip' and PKZIP. The
135amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and the
136distribution of common substrings. Typically, text such as source code
137or English is reduced by 60-70%. Compression is generally much better
138than that achieved by LZW (as used in `compress'), Huffman coding (as
139used in `pack'), or adaptive Huffman coding (`compact').
140
141 Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is
142slightly larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few
143bytes for the `gzip' file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an
144expansion ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number
145of used disk blocks almost never increases. `gzip' normally preserves
146the mode, ownership and time stamps of files when compressing or
147decompressing.
148
149 The `gzip' file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format
150specification version 4.3, Internet RFC 1952
151(ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1952.txt) (May 1996). The `zip'
152deflation format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Compressed Data
153Format Specification version 1.3, Internet RFC 1951
154(ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1951.txt) (May 1996).
155
156
157File: gzip.info, Node: Sample, Next: Invoking gzip, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
158
1592 Sample Output
160***************
161
162Here are some realistic examples of running `gzip'.
163
164 This is the output of the command `gzip -h':
165
166 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
167 Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).
168
169 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
170
171 -c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
172 -d, --decompress decompress
173 -f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
174 -h, --help give this help
175 -l, --list list compressed file contents
176 -L, --license display software license
177 -n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
178 -N, --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
179 -q, --quiet suppress all warnings
180 -r, --recursive operate recursively on directories
181 -S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files
182 -t, --test test compressed file integrity
183 -v, --verbose verbose mode
184 -V, --version display version number
185 -1, --fast compress faster
186 -9, --best compress better
187
188 With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
189
190 Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>.
191
192 This is the output of the command `gzip -v texinfo.tex':
193
194 texinfo.tex: 69.3% -- replaced with texinfo.tex.gz
195
196 The following command will find all regular `.gz' files in the
197current directory and subdirectories (skipping file names that contain
198newlines), and extract them in place without destroying the original,
199stopping on the first failure:
200
201 find . -name '*
202 *' -prune -o -name '*.gz' -type f -print |
203 sed "
204 s/'/'\\''/g
205 s/^\\(.*\\)\\.gz$/gunzip <'\\1.gz' >'\\1'/
206 " |
207 sh -e
208
209
210File: gzip.info, Node: Invoking gzip, Next: Advanced usage, Prev: Sample, Up: Top
211
2123 Invoking `gzip'
213*****************
214
215The format for running the `gzip' program is:
216
217 gzip OPTION ...
218
219 `gzip' supports the following options:
220
221`--stdout'
222`--to-stdout'
223`-c'
224 Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged.
225 If there are several input files, the output consists of a
226 sequence of independently compressed members. To obtain better
227 compression, concatenate all input files before compressing them.
228
229`--decompress'
230`--uncompress'
231`-d'
232 Decompress.
233
234`--force'
235`-f'
236 Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple
237 links or the corresponding file already exists, or if the
238 compressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the
239 input data is not in a format recognized by `gzip', and if the
240 option `--stdout' is also given, copy the input data without
241 change to the standard output: let `zcat' behave as `cat'. If
242 `-f' is not given, and when not running in the background, `gzip'
243 prompts to verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.
244
245`--help'
246`-h'
247 Print an informative help message describing the options then quit.
248
249`--list'
250`-l'
251 For each compressed file, list the following fields:
252
253 compressed size: size of the compressed file
254 uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file
255 ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
256 uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file
257
258 The uncompressed size is given as -1 for files not in `gzip'
259 format, such as compressed `.Z' files. To get the uncompressed
260 size for such a file, you can use:
261
262 zcat file.Z | wc -c
263
264 In combination with the `--verbose' option, the following fields
265 are also displayed:
266
267 method: compression method (deflate,compress,lzh,pack)
268 crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data
269 date & time: time stamp for the uncompressed file
270
271 The CRC is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.
272
273 With `--verbose', the size totals and compression ratio for all
274 files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With
275 `--quiet', the title and totals lines are not displayed.
