UNITED STATES SPACE COMMAND MEMORANDUM FOR DISTRIBUTION FROM: Deputy Commander, US Space Command 250 S Peterson Blvd, Ste 116 Peterson AFB, CO 80914-3010 SUBJECT: Concept of Operations for Global Broadcast Service Global Broadcast, with its ability to rapidly distribute large amounts of data, promises to have a dramatic impact on military communications. Global Broadcast is very different, however, from traditional military satellite communications systems. To fully realize its potential, new concepts for employment are needed. This Concept of Operations addresses that need. It was developed in cooperation with CINCs, Services, and the many other stakeholders in the Global Broadcast Service program. It is based on preliminary lessons learned in GBS experiments, as well as the best thinking available on how this technology can be made to serve military requirements. More will be learned as we gain experience in the employment of GBS and we expect this document will undergo a process of change. Nevertheless, this Concept of Operations is published now to guide both development and early operational decisions. Our thanks go to the many people and organizations whose contributions have made this document possible. D. E. FROST Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy Deputy Commander in Chief Attachments: 1. Distribution List 2. Global Broadcast Service Concept of Operation Distribution List: Joint Staff J2/J3/J6 OSD (C31/DUSD(Space)) DoD Space Architect HQ Department of the Army (SAIS-C4X) CNO (N63) HQ USAF / SCMI Commandant of the Marine Corps (CSBT) USACOM J2/J3/J6 USCENTCOM J2/J3/J6 USEUCOM J2/J3/J6 USPACOM J2/J3/J6 USSOCOM J2/J3/J6 USSOUTHCOM J2/J3/J6 USSTRATCOM J2/J3/J6 USTRANSCOM J2/J3/J6 USSPACECOM J2/J3/J6 DISA (D3) DIA (CL3) NSA (ADDO-MIL SUPPORT) NRO CIO (STSD/SESD) GLOBAL BROADCAST SERVICE (GBS) CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS 25 January 1996 Prepared for the Joint Staff by HEADQUARTERS, UNITED STATES SPACE COMMAND PETERSON AIR FORCE BASE, CO TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 PURPOSE 1 1.1.1 Background 1 1.1.2 Vision 1 1.1.3 System Description 1 1.1.4 Integration Approach 2 1.2 SCOPE 2 1.3 IMPLEMENTATION 2 1.3.1 Phase 1 2 1.3.2 Phase 2 3 1.3.3 Phase 3 3 1.4 ASSUMPTIONS 4 2.0 CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS 4 2.1 OVERVIEW 4 2.2 BROADCAST SERVICES 6 2.2.1 Classes of Service 6 2.2.2 Classes of Products 7 2.2.2.1 Continuous and Periodic (Push) Products 7 2.2.2.2 On-Demand (Pull) Products 7 2.2.3 Representative Broadcasts 7 2.3 TRANSMISSION OPERATIONS 9 2.3.1 Broadcasting 9 2.3.2 Frequency Management 9 2.3.3 Uplink Sites 9 2.3.4 Coverage 9 2.4 BROADCAST MANAGEMENT 10 2.4.1 Resource Control 11 2.4.2 Scheduling 13 2.4.3 Broadcast Processing and Uplink 13 2.4.4 Product Distribution 13 2.4.5 Uplink Facility 13 2.4.6 Product Sources 13 2.4.7 Network Management 13 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.) SECTION PAGE 2.4.8 Security Management and Product Protection 14 2.5 USER OPERATIONS 14 2.5.1 Roles and Responsibilities 15 2.5.1.1 CJCS Responsibilities 15 2.5.1.2 CINC Responsibilities 15 2.5.1.3 United States Space Command (USSPACECOM) Responsibilities 15 2.5.1.4 Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) Responsibilities 15 2.5.2 Requests for Information 16 2.5.3 Information Processing 16 2.5.4 User Equipment 16 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. GBS Phase Timeline 3 Figure 2. Boundaries for the GBS System 5 Figure 3. Conceptual GBS Operations 6 Figure 4. GBS Phase 2 Potential Configuration on UFO 8, 9, and 10 10 Figure 5. GBS Phase 2 Coverage 11 Figure 6. Resource Control 11 Figure 7. Flow of Requests for Scheduled Products 12 Figure 8. Management of GBS Resources with Multiple CINCs 14 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX PAGE A. List of References A-1 B. Glossary B-1 GLOBAL BROADCAST SERVICE (GBS) CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS 1.0 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 PURPOSE. This document defines a coordinated Concept of Operations (CONOPS) for a Global Broadcast Service (GBS) based on the approved Joint Mission Need Statement dated 3 Aug 95. The CONOPS gives an overall picture of broadcast operations based on (1) a clear vision for improved information distribution; (2) a system description; and (3) an integrated approach for effective resource utilization and interoperability. 