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1	<HTML>
2	<HEAD>
3	<TITLE>Generalised Bitmap Module</TITLE>
4	</HEAD>
5	<BODY>
6
7	<H1>Generalised Bitmap Module</H1>
8
9	<!--...sIntroduction:0:-->
10	<H2>Introduction</H2>
11
12	<P>The GBM package consists of a number of components :-
13
14	<P>
15	<UL>
16	<LI>A peice of code capable of loading and saving bitmap files
17	in a variety of popular
18	<A HREF="#formats">file formats</A>.
19	Programs may be written to use this code, and thus be able to
20	access a variety of file formats without actually knowing
21	what format the pictures are in, or any details about file format itself.
22	<LI>Some peices of code that perform common operations on bitmap data.
23	Such as reflection, X-Y transposition, rotation, cropping, scaling,
24	halftoning, error-diffusing, palette mapping, and colour space mapping.
25	<LI>Some sample
26	<A HREF="#cmdline">command line programs</A>
27	which use the above code.
28	</UL>
29	<!--...e-->
30	<!--...sDistributed packages:0:-->
31	<H2>Distributed packages</H2>
32
33	<P>The GBM packages are best obtained via the links on my home page :-
34
35	<P>
36	<UL>
37	<LI><A HREF="http://www.interalpha.net/customer/nyangau/">
38	<CODE>http://www.interalpha.net/customer/nyangau/</CODE></A>
39	</UL>
40
41	<P>The basic GBMOS2 package contains all the OS/2 executables.
42	Often GBMDOS32, GBMWIN, GBMAIX, GBMLINUX and other packages are available too.
43
44	<P>The GBMSRC source package contains all the source code,
45	which is 32 bit portable C.
46	Makefiles for OS/2 (VisualAge C++),
47	Win32 (Visual C++ 4.2, 5.0, 6.0),
48	and UNIX (using xlc under AIX, and gcc under Linux) are included.
49	See the <A HREF="gbmsrc.htm">source documentation</A>
50
51	<P>All the GBM source code is written using Andys Source Code Folding Editor,
52	and this is also accessible via my home page.
53	The source will look funny (have strange comments in it, etc.) when veiwed
54	using a regular 'flat' editor.
55
56	<P>There is a GBMOS2PM package, which contains programs specific to OS/2
57	and to OS/2 with Presentation Manager.
58	These include GBMV, GBMV2, GBMVFSA and GBMLOGO.
59	These used to be a part of the standard packages, but I have recently
60	split them out as most people don't have or use OS/2.
61	See the <A HREF="gbmos2pm.htm">OS/2 extras documentation</A>.
62	<!--...e-->
63	<!--...sJPEG support:0:-->
64	<A NAME="jpeg">
65	<H2>JPEG support</H2></A>
66
67	<P>The Independant JPEG Group have generously allowed others to
68	use their source code to their JPEG handling library.
69	The only condition of use is that the IJG must be credited for their work.
70	Try looking for this library at :-
71
72	<P>
73	<UL>
74	<LI><A HREF="ftp://sun2.urz.uni-heidelberg.de/pub/simtel/graphics/jpegsr6a.zip">
75	<CODE>ftp://sun2.urz.uni-heidelberg.de/pub/simtel/graphics/jpegsr6a.zip</CODE></A>.
76	<LI><A HREF="ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/graphics/jpegsr6a.zip">
77	<CODE>ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/graphics/jpegsr6a.zip</CODE></A>.
78	<LI><A HREF="http://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/systems/ibmpc/simtel/msdos/graphics/jpegsr6a.zip">
79	<CODE>http://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/systems/ibmpc/simtel/msdos/graphics/jpegsr6a.zip</CODE></A>.
80	</UL>
81
82	<P>Martin Lisowski <CODE><mlisowsk@aixterm1.urz.uni-heidelberg.de></CODE>
83	has generously donated his <CODE>gbmjpg.c</CODE> to GBM.
84	This file allows GBM to use the IJG 6a library.
85
86	<P>GBM may be compiled up either with or without JPEG support.
87	If you use the JPEG enabled variety of GBM in your project,
88	you must credit the IJG.
89
90	<P>This code has been tested on OS/2, AIX, Linux and NT.
91	<!--...e-->
92	<!--...sFormats supported:0:-->
93	<A NAME="formats">
94	<H2>Formats supported</H2></A>
95
96	<P>GBM supports a variety of file formats, such as GIF, TIFF, PCX etc..
97
98	<P>Normally, applications using GBM deduce the file format from the file
99	extension.
100	eg: <CODE>filename.gif</CODE> is a Compu$erve GIF file.
101
102	<P>When specifying file names to programs written using GBM, it is usually
103	possible to append a comma seperated list of format specific options.
104	eg: you can say <CODE>webpiccy.gif,ilace</CODE>.
105	In this case, the <CODE>ilace</CODE> is a cue to the code in GBM which writes
106	GIF files, to tell it to write an interlaced GIF.
107
108	<P>
109	<PRE>
110	Short name : Long name : File extensions
111	Comments
112	</PRE>
113	<PRE>
114	Bitmap : OS/2 1.1, 1.2, 2.0 / Windows 3.0 bitmap : .BMP .VGA .BGA .RLE .DIB .RL4 .RL8
115	Reads any of the above if uncompressed or run-length compressed.
116	Will not read CCITT G3 MH Fax compressed files.
117	Will not read 24 bit RLE files.
118	If input is an OS/2 bitmaparray file then which bitmap can be specified.
119	Input options: index=# (default: 0)
120	Can be made to write OS/2 1.1 or Windows 3.0 / OS/2 2.0 bitmaps
121	Output options: 1.1,win,2.0 (default: 2.0, note win=2.0)
122	The handling of 1bpp bitmaps is a little complicated.
123	When reading 1bpp bitmaps, the palette is ignored.
124	1's are considered foreground, and they are considered black.
125	0's are considered background, and they are considered white.
126	This agrees with WorkPlace Shell WPFolder background mode, and most PM
127	programs, but notably disagrees with Windows PBrush.