276
277 The `gzip' format represents the input size modulo 2^32, so the
278 uncompressed size and compression ratio are listed incorrectly for
279 uncompressed files 4 GiB and larger. To work around this problem,
280 you can use the following command to discover a large uncompressed
281 file's true size:
282
283 zcat file.gz | wc -c
284
285`--license'
286`-L'
287 Display the `gzip' license then quit.
288
289`--no-name'
290`-n'
291 When compressing, do not save the original file name and time
292 stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if the name
293 had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the
294 original file name if present (remove only the `gzip' suffix from
295 the compressed file name) and do not restore the original time
296 stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option
297 is the default when decompressing.
298
299`--name'
300`-N'
301 When compressing, always save the original file name and time
302 stamp; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the
303 original file name and time stamp if present. This option is
304 useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when
305 the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer.
306
307`--quiet'
308`-q'
309 Suppress all warning messages.
310
311`--recursive'
312`-r'
313 Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file
314 names specified on the command line are directories, `gzip' will
315 descend into the directory and compress all the files it finds
316 there (or decompress them in the case of `gunzip').
317
318`--suffix SUF'
319`-S SUF'
320 Use suffix SUF instead of `.gz'. Any suffix can be given, but
321 suffixes other than `.z' and `.gz' should be avoided to avoid
322 confusion when files are transferred to other systems. A null
323 suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given files
324 regardless of suffix, as in:
325
326 gunzip -S "" * (*.* for MSDOS)
327
328 Previous versions of gzip used the `.z' suffix. This was changed
329 to avoid a conflict with `pack'.
330
331`--test'
332`-t'
333 Test. Check the compressed file integrity.
334
335`--verbose'
336`-v'
337 Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file
338 compressed.
339
340`--version'
341`-V'
342 Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then
343 quit.
344
345`--fast'
346`--best'
347`-N'
348 Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit N,
349 where `-1' or `--fast' indicates the fastest compression method
350 (less compression) and `--best' or `-9' indicates the slowest
351 compression method (optimal compression). The default compression
352 level is `-6' (that is, biased towards high compression at expense
353 of speed).
354
355
356File: gzip.info, Node: Advanced usage, Next: Environment, Prev: Invoking gzip, Up: Top
357
3584 Advanced usage
359****************
360
361Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case, `gunzip'
362will extract all members at once. If one member is damaged, other
363members might still be recovered after removal of the damaged member.
364Better compression can be usually obtained if all members are
365decompressed and then recompressed in a single step.
366
367 This is an example of concatenating `gzip' files:
368
369 gzip -c file1 > foo.gz
370 gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz
371
372Then
373
374 gunzip -c foo
375
376is equivalent to
377
378 cat file1 file2
379
380 In case of damage to one member of a `.gz' file, other members can
381still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you
382can get better compression by compressing all members at once:
383
384 cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz
385
386compresses better than
387
388 gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz
389
390 If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better
391compression, do:
392
393 zcat old.gz | gzip > new.gz
394
395 If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed
396size and CRC reported by the `--list' option applies to the last member
397only. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use:
398
399 zcat file.gz | wc -c
400
401 If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members so
402that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such
403as `tar' or `zip'. GNU `tar' supports the `-z' option to invoke `gzip'
404transparently. `gzip' is designed as a complement to `tar', not as a
405replacement.
406
407
408File: gzip.info, Node: Environment, Next: Tapes, Prev: Advanced usage, Up: Top
409
4105 Environment
411*************
412
413The environment variable `GZIP' can hold a set of default options for
414`gzip'. These options are interpreted first and can be overwritten by
415explicit command line parameters. For example:
416
417 for sh: GZIP="-8v --name"; export GZIP
418 for csh: setenv GZIP "-8v --name"
419 for MSDOS: set GZIP=-8v --name
420
421 On VMS, the name of the environment variable is `GZIP_OPT', to avoid
422a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of the program.
423
424
425File: gzip.info, Node: Tapes, Next: Problems, Prev: Environment, Up: Top
426
4276 Using `gzip' on tapes
428***********************
429
430When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to pad
431the output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is read
432and the whole block is passed to `gunzip' for decompression, `gunzip'
433detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the compressed data
434and emits a warning by default if the garbage contains nonzero bytes.