1.1.1 Background. Commercial industry has pioneered the development of direct broadcast television service using very sophisticated satellite and electronic technology to deliver hundreds of video "channels" directly into consumers' homes via very small antennas and affordable and compact "set top" electronic boxes. This same technology, made affordable by the ability to amortize costs over millions of commercial production units, is readily adaptable to military needs. While commercial direct broadcast service (DBS) is tailored specifically for the television market, the technology embodied in DBS can (with little additional DoD investment) be modified to serve the information needs of military users for a variety of high-volume products such as high-resolution imagery, weather, mapping, and logistics, as well as multiple video services. Properly conceived, GBS promises to help enable the concept of dominant battlefield knowledge, which is a key to future success in military operations. 1.1.2 Vision. The ability to win the information war is dependent on providing critical information to combatant commands when and where needed. Existing communications systems for mobile and deployed forces are quickly saturated in the early phases of any conflict. In addition, many of the information products created today (imagery, weather, air tasking order [ATO]) are composed of huge data files which require significant amounts of time to transmit over communications channels even when they are available. Capitalizing on commercial efforts in a highly cost-competitive marketplace, GBS will augment military satellite communications (MILSATCOM) and provide high-speed, one-way information flow of high volume data to units in garrison or on the move. This will, in turn, allow existing and planned two-way communications systems to support lower volume communications needs for force elements and provide a means for GBS user requests. The GBS system will not replace existing MILSATCOM systems, but will augment them by providing the capability to quickly distribute large information products to small deployed user platforms. Information products will be developed and distributed using a "smart push/user pull" philosophy to avert saturating deployed forces with "information overload." 1.1.3 System Description. GBS will be a system of information sources, uplink sites, broadcast satellites, receiver terminals, as well as management processes for requesting and coordinating the distribution of information products. Each GBS satellite in a global constellation will be served by a primary uplink site where information products are assembled and transmitted up to a high-powered satellite for relay to forces over a large geographic area. GBS will also have the capability to inject products directly from the theater it serves. The receive terminals for information can be large, but what makes GBS so attractive is the ability to provide high-volume data directly into 18-inch antennas. Mobile force elements are no longer restricted by the requirement for large, fixed antennas to receive information formerly relegated only to command centers. Since GBS enables the storage, retrieval and dissemination of huge information files that would quickly exceed the capability of most mobile users, the tailoring of the "push and pull" dissemination architecture for GBS is a significant challenge. Importantly, the GBS broadcast, capable of multiple levels of security, will be one-way; it will only distribute information. Requests for information (user "pull") will be made via other communications means. This request process will not supplant any existing collection management process. 1.1.4 Integration Approach. GBS is an extension of the Defense Information Systems Network (DISN) and a part of the overall DoD MILSATCOM Architecture. As such, it will employ an open architecture which can accept a variety of input formats. It will exploit commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology. It will interface with, and augment other major DoD information systems, such as the Global Command and Control System (GCCS), as well as other theater information management systems. Eventually, GBS may supplant some theater information management systems. 1.2 SCOPE. This is the first version of the GBS CONOPS; it is expected to evolve as GBS demonstrations and early operations proceed and users obtain more experience with it. It addresses three incremental phases of system development from near-term limited demonstrations to a fully-capable objective system. Given the uncertainties over the timing and exact nature of how GBS will evolve, this document will concentrate on the interim phase (Phase 2) of GBS development. It is intentionally generic in some areas to support a variety of space, ground, and user segments as the system evolves, but is specific where needed to aid in the development of the interim capability. 