Abstract
The Java Modeling Language (JML) is a specification language for describing the functional behavior of sequential Java program modules. The object-oriented features of Java make specifying invariants and framing difficult in the presence of subtyping. Using regions as a basis for a methodology, we precisely describe a technique for specifying invariants and framing in the presence of subtyping. We also extend JML by adding separating conjunction (from separation logic) for certain kinds of assertions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Pierre America. A Behavioural Approach to Subtyping in Object-Oriented Programming Languages. Tech. rep. 443. Revised from the January 1989 version. Nederlandse Philips Bedrijven B. V.: Philips Research Laboratories, Apr. 1989.
Anindya Banerjee, David A. Naumann, and Stan Rosenberg. “Local Reasoning for Global Invariants, Part I: Region Logic”. In: Journal of the ACM 60.3 (June 2013), 18:1–18:56. ISSN: 0004-5411. https://doi.org/10.1145/2485982. URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2485982.
Yuyan Bao. “Reasoning About Frame Properties in Object-Oriented Programs”. PhD thesis. University of Central Florida, 2017. URL: http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~ybao/tech-reports/TR_dissertation.pdf.
Yuyan Bao, Gary T. Leavens, and Gidon Ernst. “Conditional Effects in Fine-grained Region Logic”. In: Proceedings of the 17th Workshop on Formal Techniques for Java-like Programs. FTfJP ’15. Prague, Czech Republic: ACM, 2015, 5:1–5:6. ISBN: 978-1-4503-3656-7. https://doi.org/10.1145/2786536.2786537. URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2786536.2786537.
Yuyan Bao, Gary T. Leavens, and Gidon Ernst. “Unifying Separation Logic and Region Logic to Allow Interoperability”. In: Formal Aspects of Computing 30.3 (Aug. 2018), pp. 381–441.
Mike Barnett and David Naumann. “Friends Need a Bit More: Maintaining Invariants Over Shared State”. In: Mathematics of Program Construction (MPC). Ed. by Dexter Kozen. Vol. 3125. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer-Verlag, July 2004, pp. 54–84. URL: http://www.springerlink.com/content/6gt28um7j5jgra12.
Mike Barnett et al. “Verification of Object-Oriented Programs with Invariants”. In: Journal of Object Technology 3.6 (2004), pp. 27–56. URL: http://tinyurl.com/m2a8j.
Kevin Bierhoff and Jonathan Aldrich. “Lightweight Object Specification with Typestates”. In: SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes 30.5 (Sept. 2005), pp. 217–226. ISSN: 0163-5948. https://doi.org/10.1145/1095430.1081741 URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1095430.1081741.
Alex Borgida, John Mylopoulos, and Raymond Reiter. “On the Frame Problem in Procedure Specifications”. In: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 21.10 (Oct. 1995), pp. 785–798. URL: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/32.469460.
Patrice Chalin et al. “Beyond Assertions: Advanced Specification and Verification with JML and ESC/Java2”. In: Formal Methods for Components and Objects (FMCO) 2005, Revised Lectures. Vol. 4111. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2006, pp. 342–363. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11804192%5C_16.
Robert DeLine and Manuel Fähndrich. “Typestates for objects”. In: ECOOP 2004 — Object-Oriented Programming, 18th European Conference. Vol. 3086. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Verlag, June 2004, pp. 465–490. URL: http://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=67463.
Sophia Drossopoulou, Adrian Francalanza, and Peter Müller. “A Unified Framework for Verification Techniques for Object Invariants”. In: International Workshop on Foundations of Object-Oriented Languages (FOOL’08). 2008. URL: http://fool08.kuis.kyoto-u.ac.jp/drossopoulou.pdf.
Samin S. Ishtiaq and Peter W. O’Hearn. “BI as an assertion language for mutable data structures”. In: Proceedings of the 28th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages. POPL ’01. London, United Kingdom: ACM, 2001, pp. 14–26. ISBN: 1-58113-336-7. https://doi.org/10.1145/360204.375719. URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/360204.375719.
Ioannis T. Kassios. “The dynamic frames theory”. In: Formal Aspects of Computing 23.3 (May 2011), pp. 267–288. ISSN: 0934-5043. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00165-010-0152-5. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00165-010-0152-5.
