Add vector call functions to the limited API

[wjakob]

Feature or enhancement

Starting in Python 3.12, it is possible to receive vector calls in the limited API. However, it is not possible to issue them from a binary extension module compiled for the limited API.

Pitch

Since the PEP-590 is presumably stable at this point, I propose exposing more of it through the limited API. This would entail the functions

• PyObject_Vectorcall
• PyObject_VectorcallMethod
• PyObject_VectorcallDict
• PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET (a macro constant that is needed to use these effectively)

Previous discussion

Some related discussion took place here: https://discuss.python.org/t/ideas-for-forward-compatible-and-fast-extension-libraries-in-python-3-12. This PR Is specifically about item #5 from the list in the first post.

[wjakob]

PR #98587 contains a tentative set of changes realizing the addition of these functions.