1.3 IMPLEMENTATION. GBS will be implemented using the three-phased approach depicted in Figure 1. This approach provides the greatest capability as soon as possible, and expands to meet growing needs in a measurable, affordable manner. The assessment of GBS options, cost, performance, and schedule trade-offs will determine the exact timeline for fielding the system. Importantly, this approach does not prejudge the outcome of the future integrated satellite communications (SATCOM) architecture currently under development. The three phases are: 1.3.1 Phase 1--Limited Demonstration (FY96 - FY98). The focus of Phase 1 is: acquire and provide a limited off-the-shelf commercial capability to support selected exercises and concept development. initiate acquisition of the GBS space, ground, and user segments. determine products and applications which best suit the CINCs and CJTF Commanders. develop information management tools, algorithms and further refine this CONOPS. 1.3.2 Phase 2--Interim Military Satellite Capability (FY98 - FY00+). Phase 2 will: place GBS packages on UFO satellites 8, 9, and 10. acquire user terminals and information management systems. integrate GBS with Defense Information Infrastructure (DII). complete connectivity with the various providers of high-volume information. 1.3.3 Phase 3--Objective System (FY99 - FY01). In Phase 3, GBS will: achieve objective capability. complete acquisition of space, ground, and user segments. complete integration with GCCS and other intelligence broadcast and theater information management systems. Figure 1. GBS Phase Timeline 1.4 ASSUMPTIONS. This CONOPS uses the following assumptions: Continued digital satellite broadcast research and development, and proliferation in commercial industry will provide a ready source of both hardware and software that will aid in GBS implementation and comply with an "open systems" architecture. Civilian equipment may require minor modifications to assure GBS meets military unique requirements (e.g., encryption, durability, etc.). As users become more familiar with the system it will tend to increase demand. This has historically been the case with new communications technology. During all phases of GBS implementation, frequency bandwidths will be compatible to avoid the expense of replacing or modifying terminals. 2.0 CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS. 2.1 OVERVIEW. Today's warfighter needs large volumes of information delivered rapidly to deployed/on-the-move users. Many of these information requirements are standard products, such as global news, Joint and Service-unique news, theater message traffic, weather, imagery, education/training, the Armed Forces Radio and Television System (AFRTS), 24-hour commercial cable news/weather services, and other desired broadcast services. Others are products tailored for an operating area, such as local weather forecasts, environmental updates, intelligence updates, Tomahawk Mission Data Updates (MDU) and imagery composites. Standard products and theater tailored information placed on a broadcast as they become available, in accordance with established priorities, constitute "Smart Push." Still other information requirements are one-time needs identified by a user in response to operational/tactical circumstances. Methods for identifying and processing these needs constitute "User Pull." A broadcast system with the capacity for "Smart Push" and "User Pull" holds great potential for providing the warfighter with the information he needs, when and where he needs it. Current digital satellite broadcasting technology utilizes satellite-based transponders communicating to individual users via terminals with 18-inch (TV) or 24-inch (data) antennas. GBS applies this technology to meet the DoD requirement for high-volume information transfer to the warfighter. GBS would utilize one-way broadcasting of relevant tactical and non-tactical products. These broadcasts enable timely delivery of large-data-file products to small, easily transportable, and affordable tactical terminals. Given the small size of the terminals and the COTS receivers, the system can be deployed at a much lower echelon than previously possible. However, existing commercial equipment would need modification in order to fully meet the requirement in all areas of the world. Joint Warrior Interoperability Demonstration 1995 (JWID- 95) has already shown the use of this technology for military purposes. The GBS system begins at the interface with information providers and ends with the interface to the users in their operational environment. Figure 2 graphically depicts these boundaries. Figure 2. Boundaries for the GBS System The major components of GBS would be: information sources (National level or in-theater). CINC-responsive theater information management structure. regional satellite broadcast management. primary and mobile uplink sites. satellites with high power transponders to deliver the broadcast to small, low-cost, highly transportable receive terminals. Current technology can support data rates between 1 and 23 megabits per second (Mbps) depending on coverage area and receiver antenna size. Figure 3 depicts a conceptual diagram