128	When writing 1bpp bitmaps, the actual 2 colours in the palette are
129	ignored, and a fixed palette is written. This is so that the resulting
130	bitmap will display 1's in black on 0's in white when displayed by
131	WPFolder etc..
132	Foreground and background colours in palette can be inverted on input.
133	Input options: inv
134	Foreground and background colours in palette can be inverted on output.
135	Output options: inv
136	Foreground and background colours in bits can be inverted on input.
137	Input options: invb
138	Foreground and background colours in bits can be inverted on output.
139	Output options: invb
140	The best option for writing 1bpp bitmaps is to write the darkest
141	colour as the foreground. The resulting bitmap will have darkest
142	colour as 1 bits, and lightest colour as 0 bits. When reloaded
143	WPFolders and GBM will give a black 1's on white 0's picture.
144	Output option: darkfg
145	Also, there is an option for writing 1bpp bitmaps with the lightest
146	colour as foreground. As WPFolder and GBM assume the foreground is
147	black and the background is white on reloading, this will typically
148	cause the image to be inverted.
149	Output option: lightfg
150	</PRE>
151	<PRE>
152	GIF : CompuServe Graphics Interchange Format : .GIF
153	Reads 1, bit data files.
154	Reads 2, 3 and 4 bit data files and presents them as 4 bit.
155	Reads 5, 6, 7 and 8 bit data files and presents them as 8 bit.
156	Writes 1, 4 and 8 bit data files.
157	Reads "GIF87a" and "GIF89a" style files.
158	Writes "GIF87a" style files.
159	Will write "GIF89a" file, if the transcol= option is used.
160	Should correctly handle deferred clear-code in LZW data stream.
161	Will not generate output with deferred clear-code.
162	ie: should not break older GIF readers.
163	Can specify index of image within file on read.
164	Input option: index=# (default 0)
165	Can specify to return decoded data so far rather than error if corrupt.
166	Input option: errok
167	Can specify screen size to write in output screen descriptor.
168	Output options: xscreen=#,yscreen=# (defaults: image size).
169	Can specify background colour index to write in file BMHD header.
170	Output option: background=# (default: 0)
171	Can specify position information in output image descriptor.
172	Output options: xpos=#,ypos=# (defaults: 0,0).
173	Can specify transparent colour index (useful for HTML embedding).
174	Output option: transcol=# (default is none).
175	Can specify transparent colour index same as first pixel.
176	Output option: transcol=edge
177	Can write interlaced GIFs (good for HTML <IMG=SRC="x.gif">)
178	Output option: ilace
179	Extensively test on GIF files from a wide variety of sources.
180	Compatibility tested with xloadimage and xv.
181	</PRE>
182	<PRE>
183	PCX : ZSoft PC Paintbrush Image format : .PCX .PCC
184	Reads and writes 1,4,8 and 24 bit colour files.
185	Subset of plane/bits-per-plane combinations supported.
186	Files are read and written using a run-length coding scheme.
187	Tested using Zsoft originated .PCX files.
188	Compressed runs of pixels are not supposed to straddle scan lines.
189	GBM never does this, but some other applications violate this rule.
190	By default, if GBM finds that a run of pixels is longer than the scan
191	line, it will use the leftover pixels on the next scan line.
192	Some images will not load properly, as they require the loading
193	program to discard those pixels in the run that extend beyond the end
194	of the scan line. This behaviour can be enabled in GBM.
195	Input option: trunc
196	</PRE>
197	<PRE>
198	TIFF : Microsoft/Aldus Tagged Image File Format support : .TIF .TIFF
199	Reads and writes 1,4,8 and 24 bit colour files.
200	Can almost read all TIFF 6.0 Baseline compliant files.
201	Can read uncompressed and Packbits images.
202	CCITT Modified huffman compression is the missing peice.
203	Can read some files with extensions to Baseline.
204	Can read 1bpp greyscale and palettised files.
205	Can read Orientation==4 files.
206	Can read PlanarConfiguration==2 files for RGB image data.
207	Can read LZW compressed files too.
208	Can also read CMYK 4 colour seperation files.
209	No JPEG or Y-Cb-Cr support.
210	Writes files that comply with TIFF 6.0 Baseline.
211	Usually writes uncompressed files only.
212	Data is written out as a single large strip.
213	Can specify image within TIFF file with many images
214	Input option: index=# (default: 0)
215	Can write 1bpp as non-Baseline file preserving fg/bg cols
216	Output option: pal1bpp
217	Can ask for LZW compression.
218	Output option: lzw
219	Can specify informational tags to append on output.
220	Output options: artist=,software=,make=,model=,host=,documentname=,pagename=,imagedescription=
221	</PRE>
222	<PRE>
223	Targa : Truevision Targa/Vista bitmap : .TGA .VST .AFI
224	Reads any uncompressed/run-length-compressed files.
225	Reads 8 bit and 24 bit files.
226	Can read 8 bit greyscale and 8 bit colour mapped files.
227	Reads both yup and ydown files.
228	Writes out as uncompressed 8 bit or 16,24,32 bit.
229	Output options: 16,24,32 (default 24)
230	8 bit data is always written out as a colour mapped file.
231	Can be made to write yup and ydown files.
232	Output options: ydown,yup (default: yup)
233	</PRE>
234	<PRE>
235	ILBM : Amiga IFF / ILBM Interleaved bitmap format : .IFF .LBM
236	Reads 1 bit palettised files.
237	Reads 2,3 and 4 bit palettised files, returning them as 4 bit.
238	Reads 5,6,7 and 8 bit palettised files, returning them as 8 bit.
239	Reads 24 bit images and returns them as 24 bit.
240	Reads HAM6, HAM8, SHAM and Extra-Halfbrite images.
241	HAM6, HAM8 and SHAM returned as 24 bit data.
242	Writes 1,4 and 8 bit palettised colour files.
243	Writes 24 bit files normally, or by converting to HAM6 first.
244	This loses quality but results are still better than 8 bit.
245	Understands the RLE compression scheme used.
246	Uses BMHD, CMAP, CAMG and BODY sections of file only.
247	Only writes BMHD, CMAP, CAMG and BODY sections in output files.
248	Can specify position information in file BHMD header.
249	Output options: xpos=#,ypos=# (defaults: 0,0).
250	Can specify transparent colour to write in file BMHD header.
251	Output option: transcol=# (default: 0)
252	Can specify aspect ratio to write in file BMHD header.
253	Output options: xaspect=#,yaspect=# (defaults: 1,1).
254	Can specify screen size to write in output BMHD header.
255	Output options: xscreen=#,yscreen=# (defaults: image size).
256	Can specify to write 24 bpp data in HAM6 format.
257	Output option: ham6
258	Note that when DeluxePaint etc. try to load an 8 bit IFF file, they
259	switch to a 32 colour (5 bit mode) and only read the 5 least
260	significant planes of the file - this generally looks yukky!
