Abstract
Context-Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) is a method of entropy coding first introduced in H.264/AVC and now used in the latest High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard. While it provides high coding efficiency, the data dependencies in H.264/AVC CABAC make it challenging to parallelize and thus limit its throughput. Accordingly, during the standardization of entropy coding for HEVC, both aspects of coding efficiency and throughput were considered. This chapter describes the functionality and design methodology behind CABAC entropy coding in HEVC.
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Notes
- 1.
cMax is defined by the standard for each relevant type of syntax element.
- 2.
Please note that apart from the interval subdivision aspect there are some subtle technical differences between (and also within) the coder families, such as concerning, e.g., probability estimation, conditional exchange, carry-over handling, and termination.
- 3.
There is one exception to this general rule in HEVC, which is discussed in more detail in Chap. 3.
- 4.
Note that the term “significance flag” is interpreted here and in the following in a much broader sense than originally used in the context of H.264/AVC.
- 5.
The benefit of inferring bins must be traded-off with a potential increase in context selection complexity.
- 6.
Slice segments can also be used to fragment tiles and wavefronts into substreams.
- 7.
Note that the value of end_of_sub_stream_one_bit is always 1 and it is only sent for the last CTU of a substream.
- 8.
In H.264/AVC, mb_type and sub_mb_type are used to represent the following equivalent information in HEVC: split_cu_flag, pred_mode_flag, part_mode, pcm_flag, inter_pred_idc, coded block pattern (cbf_luma, cbf_cr, cbf_cb) and intra prediction mode for 16 × 16 intra-coded PU.
- 9.
pred_mode_flag is not sent for CUs in I slices since they are all intra-coded.
- 10.
Note that the minimum allowed inter-coded PART_NxN size is 8 × 8, so for CU size equal to 8 × 8, the only allowed partitions are PART_2NxN and PART_Nx2N, and cMax of 2 is used for truncated unary.
- 11.
I_PCM is not allowed for intra-coded 4 × 4 blocks.
- 12.
Note that the PCM sample bit depth (i.e., wordlength) for luma and chroma samples can be specified independently in the SPS.
- 13.
Direction is also referred to as class in the HEVC specification.
- 14.
For more details on MPM list construction please refer to Chap. 4.
- 15.
Intra-predicted CUs typically have nonzero residual, so rqt_root_cbf is not used.
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Sze, V., Marpe, D. (2014). Entropy Coding in HEVC. In: Sze, V., Budagavi, M., Sullivan, G. (eds) High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). Integrated Circuits and Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06895-4_8
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