of nominal broadcast operations. A feature of the GBS system is CINC-responsive theater information management. A CINC's theater information management will tailor information services for field units to optimize the "Smart Push" aspect of the system. In order to accommodate "User Pull," theater information management will also identify processes and procedures for accomplishing on- demand requests. Controlled by theater information management, information products from many distributed locations (including theater generated information) will ride the DII to reach a satellite broadcast management site. This will greatly enhance the ability of product providers to deliver their information to the warfighters. This will also help in the broadcast of these products and assure proper delivery. It is imperative that this GBS system complement existing transmission systems and be fully integrated as a part of the DII. The GBS provides an essential element of the DII deployed segment and will be managed in accordance with DII Control Concept (DIICC) procedures. It must also support military operations with US Allies/Coalition Forces involved. In order to meet the need for worldwide deployment of forces, the GBS system will need to support two major regional conflicts (MRCs) worldwide between 70 north latitude to 70 south latitude. Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW) and Contingency Operations Other Than War (COOTW) are also within the scope of this CONOPS. These may be occurring at multiple locations within each theater. Figure 3. Conceptual GBS Operations 2.2 BROADCAST SERVICES. The GBS will provide broadcast services to selected echelons through a layered or scaleable architecture. This architecture compensates for differences in security (classification) levels and classes of users, and the ways in which users receive video and data. It is up to the users to process the information in a way that best meets their needs. Standardized user interfaces will meet the requirements for the broadest spectrum of users. Refer to user operations (Section 2.5) for further discussion. 2.2.1 Classes of Service. GBS will have two major classes of service: (a) Inter- theater; and (b) Intra-theater. Inter-theater services will provide information from CONUS to theater through primary uplink. Intra-theater services will focus on information from CINC/ CJTF sources to component/sub-component levels using either primary or mobile uplink. 2.2.2 Classes of Products. Products may be either continuous, periodic or on- demand. Each class is further explained below. 2.2.2.1 Continuous and Periodic (Push) Products. These broadcasts may be CINC, Service, or Agency-unique, and may be available to any or all GBS-equipped units in the broadcast footprint. Examples of these broadcasts may include daily intelligence briefings, payroll, training/education, the AFRTS, 24-hour commercial cable news/weather services, warning, and other warfighter services. 2.2.2.2 On-Demand (Pull) Products. This class of products results from ad- hoc requests by one or more unique addressees. On-demand products take specific advantage of the portability and bandwidth features of the GBS. This allows for rapid transfer of data for unique and unforeseen needs of military forces in warfighting environments. An example of an on-demand product is the Tomahawk MDU which certain Navy ships and submarines receive. Another example of an on-demand product is real-time Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) video disseminated to tactical forces. 2.2.3 Representative Broadcasts. The following is a list of potential broadcasts that apply to most theaters: Warning Intelligence Operations Administrative Logistical Medical Education/remote classroom support (military & civilian) Training Weather Mapping Software updates Commercial news services Quality of life programs DoD TV GUIDE An Air Force unit deployed in theater may look for the following broadcast products: Warning Common Tactical Picture Target updates (critical/relocatable) ATO dissemination and updates Time-critical targeting information to airborne strike aircraft Bomb damage assessment (BDA) reports Theater map updates Intelligence updates such as enemy order of battle (EOB) and threats/summaries (perhaps delivered in flight) Tailored imagery Theater weather An Army or Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) unit deployed in theater may need: Warning Common Tactical Picture ATO updates Theater map updates Intelligence updates such as EOB and threats/summaries Tailored imagery Tactical UAV products Theater weather Logistics databases Medical information Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield products (e.g., terrain analysis, landing zones, drop zones) An aircraft carrier deployed in theater may require: Warning Common Tactical Picture A