261	Tested using DeluxePaint sample bitmaps.
262	</PRE>
263	<PRE>
264	YUV12C : YUV12C M-Motion Frame Buffer : .VID
265	Reads files and presents data as 24 bit data.
266	Writes 24 bit data files by converting them into 12 bit YUV.
267	VID files MUST be a multiple of 4 pixels wide.
268	When writing a non-multiple of 4, the last 1, 2 or 3 pixels are lost.
269	Can specify image origin information in YUV12C header.
270	Output options: xpos=#,ypos=# (defaults: 0,0).
271	Tested using M-Control Program 2.0, Browser sample application.
272	</PRE>
273	<PRE>
274	Greymap : Portable Greyscale-map (binary P5 type) : .PGM
275	Credit for file format to Jef Poskancer.
276	No palette present in file format.
277	Reads 8 bit grey scale files.
278	Writes red, green, blue plane or greyscale equivelent of 8 bit image.
279	Output options: r,g,b,k (default: k)
280	</PRE>
281	<PRE>
282	Pixmap : Portable Pixel-map (binary P6 type) : .PPM
283	Credit for file format to Jef Poskancer.
284	Reads and writes 24 bit unpalettised RGB data files.
285	</PRE>
286	<PRE>
287	KIPS : IBM KIPS : .KPS
288	Reads 8 bit palettised files.
289	Will look for palette in .PAL file unless .KPL file specified.
290	Input options: pal,kpl (default: pal)
291	Writes 8 bit palettised files.
292	Will write palette in .PAL file unless .KPL file specified.
293	Output options: pal,kpl (default: pal)
294	</PRE>
295	<PRE>
296	IAX : IBM Image Access eXecutive : .IAX
297	Reads array as 8 bit greyscale.
298	File format does not hold image dimensions.
299	Hence code assumes width is 512 pixels unless overridden.
300	Input options: width=# (default: 512)
301	File format does not include palette.
302	Writes red, green, blue plane or greyscale equivelent of 8 bit image.
303	Output options: r,g,b,k (default: k)
304	</PRE>
305	<PRE>
306	XBitmap : X Windows bitmap : .XBM
307	Reads 1bpp X bitmaps, presenting 1's as black, 0's as white.
308	Writes 1bpp X bitmaps, darkest colours as 1's, brightest colour as 0's.
309	Tested upon some sample .XBM files.
310	</PRE>
311	<PRE>
312	Sprite : Archimedes Sprite format from RiscOS : .SPR .SPRITE
313	Technically sprite files have no extension.
314	But GBM recognises .SPR and .SPRITE for convenience.
315	Reads 1,4 and 8 bit sprites.
316	'First bit' value in header must be a multiple of 8 (v.likely).
317	Will only read image plane, will ignore any mask plane.
318	Will handle case when no palette present in file.
319	Will default to the default Wimp palette in this case.
320	If input contains more than one sprite then which can be specified.
321	Input options: index=# (default: 0)
322	Will output 1,4 and 8 bit files.
323	Will write a palette in the file.
324	Will only write an image plane, ie: no mask plane.
325	Will write a 16 entry palette for 8 bit data (not 64 entry).
326	Will map to wierd archmedes palette when writing 8 bit data.
327	Tested reading 4bpp sprites with no palette.
328	Tested reading 8bpp sprites with no palette and with 64 entry palette.
329	Sprites generated by GBM have been loaded on RiscOS.
330	Remember: Use SetType to change type of file from PC-file to Sprite,
331	by SetType option of filer menu or "*SetType <filename> Sprite".