Gary T. Leavens. “JML’s Rich, Inherited Specifications for Behavioral Subtypes”. In: Formal Methods and Software Engineering: 8th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods (ICFEM). Ed. by Zhiming Liu and He Jifeng. Vol. 4260. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, Nov 2006, pp. 2–34. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11901433.
Gary T. Leavens and Peter Müller. “Information Hiding and Visibility in Interface Specifications”. In: International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE). Los Alamitos, California: IEEE, May 2007, pp. 385–395. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2007.44.
Gary T. Leavens and David A. Naumann. “Behavioral Subtyping, Specification Inheritance, and Modular Reasoning”. In: TOPLAS 37.4 (Aug. 2015), 13:1–13:88. https://doi.org/10.1145/2766446. URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2766446.
Gary T. Leavens and William E. Weihl. “Specification and Verification of Object-Oriented Programs Using Supertype Abstraction”. In: Acta Informatica 32.8 (Nov. 1995), pp. 705–778. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01178658.
Gary T. Leavens et al. “JML Reference Manual”. Available from http://www.jmlspecs.org. Sept. 2009.
K. Rustan M. Leino. “Dafny: An Automatic Program Verifier for Functional Correctness”. In: Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence, and Reasoning, 16th International Conference, LPAR-16. Vol. 6355. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Darkar, Senegal: Springer-Verlag, 2010, pp. 348–370.
K. Rustan M. Leino. “Data groups: Specifying the modification of extended state”. In: OOPSLA ’98 Conference Proceedings. Vol. 33(10). ACM SIGPLAN Notices. New York, NY: ACM, Oct. 1998, pp. 144–153. URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/286936.286953.
Barbara H. Liskov and Jeannette M. Wing. “A Behavioral Notion of Subtyping”. In: 16.6 (Nov. 1994), pp. 1811–1841. URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/197320.197383.
Bertrand Meyer. “Applying ‘Design by Contract”’. In: Computer 25.10 (Oct. 1992), pp. 40–51.
Peter Müller. Modular Specification and Verification of Object-Oriented Programs. Vol. 2262. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2002. URL: http://tinyurl.com/jtwot.
Peter Müller, Arnd Poetzsch-Heffter, and Gary T. Leavens. “Modular Specification of Frame Properties in JML”. In: Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 15.2 (Feb. 2003), pp. 117–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.713 URL: ftp://ftp.cs.iastate.edu/pub/techreports/TR02-02/TR.pdf.
Peter W. O’Hearn, Hongseok Yang, and John C. Reynolds. “Separation and Information Hiding”. In: ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst. 31.3 (Apr. 2009), 11:1–11:50. ISSN: 0164-0925. https://doi.org/10.1145/1498926.1498929. URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1498926.1498929.
Matthew Parkinson and Gavin Bierman. “Separation Logic, Abstraction and Inheritance”. In: ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages. Ed. by Philip Wadler. New York, NY: ACM, Jan. 2008, pp. 75–86.
D. L. Parnas. “On the Criteria to be Used in Decomposing Systems into Modules”. In: Communications of the ACM 15.12 (Dec. 1972), pp. 1053–1058.
John C. Reynolds. “Separation Logic: A Logic for Shared Mutable Data Structures”. In: Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science. Los Alamitos, California: IEEE Computer Society Press, 2002, pp. 55–74. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LICS.2002.1029817.
Jan Smans et al. “Automatic verification of Java programs with dynamic frames”. In: Formal Aspects of Computing 22.3 (2010), pp. 423–457. ISSN: 1433-299X. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00165-010-0148-1. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00165-010-0148-1.
Alexander J. Summers, Sophia Drossopoulou, and Peter Müller. “The Need for Flexible Object Invariants”. In: International Workshop on Aliasing, Confinement and Ownership in Object-Oriented Programming. IWACO ’09. Genova, Italy: ACM, 2009, 6:1–6:9. ISBN: 978-1-60558-546-8. https://doi.org/10.1145/1562154.1562160. URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1562154.1562160.
Benjamin Weiß. “Deductive Verification of Object-Oriented Software: Dynamic Frames, Dynamic Logic and Predicate Abstraction”. PhD thesis. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 2011.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bao, Y., Leavens, G.T. (2018). A Methodology for Invariants, Framing, and Subtyping in JML. In: Müller, P., Schaefer, I. (eds) Principled Software Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98047-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98047-8_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98046-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98047-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)