theater missile defense picture Target updates ATO updates BDA reports Theater map updates Intelligence updates such as EOB and threat summaries Tailored imagery for targeting Message traffic Weather forecasts for all airfields of interest News broadcast A Joint Special Operations Task Force/Special Operations Forces deployed in theater may require: Warning Common Tactical Picture ATO updates Theater map updates Tailored imagery Theater weather Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield products (e.g., terrain analysis, landing zones, drop zones) Logistics updates Theater message traffic Commercial news services Psychological Operations (PSYOPS) audio and video products 2.3 TRANSMISSION OPERATIONS. The GBS is a multicast system. Multicast allows simultaneous broadcast of a variety of data and video products. The system can provide these products to all users, a small subset of users, or in some cases, a single user depending on how the information is addressed and/or routed. Transmission operations cover the satellite broadcast characteristics necessary for multicast service to users. Regional satellite broadcast management would provide for consolidation of broadcast products/resources and provide a source of technical expertise for broadcast execution. 2.3.1 Broadcasting. GBS can operate at a variety of data rates. Current technology allows data rates from approximately 1 to 23 Mbps. Data rate is dependent on coverage area and size of receiver antenna. Video compression helps decrease the data rate necessary to broadcast video products. As the multicast requirements increase, data rate must increase. 2.3.2 Frequency Management. GBS will be designed in accordance with DoD, national, and applicable international policies for radio frequency spectrum management. GBS will comply with the policies and procedures for frequency management contained in DoD Directive 4650.1, "Management and Use of the Radio Frequency Spectrum," June 24, 1987. The Engineering and Manufacturing Development phase of acquisition will not be initiated before a frequency allocation application is approved by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA). The system will be operated so that its radio frequency spectrum complies with U.S. national regulations and standards as well as those of any foreign nation where the system is intended to be used. Ka is the band currently selected for use by the GBS system that will be provided on the Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Follow-on (UFO) satellites. 2.3.3 Uplink Sites. The GBS concept allows for two types of uplink: primary and mobile. Providing worldwide coverage will require location of a primary uplink site within each satellite's field of view (FOV). The CINC/CJTF will control the location of the mobile uplink sites, either ashore or afloat. Primary uplink sites would be tied to their respective broadcast managers through the DII. Mobile uplink sites would be tied to their respective broadcast managers through a theater/CJTF information infrastructure. 2.3.4 Coverage. Two distinct broadcast patterns can provide coverage for a specific area of responsibility (AOR). A broad area coverage beam can cover all or a large portion of the area in the satellite FOV. A spot beam can cover an area approximately 500 miles in diameter. Spot beams are steerable and have higher data rates available. Broad area coverage beams are also steerable but would have a substantially lower data rate. For the interim system, UFO 8, 9, and 10 use four transponders and two uplink antennas. The following discussion highlights one possible arrangement of that configuration to support warfighter operations. The primary uplink antenna is a 16 meter dish which will push two 24 Mbps broadcast signals and one 1.55 Mbps (T1) signal. On the satellite, two transponders will feed the two 24 Mbps broadcasts into a 500 nautical mile (nm) spot beam. All beams can be repositioned within the satellite FOV in approximately 70 seconds. Another transponder will feed the T1 broadcast into a 2000 nm broad area beam. The mobile uplink antenna is an 8 meter dish which will push a 6 Mbps broadcast signal. On the satellite, one transponder will feed this signal into a 500 nm spot beam. These calculations are all based on the use of a 22-inch receive antenna. In composite, this gives the satellite a total coverage of approximately 3.5 million square nautical miles at varying data rates. Figure 4 illustrates this configuration. Several other arrangements are possible based on the needs of the warfighter. Figure 5 shows the nominal locations of UFO 8, 9, and 10 with their FOVs at 10o elevation. 