435You have to use the `--quiet' option to suppress the warning. This
436option can be set in the `GZIP' environment variable, as in:
437
438 for sh: GZIP="-q" tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0
439 for csh: (setenv GZIP "-q"; tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0)
440
441 In the above example, `gzip' is invoked implicitly by the `-z'
442option of GNU `tar'. Make sure that the same block size (`-b' option
443of `tar') is used for reading and writing compressed data on tapes.
444(This example assumes you are using the GNU version of `tar'.)
445
446
447File: gzip.info, Node: Problems, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: Tapes, Up: Top
448
4497 Reporting Bugs
450****************
451
452If you find a bug in `gzip', please send electronic mail to
453<bug-gzip@gnu.org>. Include the version number, which you can find by
454running `gzip -V'. Also include in your message the hardware and
455operating system, the compiler used to compile `gzip', a description of
456the bug behavior, and the input to `gzip' that triggered the bug.
457
458
459File: gzip.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Problems, Up: Top
460
461Appendix A Copying This Manual
462******************************
463
464* Menu:
465
466* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.
467
468
469File: gzip.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
470
471A.1 GNU Free Documentation License
472==================================
473
474 Version 1.2, November 2002
475
476 Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
477 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
478
479 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
480 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
481
482 0. PREAMBLE
483
484 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
485 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
486 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
487 with or without modifying it, either commercially or
488 noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
489 author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
490 being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
491
492 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
493 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
494 It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
495 license designed for free software.
496
497 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
498 free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
499 free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
500 that the software does. But this License is not limited to
501 software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
502 of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
503 We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
504 instruction or reference.
505
506 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
507
508 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
509 that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
510 can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
511 grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
512 to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
513 "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
514 of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You
515 accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
516 way requiring permission under copyright law.
517
518 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
519 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
520 modifications and/or translated into another language.
521
522 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
523 of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
524 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
525 subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
526 fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
527 is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
528 explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
529 historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
530 of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
531 regarding them.
532
533 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
534 titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
535 the notice that says that the Document is released under this
536 License. If a section does not fit the above definition of
537 Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
538 The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document
539 does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
540
541 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
542 listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
543 that says that the Document is released under this License. A
544 Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
545 be at most 25 words.
546
547 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
548 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
549 general public, that is suitable for revising the document
550 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
551 composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
552 widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
553 text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
554 formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
555 otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
556 markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
557 modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
558 not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A
559 copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
560
561 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
562 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
563 SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
564 standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for
565 human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include
566 PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that
567 can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
568 XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
569 available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
570 produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
571
572 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
573 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
574 material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
575 works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
576 Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
577 work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
578
579 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
580 whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
581 following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
582 stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
583 "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
584 To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
585 Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
586 to this definition.
587
588 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
589 which states that this License applies to the Document. These
590 Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
591 this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
592 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
593 has no effect on the meaning of this License.
594
595 2. VERBATIM COPYING
596
597 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
598 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
599 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
600 applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
601 add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
602 may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
603 or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
604 you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
605 distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
606 the conditions in section 3.
607
608 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
609 and you may publicly display copies.
610
611 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
612
613 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
614 have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
615 the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
616 enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
617 these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
618 Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
619 and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
620 front cover must present the full title with all words of the
621 title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
622 on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
623 covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
624 satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
625 other respects.
626
627 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
628 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
629 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
630 adjacent pages.
631
632 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
633 numbering more than 100, you must either include a
634 machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
635 state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
636 which the general network-using public has access to download
637 using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
638 copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
639 latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
640 begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
641 this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
642 location until at least one year after the last time you
643 distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
644 retailers) of that edition to the public.
645
646 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
647 the Document well before redistributing any large number of
648 copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
649 version of the Document.
650
651 4. MODIFICATIONS
652
653 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
654 under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
655 release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
656 the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
657 licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
658 whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
659 things in the Modified Version:
660
661 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
662 distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
663 previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
664 in the History section of the Document). You may use the
665 same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
666 that version gives permission.