332	</PRE>
333	<PRE>
334	PSEG : IBM Printer Page Segment : .PSE .PSEG .PSEG38PP .PSEG3820
335	This is a file format used by IBM document/printing systems.
336	It is used to represent a bi-level image to be used in a document.
337	Reads data and presents a 1bpp bitmap.
338	Image is presented 1's as black on 0's as white background.
339	PSEG files should be downloaded from a VM host in binary mode.
340	Some PSEG files have a corrupt record structure.
341	This doesn't cause a problem on VM but can confuse a non-VM reader.
342	GBM can be made to attempt to handle these files.
343	Input option: fixrec
344	Will output 1bpp file.
345	Will output file with scale factor of 1000
346	Can specify new scale for both x and y
347	Output options: scalex=#, scaley=#
348	Can double the scale factors (option exists for backwards compatibility).
349	Output option: double
350	WIll output file with pel values of 2400 (dots per 10 inches, ie: 240 dpi).
351	Can specify new pel values for both x and y
352	Output options: pelx=#, pely=#
353	Palette in 1bpp data is lost when written to file.
354	The resulting non-VM file has no record structure.
355	So when it is uploaded it must be fixed using FIXL3820 EXEC or similar.
356	Image width is rounded up to next multiple of 8 when written.
357	</PRE>
358	<PRE>
359	GemRas : GEM Raster : .IMG
360	There is a basic level of support, and assorted XIMG extensions.
361	One extension is the inclusion of palette info.
362	Another allows 24 bpp data to be placed into an .IMG file.
363	Reads 1 bpp files (which are B/W) and returns 1 bpp data.
364	Reads 2,3 and 4 bpp files (col, grey, XIMG with pal) and returns 4 bpp.
365	Reads 5,6,7 and 8 bpp files (grey, XIMG with pal) and returns 8 bpp.
366	Reads 24 bpp (which are by definition XIMG) files and returns 24 bpp.
367	Writes 1 bpp data as B/W 1 bpp file.
368	Writes 4 bpp data mapped to 'standard' 16 colour palette.
369	Or writes 4 bpp data greyscale 4 bpp file.
370	Output option: grey
371	Or writes 4 bpp data to XIMG file with palette.
372	Output option: pal
373	There is no 'standard' palette for 256 colour files.
374	Writes 8 bpp data as greyscale 8 bpp file.
375	Or writes 8 bpp to XIMG file with palette.
376	Output option: pal
377	Writes 24 bpp data as an XIMG file (normal file can't do 24 bpp).
378	The pixel dimensions in microns can be specified.
379	Output options: pixw=#,pixh=# (defaults: 85,85)
380	</PRE>
381	<PRE>
382	Portrait : Portrait : .CVP
383	In Germany, photographers sometimes supply a floppy with a .CVP on it.
384	File holds a single 512x512 24bpp RGB image.
385	File is uncompressed, and will therefore always be 3/4Mb.
386	You can only write 512x512 images using this format.
387	Pixels in the file are not square, the width is approx. 3/4 the height.
388	This aspect ratio problem is not adjusted for when reading or writing.
389	</PRE>
390	<PRE>
391	JPEG : JPEG File Interchange Format : .JPG .JPEG .JPE
392	Can read 8 bpp (greyscale) and 24 bpp files.
393	Can write 24 bpp data to a file.
394	Can write with varying degrees of quality.
395	Output option: quality=# (range 0 to 100, default 75)
396	Can write progressive JPEGs.
397	Output option: prog
398	</PRE>
399	<!--...e-->
400	<!--...sCommand line programs:0:-->
401	<A NAME="cmdline">
402	<H2>Command line programs</H2></A>
403
404	<P>All the command line programs are written in portable C, and therefore
405	can be compiled up on a wide variety of platforms.
406
407	<!--...sGBMHDR \45\ Display header information from bitmap files:0:-->
408	<A NAME="gbmhdr">
409	<H3>GBMHDR - Display header information from bitmap files</H3></A>
410
411	<P>
412	<PRE>
413	usage: gbmhdr [-g] [-s] [--] {fn.ext{,opt}}
414	flags: -g don't guess bitmap format, try each type
415	-s be silent about errors
416	fn.ext{,opt} input filenames (with any format specific options)
417	Bitmap when ext in [BMP VGA BGA RLE DIB RL4 RL8]
418	GIF when ext in [GIF]
419	PCX when ext in [PCX]
420	TIFF when ext in [TIF]
421	Targa when ext in [TGA VST AFI]
422	ILBM when ext in [IFF LBM]
423	YUV12C when ext in [VID]
424	Greymap when ext in [PGM]
425	Pixmap when ext in [PPM]
426	KIPS when ext in [KPS]
427	IAX when ext in [IAX]
428	XBitmap when ext in [XBM]
429	Sprite when ext in [SPR]
430	GemRas when ext in [IMG]
431	Portrait when ext in [CVP]
432	JPEG when ext in [JPG JPEG JPE]
433	opt bitmap format specific option to pass to bitmap reader
434	</PRE>
435
436	<P>Note that the GBM module only ever surfaces the size and bits per pixel
437	of images (regardless of the other information present in the header).
438	All GBM programs have access to the bitmap file formats documented
439	above, although this list is omitted in subsequent documentation.
440
441	<P>GBMHDR displays output in the following style :-
442
443	<P>
444	<PRE>
445	384x768 8bpp 51Kb 17% GIF aab.gif
446	227x254 8bpp 58Kb 102% Bitmap andy.bmp
447	256x256 24bpp 84Kb 43% TIFF bardot.tif
448	</PRE>
449
450	<P>Listed is the size, bits per pixel, Kb size of the file, a percentage
451	value, the file format, and the file name.
452	The percentage is calculated as (filesize*100/datasize) and effectively gives
453	the compression ratio.
454	For example <CODE>aab.gif</CODE> is well compressed (to 17% of the theoretical
455	size).
456	<CODE>andy.bmp</CODE> gives a >100% value because of the file header.
457	<!--...e-->
458	<!--...sGBMREF \45\ Reflect in horizontal and\47\or vertical directions:0:-->
459	<A NAME="gbmref">
460	<H3>GBMREF - Reflect in horizontal and/or vertical directions</H3></A>
461
462	<P>
463	<PRE>
464	usage: gbmref [-h] [-v] [-t] [--] fn1.ext{,opt} [fn2.ext{,opt}]
465	flags: -h reflect horizontally
466	-v reflect vertically
467	-t transpose x for y
468	fn1.ext{,opt} input filename (with any format specific options)
469	fn2.ext{,opt} optional output filename (or will use fn1 if not present)
470	bitmap formats and options as before
471	</PRE>
472
473	<P>Certain non-obvious combinations of <CODE>-h</CODE>, <CODE>-v</CODE>
474	and <CODE>-t</CODE> can be very handy :-
475
476	<DL>
477	<DT>None of them
478	<DD>can be used for just file format translation.
479	<DT><CODE>-h -v</CODE>
480	<DD>reflect both, equivelent to 180 degree turn.
481	<DT><CODE>-h -t</CODE>
482	<DD>equivelent to 90 degree turn clockwise.
483	<DT><CODE>-v -t</CODE>
484	<DD>equivelent to 90 degree turn anti-clockwise.
485	</DL>
486	<!--...e-->
487	<!--...sGBMSUB \45\ Extract a subrectangle of a bitmap:0:-->
488	<A NAME="gbmsub">
489	<H3>GBMSUB - Extract a subrectangle of a bitmap</H3></A>
490
491	<P>
492	<PRE>
493	usage: gbmsub [-x x] [-y y] [-w w] [-h h] [--] fn1.ext{,opt} [fn2.ext{,opt}]
494	flags: -x x left edge of rectangle (default 0)
495	-y y bottom edge of rectangle (default 0)
496	-w w width of rectangle (default width of image - x)
497	-h h height of rectangle (default height of image - y)
498	fn1.ext{,opt} input filename (with any format specific options)
499	fn2.ext{,opt} optional output filename (or will use fn1 if not present)
500	bitmap formats and options as before
501	</PRE>
502
503	<P>If none of the <CODE>-x</CODE>, <CODE>-y</CODE>, <CODE>-w</CODE> and
504	<CODE>-h</CODE> options are supplied the defaults cover the whole of the
505	input file.
506	Hence this program will just read one file and write the data as another.
507	Great for format conversion.
508	<!--...e-->
509	<!--...sGBMSIZE \45\ Change the size of a bitmap:0:-->
510	<A NAME="gbmsize">
511	<H3>GBMSIZE - Change the size of a bitmap</H3></A>
512
513	<P>
514	<PRE>
515	usage: gbmsize [-w w] [-h h] [-a] [--] fn1.ext{,opt} [fn2.ext{,opt}]
516	flags: -w w new width of bitmap (default width of bitmap)
517	-h h new height of bitmap (default height of bitmap)
518	-a preserve aspect ratio when only one of -w or -h given
519	fn1.ext{,opt} input filename (with any format specific options)
520	fn2.ext{,opt} optional output filename (or will use fn1 if not present)
521	bitmap formats and options as before
522	</PRE>
523
524	<P>If none of the <CODE>-w</CODE> or <CODE>-h</CODE> options are supplied,
525	the defaults will be the input image size.