2.4 BROADCAST MANAGEMENT. With the advent of GBS, information management takes on a new meaning within joint/combined combat operations. This CONOPS separates management and control into two functions: CINC-responsive theater information management, and regional satellite broadcast management. Figure 4. GBS Phase 2 Potential Configuration on UFO 8, 9, and 10 Figure 5. GBS Phase 2 Coverage 2.4.1 Resource Control. Management and control involve the flow of requests for products from users through appropriate channels to a CINC's theater information management structure. This structure will use CINC/CJTF direction to process and prioritize requests to create a broadcast schedule. The regional satellite broadcast management function integrates the products from all sources, and executes the broadcast through an uplink site based on the theater information management schedule and priorities. Primary uplink will handle a large portion of the broadcast. Figure 6 illustrates this process. Remaining theater information uplink will occur through a mobile uplink facility in response to the theater information management function. Figure 6. Resource Control Management and control of requests for products that are a part of the deliberate planning process will follow the existing chain of command and support "Smart Push." Figure 7 illustrates this flow. Figure 7. Flow of Requests for Scheduled Products Management and control of on-demand broadcasts involve the flow of requests for products through a predesignated rapid response process and support "User Pull." The mechanism to make these requests and the method to satisfy them are under development. Media and systems exist to support on-demand product requests. Possible examples include: Telephone (secure/non-secure) Defense Message System (DMS) Internet/DII router networks (e.g., SIPRNET, JWICS, etc.) JDISS/Intelink GCCS UHF SATCOM SHF SATCOM EHF SATCOM 2.4.2 Scheduling. The cornerstone to integrated GBS operations is consolidated scheduling. The consolidated schedule is a combination of each CINC's theater information management schedule which applies to that region. Each schedule is a combination of the information to be broadcast, the time slot for the broadcast, steering of the beam (if required), and the amount of that region's broadcast capacity that has been apportioned to that CINC. To allocate "Smart Push" broadcast resources, the CINC's theater information management structure determines the CINC priorities, access restrictions, and the volume of information that has been requested. Using these rules, the theater information manager can properly and responsively select continuous/periodic products to disseminate. "User Pull" products will be scheduled for immediate broadcast or on an "as available" basis depending on the priority assigned to the request by the theater information management structure and the availability of the requested information. 2.4.3 Broadcast Processing and Uplink. Each theater information management function identifies the products and schedule for their portion of the broadcast. Then the regional satellite broadcast management function builds the data stream from information sources and passes it to the uplink site. 2.4.4 Product Distribution. Information managers are responsible for providing information products to their respective users. They must know of a user's information request and that user's location to facilitate broadcast through the appropriate satellite. A unit directory will support this requirement. Users must have access to a product directory which will identify continuous/periodic broadcast services. They will have access to all or a subset of these continuous and periodic products via appropriate levels of Communications Security (COMSEC) keying materials. 2.4.5 Uplink Facility. The uplink facility consists of the necessary hardware and software to transmit the GBS broadcast data stream built by the satellite broadcast management function. There is no requirement to collocate the uplink facility and satellite broadcast management function. 2.4.6 Product Sources. The responsible agency for each product source will be responsible for transporting their data to a DII node. Data protocols will be those used by the DII. Buffers located at the data sources and the satellite broadcast management function could reduce the timelines for responding to requests. 