Kazakhstan and Piloted Space Missions

Although Kazakhstan has yet to establish a formal man-in-space program, five of its natives have flown in space, accumulating more than 650 man-days of experience. T.O. Aubakirov in 1991 was the fourth Kazakh to be launched into space but was the first to officially represent his homeland rather than the Soviet Union in general. Two Kazakh astronauts, T.A. Musabayev and A. S. Viktorenko, conducted missions on the Mir space station during 1994 under the Soyuz TM-19 and Soyuz TM-20 programs, respectively. Specific activities and achievements of these Kazakh astronauts are summarized in Section 3.8.