526	Hence this program will just read one file and write the data as another.
527	Great for format conversion.
528
529	<P>The scaling algorithm simply uses pixel skipping and/or replication.
530	<!--...e-->
531	<!--...sGBMBPP \45\ Do various bits per pixel conversions:0:-->
532	<A NAME="gbmbpp">
533	<H3>GBMBPP - Do various bits per pixel conversions</H3></A>
534
535	<P>
536	<PRE>
537	usage: gbmbpp [-m map] [-e] [-hN] [-p fnp.ext{,opt}]
538	[--] fn1.ext{,opt} [fn2.ext{,opt}]
539	flags: -m map mapping to perform (default 7x8x4)
540	bw black and white
541	vga 16 colour VGA
542	8 8 colour (in 4 bit file)
543	4g 4 bit greyscale
544	7x8x4 7 levels red, 8 green, 4 blue 8514/A
545	6x6x6 6 levels red, 6 green, 6 blue
546	8g 8 bit greyscale
547	tripel 64 reds, 64 greens, 64 blues tripel
548	pal1bpp map to 1bpp, palette specified via -p
549	pal4bpp map to 4bpp, palette specified via -p
550	pal8bpp map to 8bpp, palette specified via -p
551	freqR:G:B:N keep R red, G green, b blue bits, and map
552	to N most used colours in 8 bit palette
553	mcutN median cut to N colours
554	R:G:B keep R red, G green, B blue bits
555	-e enable error-diffusion (default is to truncate)
556	-e only with -m bw, vga, 4g, 7x8x4, 6x6x6, no -h
557	-h enable halftoning (default is to truncate)
558	-h only with -m 7x8x4, 6x6x6, 8, vga or R:G:B, no -e
559	N is a halftoning algorithm number (default 0)
560	-p fnp.ext{,opt} palette is taken from this bitmap
561	fn1.ext{,opt} input filename (with any format specific options)
562	fn2.ext{,opt} optional output filename (or use fn1 if not present)
563	bitmap formats and options as before
564	</PRE>
565
566	<P>This program reads the input bitmap.
567	If it is not 24 bit, then it is expanded to 24 bit per pixel.
568	The data is then processed using the supplied mapping giving a 24,8,4 or 1 bit
569	per pixel image, which is then written to the output bitmap file.
570
571	<P>The <CODE>bw</CODE> mapping produces a 1 bpp output file,
572	<CODE>vga</CODE> and <CODE>4g</CODE> gives 4 bit output files,
573	<CODE>7x8x4</CODE>, <CODE>6x6x6</CODE>, <CODE>8g</CODE>, <CODE>freq</CODE>
574	and <CODE>tripel</CODE> give 8 bit output files.
575	<CODE>R:G:B</CODE> (where R,G and B are numbers in the range 0 to 8),
576	gives a 24 bit output file where only the top R bits of red are non-zero,
577	the top G of green and B of blue.
578
579	<P>The normal way to map is simply to map each colour in the source
580	bitmap to the closest one in the destination bitmap.
581	However if <CODE>-e</CODE> is supplied, error diffusion is used to get a
582	smoother result.
583	Also, if <CODE>-h</CODE> is supplied halftoning may be used instead.
584	<CODE>-e</CODE> and <CODE>-h</CODE> are not valid together, and are only
585	valid with certain mappings.
586	<!--...e-->
587	<!--...sGBMGAMMA \45\ Convert between various colour spaces:0:-->
588	<A NAME="gbmgamma">
589	<H3>GBMGAMMA - Convert between various colour spaces</H3></A>
590
591	<P>
592	<PRE>
593	usage: gbmgamma [-m map] [-g gamma] [-s shelf] [--] fn1.ext{,opt} [fn2.ext{,opt}]
594	flags: -m map mapping in the form ?_to_? (default: i_to_l), where ? is
595	i physical intensitys (eg: raytracer output)
596	p gamma corrected for a specific monitor
597	l L* cyclometric linear perceived intensitys (as in PM)
598	-g gamma set monitor gamma (default 2.1)
599	-s shelf set monitor shelf (default 0.0)
600	gamma and shelf only used for mapping to or from p
601	for 8514 monitor gamma=2.3,shelf=0.136
602	for 8515 monitor gamma=2.1,shelf=0.0
603	fn1.ext{,opt} input filename (with any format specific options)
604	fn2.ext{,opt} optional output filename (or will use fn1 if not present)
605	bitmap formats and options as before
606	</PRE>
607
608	<P>This program reads a bitmap and assumes the pixel values in it are
609	in the input colour space.
610
611	<P>If the bitmap has a palette it maps each palette entry according to the
612	supplied mapping, otherwise it maps each individual 24 bit pixel.
613
614	<P>For example, if you get a 24 bit per pixel image from a Windows video
615	capture program, the odds are in may be in a gamma corrected colour space
616	with a gamma of 2.2.
617	You can convert this to the L* cyclometric colour space used by PM by typing :-
618
619	<P>
620	<PRE>
621	gbmgamma -m p_to_l -g 2.2 captured.bmp nicepm.bmp
622	</PRE>
623
624	<P>The shelf option is primarily for when converting to a gamma corrected
625	colour space for a specific monitor (when you aren't going to use PM to
626	display the bitmap, and the display program doesn't do any correction).
627	Some monitors don't actually start to light up pixels until the pixel
628	values are a certain value.