2.4.7 Network Management. The goal of network management is to optimize the available broadcast resources. Network management is divided between theater information management and satellite broadcast management. Individual CINCs may have forces on the move anywhere in the world. A CINC's theater information management, therefore, must have access to resources on all satellites. Since each satellite has only a fixed amount of bandwidth, GBS resources will be apportioned in accordance with Memorandum of Policy No. 37 (MOP 37), Military Satellite Communications Systems. Based on this apportionment and actual demands on the system at any one time, the satellite broadcast management function can use dynamic bandwidth management to provide the most service possible. This approach is illustrated in Figure 8. Figure 8. Management of GBS Resources with Multiple CINCs 2.4.8 Security Management and Product Protection. The GBS will invoke all provisions of Security Management to include Operational Security (OPSEC), COMSEC, and Transmission Security (TRANSEC) in accordance with DIA and NSA policies and procedures. The system will include specific features for encryption and decryption. Routine, continuous/periodic transmissions will be previewed to ensure OPSEC requirements are satisfied. In order to adequately support theater operations, GBS must be capable of multiple security levels for handling of classifications including: For Official Use Only (FOUO), Classified Releasable to Foreign Nationals, Classified (not releasable), and Classified Compartmented. GBS also allows for controlled access and addressing/packeting, which affords additional protection. 2.5 USER OPERATIONS. GBS will supply services to the lowest echelon of warfighter specified by the theater CINC. Given the small size of the antennas (18 - 24 inches) and the commercial off-the-shelf receiver, this system can provide some high throughput broadcast information to a much lower level than previously possible. Broadcast information can be further disseminated to lower echelon units via interface with existing tactical networks. Potential levels could include: CJTF Navy: Naval Forces Commander (NAVFOR), Carriers (CVs), Destroyers (DDGs), Frigates (FFGs), Submarines (SSNs), Assault Ships (LHAs, LHDs, LPHs), Support Ships (LPDs, LSDs) Marines: Marine Forces Commander (MARFOR), Marine Aircraft Group/Squadron, Marine Regiment/Battalion/Company, Mobile Command Group (High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle [HMMWV] equipped) Army: Army Forces Commander (ARFOR), Division Tactical Operations Center (TOC), Brigade TOC, Company Tank Commander, Mobile Command Group (HMMWV equipped) Air Force: Air Force Commander (AFFOR), Air Operations Center, Theater Air Bases, Squadrons, Aircraft JSOTF/SOF: Special Forces Operating Bases, AF Special Operations Detachments, Naval Task Groups, Forward Operating Bases, AF Special Operations Elements, Naval Task Units, Fixed/Rotary Wing Aircraft, Surface and Underwater Vessels 2.5.1 Roles and Responsibilities. The following responsibilities are in concert with MOP 37. 2.5.1.1 CJCS Responsibilities. The CJCS is responsible for apportioning broadcast resources among the various CINCs and adjudicating competing requirements that arise over available system resources. Additional CJCS roles in the broadcast management structure will be developed during GBS Phases 1 & 2. 2.5.1.2 CINC Responsibilities. The CINCs will prioritize broadcast resources and user requirements to assure the optimum utilization of the broadcast system. They will allocate broadcast resources within their AORs. The CINC will determine a location for his mobile uplink and use a theater information management structure for directing his apportionment of global broadcast resources. Additional CINC roles in the broadcast management structure will be developed during GBS Phases 1 & 2. 2.5.1.3 United States Space Command (USSPACECOM) Responsibilities. USSPACECOM will, through its components, operate the GBS Phase 2 satellite payload and provide the SBMs. This will effectively integrate the generation of the data stream with its physical uplink. Much of the SBM function will be automated through hardware and software to minimize the personnel requirement to operate the SBMs. 2.5.1.4 Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) Responsibilities. DISA is responsible to ensure the DII can support the volume of information from national and theater information sources to the SBM. Experience during JWID-95 revealed that a potential choke point exists between information sources and the SBM. DISA, through the DIICC, will establish standards for formatting and addressing to ensure compatibility of information products. 2.5.2 Requests for Information. Most requests for broadcast information would be determined during some deliberate planning process as a part of preparations for conflict (Smart Push). Other requests might be developed during the initial stages of the conflict and remain the same for the duration of hostilities. These requests would follow the approach in Figure 7. On- demand requests for information to support one-time/non-periodic needs (User Pull) would go direct via a predesignated process. Since GBS is one-way, these requests would go via some other means, including telephone, DMS, DISN or SATCOM. 