667
668 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
669 entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
670 the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
671 principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
672 authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
673 from this requirement.
674
675 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
676 Modified Version, as the publisher.
677
678 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
679
680 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
681 adjacent to the other copyright notices.
682
683 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
684 notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
685 Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
686 the Addendum below.
687
688 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
689 Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
690 license notice.
691
692 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
693
694 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
695 and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
696 authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
697 the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in
698 the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
699 and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
700 then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
701 the previous sentence.
702
703 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
704 for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
705 likewise the network locations given in the Document for
706 previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
707 the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
708 work that was published at least four years before the
709 Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
710 it refers to gives permission.
711
712 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
713 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
714 section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
715 acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
716
717 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
718 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
719 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
720 titles.
721
722 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
723 may not be included in the Modified Version.
724
725 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
726 "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
727 Section.
728
729 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
730
731 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
732 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
733 material copied from the Document, you may at your option
734 designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
735 add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
736 Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
737 other section titles.
738
739 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
740 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
741 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
742 has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
743 definition of a standard.
744
745 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
746 and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
747 of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
748 passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
749 added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
750 Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
751 previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
752 you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
753 replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
754 publisher that added the old one.
755
756 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
757 License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
758 assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
759
760 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
761
762 You may combine the Document with other documents released under
763 this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
764 modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
765 all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
766 unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
767 combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
768 their Warranty Disclaimers.
769
770 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
771 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
772 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
773 but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
774 by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
775 original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
776 unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
777 the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
778 combined work.
779
780 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
781 "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
782 Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
783 "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
784 must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
785
786 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
787
788 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
789 documents released under this License, and replace the individual
790 copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
791 that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
792 rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
793 documents in all other respects.
794
795 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
796 distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
797 a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
798 this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
799 that document.
800
801 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
802
803 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
804 separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
805 a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
806 copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
807 legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
808 works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
809 License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
810 are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
811
812 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
813 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
814 of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
815 on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
816 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
817 form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
818 the whole aggregate.
819
820 8. TRANSLATION
821
822 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
823 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
824 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
825 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
826 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
827 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
828 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
829 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
830 include the original English version of this License and the
831 original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
832 disagreement between the translation and the original version of
833 this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
834 prevail.
835
836 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
837 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
838 Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
839 actual title.
840
841 9. TERMINATION
842
843 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
844 except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
845 attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
846 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
847 License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
848 from you under this License will not have their licenses
849 terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
850
851 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
852
853 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
854 the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
855 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
856 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
857 `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
858
859 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
860 number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
861 version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
862 have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
863 that specified version or of any later version that has been
864 published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
865 the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
866 you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
867 Free Software Foundation.
868
869ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
870====================================================
871
872To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
873the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
874notices just after the title page:
875
876 Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
877 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
878 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
879 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
880 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
881 Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
882 Free Documentation License''.
883
884 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
885Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
886
887 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
888 the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
889 being LIST.
890
891 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
892combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
893situation.
894
895 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
896recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
897free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
898permit their use in free software.
899
900
901File: gzip.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
902
903Appendix B Concept Index
904************************
905
906[index]
907* Menu:
908
909* bugs: Problems. (line 6)
910* concatenated files: Advanced usage. (line 6)
911* Environment: Environment. (line 6)
912* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
913 (line 6)
914* invoking: Invoking gzip. (line 6)
915* options: Invoking gzip. (line 6)
916* overview: Overview. (line 6)
917* sample: Sample. (line 6)
918* tapes: Tapes. (line 6)
919
920
921
922Tag Table:
923Node: Top1018
924Node: Overview2164
925Node: Sample7362
926Node: Invoking gzip9298
927Node: Advanced usage14290
928Node: Environment15877
929Node: Tapes16442
930Node: Problems17459
931Node: Copying This Manual17918
932Node: GNU Free Documentation License18156
933Node: Concept Index40552
934
935End Tag Table
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