629	Normally <CODE>-s shelf</CODE> will not be used.
630	<!--...e-->
631	<!--...sGBMCPAL \45\ Map to Common Palette:0:-->
632	<A NAME="gbmcpal">
633	<H3>GBMCPAL - Map to Common Palette</H3></A>
634
635	<P>
636	<PRE>
637	usage: gbmcpal [-m map] [-v] n1 n2 n3 ifspec{,opt} ofspec{,opt}
638	flags: -m map mapping to perform (default freq6:6:6:256)
639	freqR:G:B:N map all bitmaps to same palette, worked
640	out using frequency of use histogram
641	mcutN map all bitmaps to same palette, worked
642	out using median cut algorithm
643	rofreqR:G:B:N:N2 map each bitmap to frequency palette,
644	reordered to minimise differences
645	between successive bitmaps
646	romcutN:N2 map each bitmap to median cut palette,
647	reordered to minimise differences
648	between successive bitmaps
649	R,G,B are bits of red, green and blue
650	to keep, N is number of unique colours,
651	N2 is extra palette entries
652	-v verbose mode
653	n1 n2 n3 for ( f=n1; f<n2; f+=n3 )
654	ifspec printf(ifspec, f);
655	ofspec printf(ofspec, f);
656	filespecs are of the form fn.ext
657	ext's are used to deduce desired bitmap file formats
658	bitmap formats and options as before
659	</PRE>
660
661	<P>Given a set of bitmaps, it is possible to examine them all and compute
662	a common palette for holding them, and then generate new bitmaps
663	mapped to that palette.
664
665	<P>The mappings available are frequency based and median-cut based.
666
667	<P>Alternatively, it is possible to generate the most suitable palette
668	for each frame, and then reorder the palettes of each bitmap so as to
669	be as close as possible to its predecessor.
670
671	<P>By reordering palettes (using <CODE>rofreq</CODE>/<CODE>romcut</CODE>)
672	it is possible to remove almost all flicker on playback.
673	From frame to frame, almost all palette entries in a given frame, have
674	close entries in the previous frame.
675
676	<P>However for a few, this is not true, and flicker may be seen.
677	The <CODE>N2</CODE> parameter is designed to alleviate this.
678	The process will handle the <CODE>N2</CODE> worst palette changes using
679	<CODE>N2</CODE> extra palette entries.
680	Thus the <CODE>N2</CODE> worst causes of flicker can be eliminated.
681	A typical use might be :-
682
683	<P>
684	<PRE>
685	gbmcpal -m romcut240:16 0 100 1 in%02d.bmp out%02d.bmp
686	</PRE>
687
688	<P>This means map each frame to a palette with 240 unique colours in.
689	Any given frame only uses 240 colours at most.
690	But the palette is actually 240+16 colours in length, and the additional
691	16 are used to eliminate flicker caused by the 16 worst matches.
692	<!--...e-->
693	<!--...e-->
694	<!--...sColour spaces:0:-->
695	<A NAME="colspace">
696	<H2>Colour spaces</H2></A>
697
698	<P>If a light is physically twice as bright, the eye does not necessarily see
699	it as twice as bright.
700	Also, if a pixel is written onto a monitor screen with twice the value,
701	the physical intensity of the pixel is not necessarily double.
702
703	<P>How exactly should numbers inside a bitmap file relate to physical or
704	perceived intensitys when displayed on the screen?
705
706	<P>In OS/2 PM perceived intensitys are proportional to the values in the bitmap
707	file.
708	Pixels in such a bitmap are in the 'L* cyclometric' colour space.
709
710	<P>Ray Tracers often write pixel values in the bitmap proportional to the
711	physical intensity computed for that ray.
712	Such data is in the 'intensity' colour space.
713
714	<P>Finally, if a bitmap holds values computed in such a way as to
715	compensate for the gamma of the monitor (ie: intensitys transformed to
716	cancel out the gamma of the monitor), then the data is in
717	a 'gamma corrected' colour space.
718
719	<P>So, if you have some Ray Tracer output, and you wish to display on an 8514
720	monitor WITHOUT using OS/2 PM, then to get a decent colour rendition, you must
721	map the bitmap from the 'intensity' to a 'gamma corrected' colour space.
722	To do this you must know the gamma of the 8514 monitor (which is about 2.1).
723
724	<P>Also, if you have some Ray Tracer output, and you wish to display on
725	OS/2 PM, then to get a decent rendition you must map the bitmap from
726	the 'intensity' to the 'L* cyclometric' colour space.
727
728	<P><A HREF="#gbmgamma">GBMGAMMA</A> is a colour mapping program capable
729	of performing mappings between any 2 of the 3 colour spaces above.
730
731	<P>Mapping of this sort should really be done on 24 bit data, before
732	error-diffusion or halftoning takes place.
733	<!--...e-->
734	<!--...sMaking bitmap animations:0:-->
735	<A NAME="anim">
736	<H2>Making bitmap animations</H2>
737
738	<P>GBM was originally written as the bitmap handling portion of my homebrew
739	Ray Tracer, RT.
740	RT was originally written to allow me to trace snazzy animations.
741	For example, here is what I did to make a spinning globe animation.
742
743	<P>First I traced a largish number of individual bitmap frames using RT.
744	I wrote these out under the names <CODE>globeNNN.tif</CODE> where
745	<CODE>NNN</CODE> is <CODE>000</CODE>, <CODE>010</CODE>, <CODE>020</CODE>,
746	... <CODE>350</CODE> (ie: the angle of rotation in degrees).
747	I used the <CODE>,lzw</CODE> option to get the files
748	written LZW encoded to reduce the disk space requirements.
749
750	<P>Then to map the data to a common palette, I used
751	<A HREF="#gbmcpal">GBMCPAL</A> :-
752
753	<P>
754	<PRE>
755	gbmcpal -m freq6:6:6:256 0 360 10 globe%03d.tif globe%03d.bmp
756	</PRE>
757
758	<P>Obviously there are file formats specifically for holding animations, and
759	algorithms for having animations where palette entries vary from frame to
760	frame, but the simple example above is ok for many purposes.
761	<!--...e-->
762	<!--...sExamples of use:0:-->
763	<A NAME="examples">
764	<H2>Examples of use</H2></A>
765
766	<P>
767	<PRE>
768	gbmhdr .bmp .tif
769	Displays the headers of all the bitmaps and TIFF files
770	</PRE>
771	<PRE>
772	gbmref file.bmp file.tga
773	Perform no reflection (no -h, -v or -t).
774	Hence simply converts file from Bitmap to Targa format!
775	</PRE>
776	<PRE>
777	gbmref -h larrow.tga rarrow.tga
778	Reflects larrow.tga to make rarrow.tga
779	</PRE>
780	<PRE>
781	gbmref -h -t profit.gif loss.gif
782	The combination of a horizontal flip with a transpose gives a 90
783	degree rotation clockwise. Thus a graph going up from bottom left
784	to top right, ends up going from top left to bottom right!