2.5.3 Information Processing. Post-broadcast information processing is the primary responsibility of the requesting unit (see Figure 2). System parameters will include a detailed interface definition for participating units. Interfaces would be determined in accordance with DII standards for complete interoperability. An overall concern for broadcasts injected into an information processing system is that they do not overwhelm the tactical commander. Addressing via a common protocol assures that requesting units only receive the data needed to perform their individual missions. Filtering to remove unwanted information at user workstations can also effectively counteract information overload. 2.5.4 User Equipment. Users will need to supply video monitors, information processing equipment and possibly some encryption/decryption equipment to support multiple security levels. Examples might be a GCCS terminal, a laptop PC, or an information management system such as US Forces Korea's Theater Automated Command and Control Information Management System (TACCIMS). The interfaces are envisioned to contain decryption capable of supporting Classified Releasable to Foreign Nationals information. Higher levels of security may require user supplied equipment. Emerging technology in steerable phased-array antennas could provide GBS to on-the-move users. APPENDIX A LIST OF REFERENCES 1. Global Broadcast Service (GBS) for Joint Warrior Interoperability Demonstration 1995 (JWID 95) Concept of Operations, 21 August 1995. 2. Joint Mission Need Statement for Global Broadcast Service, 3 August 1995. 3. Management and Control of UHF Satellite Communications Using DAMA Protocols Concept of Operations, Coordination Draft, 20 July 1994. 4. MOP 37, Military Satellite Communications Systems, 14 May 1992. APPENDIX B GLOSSARY 1. Broadcast satellites - specially developed satellites with high-power transponders capable of broadcasting data at rates in excess of 20 megabits per second. 2. Broadcast services - information products delivered by the GBS system which users can employ to improve their combat effectiveness. 3. Defense Information Infrastructure (DII) - resources identified by the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) as critical for the flow of information within the Department of Defense. Interoperability and multi-path technologies are being applied to the DII to make it as flexible as possible. DISA is also working on a multi-level security capability for the DII. 4. Digital satellite broadcasting - a commercially developed system of satellites, equipped with high-power transponders, and small receivers and antennas which deliver broadcast television and data services to commercial users. 5. Global Broadcast Service (GBS) - a system of satellites and commercially developed receivers used by a CINC-responsive or -directed theater information management structure and regional satellite broadcast management structure to support the flow of information to mobile forces supporting a major regional conflict (MRC). 6. Mobile uplink site - a moveable site within the satellite field of view from which a data stream could be transmitted to the satellite for broadcast. This would utilize an additional steerable satellite receive antenna and affect the number of transponders available for broadcast. 7. Mobile user - a user whose receiver functions only after movement has stopped and a fixed antenna has been erected and aimed at the satellite. The small size and weight of GBS terminals make this operation quick and easy. 8. On-demand requests - requests for services made by individual users for products not currently contained in the continuous/periodic broadcasts. These requests will use some other communications media not integral to GBS and the existing chain of command. 9. On-the-move user - a user whose receiver must function while he is moving, necessitating the use of an antenna which can track the GBS satellite. 10. Portable receive equipment - small, commercially developed receivers modified for military use which are capable of receiving both video and data broadcasts from the broadcast satellites. 11. Primary uplink site - a fixed site within the satellite field of view which transmits the data stream to the satellite for broadcast. 12. Satellite broadcast management - a function of the management and control of GBS which assembles the data stream from the inputs of various individual theater information management functions for delivery to the uplink sites. Much of this function may be automated to reduce personnel and resource requirements. 13. Theater information management - a function of the management and control of GBS which provides individual CINCs with the control essential to delivery of the correct information products to their forces on-the-move worldwide. This function identifies the products and determines the schedule to be followed for the broadcast. i 5 A-1 B-2
|
NEWSLETTER
|
| Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list |
|
|
|