785	</PRE>
786	<PRE>
787	gbmref -v uarrow.pcx "darrow.lbm,xaspect=5,yaspect=6,xscreen=320,yscreen=200"
788	Reflects uarrow.pcx to make darrow.lbm
789	Output options defined for ILBM files used to write to aspect ratio
790	and screen size fields in output .lbm file.
791	Note: some command processors (such as OS/2 CMD.EXE) will split command
792	line arguments at spaces and commas, so we quote second argument.
793	</PRE>
794	<PRE>
795	gbmsub -x 100 -y 50 page.bmp
796	Trims 100 pixels off the left, and 50 off of the bottom
797	Note: no second filename given, so output overwrites page.bmp
798	</PRE>
799	<PRE>
800	gbmsize -w 1024 -h 768 strangesize.bmp screensized.bmp
801	Takes any bitmap and scales it to a typical SVGA screen size.
802	</PRE>
803	<PRE>
804	gbmbpp -m 7x8x4 24bit.tga 8bit.bpp
805	Maps a 24 RGB image to the 8514/A PM palette
806	Note: Source image format (Targa) not same as output format (Bitmap)
807	</PRE>
808	<PRE>
809	gbmbpp -m 7x8x4 -h 24bit.bmp nice8bit.bmp
810	As above but with halftoning
811	</PRE>
812	<PRE>
813	gbmbpp -m 7x8x4 -e 24bit.bmp nice8bit.bmp
814	As above, but with error diffusion
815	</PRE>
816	<PRE>
817	gbmbpp -m vga -e 24bit.bmp nice4bit.bmp
818	As above, but suitable for VGA display
819	</PRE>
820	<PRE>
821	gbmbpp -m 5:5:5 -e 8r8g8b.tga "5r5g5b.tga,16"
822	Error diffuse from 24 bit RGB to 15 bit RGB
823	(bottom 3 bits of each of R,G and B become zero)
824	Output option ",16" ensures data written in Targa-16 form
825	This reduces wasted disk space.
826	</PRE>
827	<PRE>
828	gbmbpp -m freq8:8:8:240 24bit.bmp 8bit.bmp
829	Finds 240 most frequently used colours.
830	For other colours finds closest match in most common 240 colours.
831	Maps colours in 24bit.bmp to give 8 bit output file.
832	If excessively large number of colours in original, may truncate bits.
833	</PRE>
834	<PRE>
835	gbmgamma -m i_to_l raytrace.bmp pmsuited.bmp
836	raytrace.bmp has pixels values proportional to physical intensity.
837	pmsuited.bmp is made with pixels proportional to perceived intensity.
838	</PRE>
839	<PRE>
840	gbmcpal -m freq6:6:6:256 0 360 10 globe%03d.bmp cpal%03d.bmp
841	Read globe000.bmp, globe010.bmp, ... globe350.bmp.
842	Compute a common shared palette.
843	Map each globeXXX.bmp file to a cpalXXX.bmp file.
844	</PRE>
845	<!--...e-->
846	<!--...sRelated code:0:-->
847	<A NAME="related">
848	<H2>Related code</H2></A>
849
850	<P>GBM was originally written as the file handling part of my homebrew
851	ray tracer, RT.
852	This may be found via my home page too.
853
854	<P>My follow-on Modular Renderer package, currently in development, uses GBM.
855	It does wire-frame, polygon rendering and raytracing.
856	Not currently publically available.
857
858	<P>Martin Lisowski informs me he is working on something he calls GBMV3,
859	which is like the OS/2 PM GBMV2 viewer, only with extra features.
860	It is currently "far from being ready, and still has bugs".
861
862	<P>From time to time I notice people (other than myself) using GBM either
863	in its precompiled DLL form, or by recompiling bits of the source.
864	Sometimes people email me to let me know.
865
866	<P>Of course, simply using the code unmodified makes it easier for you
867	to pick up improvements in the code, as and when they happen.
868
869	<P>IBM WebExplorer uses the Bitmap, GIF and XBM handling parts of GBM to
870	some degree - in <CODE>webexwin.dll</CODE>, around byte offset 86924 (in my
871	copy) are a whole load of GBM error strings.
872
873	<P>IBM VisualAge C++ 3.0 for OS/2 uses large wedges of GBM source code.
874	I think they're using it in their supplied <CODE>class IGBitmap</CODE>.
875	This is apparent from the object filenames listed in
876	<CODE>\ibmcpp\iocdll\cppoou3.rsp</CODE>
877	and the exported function names in
878	<CODE>\ibmcpp\iocdll\cppoou3.def</CODE>.
879
880	<P>The IBM Person to Person personal conferencing system for OS/2 used
881	the PCX and TIFF parts of GBM, and I think the AIX variant used whole loads
882	more.
883
884	<P>BITMAP32, a bitmap viewer for OS/2 PM, uses GBM.DLL unmodified.
885	Because the IBM Developer Connection shipped BITMAP32, they ship GBM too.
886
887	<P>BluePaint, an OS/2 PM painting program, being developed for
888	Shareware (I think) uses GBM.DLL unmodified.
889	<!--...e-->
890	<!--...sLegal stuff:0:-->
891	<A NAME="legal">
892	<H2>Legal stuff</H2></A>
893
894	<!--...sPublic domain declaration:0:-->
895	<H3>Public domain declaration</H3>
896
897	<P>I wrote all this code in my own time on my own equiptment.
898
899	<P>I used public non-confidential information to do so.
900
901	<P>I hereby place all this code into the public domain.
902
903	<P>Feel free to do whatever you like with it.
904
905	<P>No copyright / no royalties / no guarantees / no problem.
906
907	<P>Caveat Emptor!
908
909	<P>Anyone offering ideas/code must be happy with the above.
910
911	<P>The above does not apply to the JPEG support.
912	<!--...e-->
913	<!--...sJPEG support:0:-->
914	<H3>JPEG support</H3>
915
916	<P>This section is applicable if you are using GBM with JPEG support.
917
918	<P>The Independent JPEG Group JPEGLIB version 6a may be used provided
919	they are credited, (which I do so here).
920
921	<P>This software is based in part on the work of the Independent JPEG Group.
922
923	<P>Martin Lisowski has donated <CODE>gbmjpg.c</CODE> to GBM and it is just as
924	public domain as the rest of GBM.
925	<!--...e-->
926	<!--...sCompu\36\erve GIF Tax:0:-->
927	<H3>Compu$erve GIF Tax</H3>
928
929	<P>Both Unisys and IBM (and others) have various patents pertaining to the LZW
930	algorithm used in GIF and LZW compressed TIFF files.
931
932	<P>For many years Unisys have only licensed their LZW technology in hardware
933	implementations (typically Modems).
934	Now Unisys (through Compu$erve) are looking to license the use of LZW
935	in software applications, such as GIF and TIFF.
936	This is the infamous 'Compu$erve GIF Tax'.
937
938	<P>Unisys have stated (in news postings) that non-commercial
939	software need not be licensed.
940
941	<P>Assuming this to be true, GBM will continue to
942	support GIF and LZW compressed TIFF.
943
944	<P>It is anticipated that this move will mean
945	the death of LZW in image files, and that the Net will develop a replacement
946	based on LZSS, LZ77, LZHUF, Yabba or other (hopefully) non-patented technology.
947	The emerging PNG format could be exactly that.
948
949	<P>If and when this occurs, there is a good chance GBM will support it.
950	<!--...e-->
951	<!--...e-->
952	<!--...sChange Log:0:-->
953	<A NAME="change">
954	<H2>Change Log</H2></A>
955
956	<P>
957	<PRE>
958	11/5/92 Initial general release.
959
960	29/11/93 Supplied to IBM OS/2 Developer Connection.
961
962	1/8/94 Submitted to Internet hobbes.nmsu.edu.
963
964	10/1/95 Added gbm_version(), better error checking, const's.
965	Added clarification on LZW 'software patent'.
966	Submitted to hobbes.nmsu.edu.
967
968	16/1/95 Added support for Portrait files (.CVP files).
969
970	21/3/95 Fixed palettes in XIMG GemRas files (thanks Eero).
971	Fixed GIF writing transcol=edge, & reading local colour tables.
972	Added GBMLOGO.EXE to ease use of MAKELOGO.EXE on DevCon CD 6.
973
974	16/5/95 Distribution now uses InfoZIP ZIP.EXE, not PKZIP.EXE 2.04g.
975	Added Product Information dialog box to GBMV2.EXE.
976	Fixed GBMLOGO.EXE error message trap for non 640x400 bitmaps.
977
978	25/3/96 Improved Bitmap reader to tolerate bad #colours in header.
979	Fixed reading XBitmaps with digits in their identifiers.
980	Added support for ilace flag on GIF output.
981
982	1/4/96 Fixed reading XBitmaps with other chars in their identifiers.
983	Fixed interlaced GIF support.
984	Added Win32 makefile and compilability.
985	Added ability to cause GBM.DLL to use user defined I/O funcs.
986	Added accessibility of I/O funcs used by GBM.
987
988	16/4/96 Applied fixes found by Wonkoo in 1/4/96 release.
989	Increase warning levels for OS/2 compile and cleaned up source.
990	Added /Os- to work around C-Set++ bug.
991
992	29/4/96 Applied fix to GIF/TIFF readers found by David Wendt.
993
994	19/6/96 Applied fixes found by Ralf and Andreas.
995	Fixed RLE4 Bitmap decoder (thanks for Marc for bug report).
996
997	28/10/96 Changed over from IBM C-Set++ to IBM VisualAge C++ with CTC305.
998	Fixed 16bpp display bug in GBMV2.EXE.
999
1000	18/11/96 Added darkfg option on 1bpp BMP writing.
1001	Fixed printout of 1bpp bitmaps problem.
1002
1003	1/2/97 Changed colour->greyscale coefficients, as Wonkoo suggested.
1004	Added JPEG support.
1005	Changed documentation to HTML.
1006	Submitted to Internet hobbes.nmsu.edu.
1007
1008	1/5/98 Added initial Linux port.
1009	Support GIF files without EOI code in compressed data.
1010	Included source for OS/2 PM Scroller control.
1011
1012	12/7/98 Fixed writing 1bpp PCXs with reverse palettes (ta Wonkoo).
1013	Fixed OS/2 c0000005 Trap by increasing stack size (ta Gunter).
1014
1015	1/1/99 Added OS/2 _System Gbm_ entrypoints.
1016	Added support for filenames starting with -, via -- convention.
1017	Initial port to 32 bit DOS, via Watcom C/C++ and CauseWay.
1018
1019	20/1/99 Fixed reading of .pgm palettes (ta Wonkoo Kim).
1020	Fixed 2 low probability bugs in LZW encoders in GIF and TIFF.
1021
1022	?/?/99 Change to gbmpgm.c and gbmppm.c to use \n in header.
1023	Splitting out of OS/2 specific stuff to seperate package.
1024	Fixed 32 bit DOS port to work properly with JPEG support.
1025
1026	21/11/99 Fixed reading OS/2 bitmaps with < 2**N colours.
1027
1028	04/01/2000 Fixed reading of 24 bit GemRas image files.
1029
1030	12/05/2000 Improved TIFF and GIF LZW readers corrupt data detection.
1031	Improved TIFF LZW decompressor to work if EOI missing (ta Doug).
1032
1033	31/12/2000 A few minor tweaks to make source more friendly to Mac compiler.
1034	Basically factored in Karl Timmermann suggestions, fixed a few
1035	minor signed/unsigned char problems, and removed some #includes.
1036
1037	05/02/2001 gbmsize -a option, Jeroen Mosterts idea.
1038
1039	12/02/2001 gbmbpp -c palNbpp options to map to user defined palette.
1040
1041	Future? Palette Manager capability in GBMV.EXE and GBMV2.EXE?
1042	Non-scaled and fixed scale print for GBMV2.EXE?
1043	Special logic for print to 1bpp and 3bpp printers for GBMV2.EXE?
1044	Photo-CD, RLE-Bitmap, G3-TIFF, G3-Bitmap for GBM.DLL?
1045	My free time is scarce - don't hold your breath!
1046	</PRE>
1047	<!--...e-->
1048	<!--...sAuthor:0:-->
1049	<HR>
1050	This documentation is written and maintained by the GBM author, Andy Key
1051	<ADDRESS>nyangau@interalpha.co.uk</ADDRESS>
1052	<!--...e-->
1053
1054	</BODY>
1055	</HTML>

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