Breeding Ecology of the Green Iora

Amar-Singh HSS

Introduction
Breeding behaviour of the Green Iora Aegithina viridissima is poorly known. Wells (2007) states that nests are neat cups. Both pair-members incubate and tend nestlings but incubation and fledging period unknown (Wells 2007; Wells 2020). I have had an opportunity to observe two Green Iora nests and report the observations here.

Nest One 2014
Nest Observation Disclosure: I observed the nest building activities for less than 45 minutes. To give the birds a break from my presence, I left and returned three times in the 45 minutes. I was situated quite far away at the foot of a hill, separated from them by a ravine, a stream and thick canopy. Nest building was not interrupted during my presence. 

The first nest was seen on 13 April 2014 on a trail through primary forest at the Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. I spotted a pair of Green Ioras collecting nesting material (Plate 1). They were approximately 10 meters up stripping fibre from the bark of a dead branch; I observed three episodes of nest material collection. Both the male and female were equally involved. I also observed them collecting spiderwebs.

Plate 1: Green Ioras collecting nesting material, 13 April 2014, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.

I managed to follow them in the canopy and found their nest. It was located on the outer branch of a tall tree on a slope of a hill, approximately 12 meters high. The nest was close to completion and was a small cup, built into 4 small branches, with a small downwards extension, very much like some flycatchers (Plate 2). In addition to adding material, they also would sit in the cup to shape it.

At the time I was not able to follow up on the nest due to work and location constraints.

Plate 2: Green Iora nest and site, 13 April 2014, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.

Nest Two 2024
Nest Observation Disclosure: I observed the nest using an 800 mm long lens in DX format (equivalent to 1200 mm) from more than 15 meters from the nest. Often, long video recordings were used while I walked away from the site. At no time did the birds appear distressed by my presence. I returned every two to three days to the site. I avoid observation on weekends and public holidays as there were nature visitors to the area and I did not want to bring attention to the nest in case of harm. At times observations were not possible due to closure of the forest area.

Timelines and Key Observation Dates

13 June 2024	Nest building in final stages observed.
20 June 2024	Both pair-members incubating with some continued nest building.
25-27 June 2024	Incubation in progress.
01 July 2024	Adults seen feeding chicks, possibly very young and just hatched in past one to two days.
11 July 2024	Two chicks being fed actively; at times sitting on the edge of the nest.
14 July 2024	No chicks in the nest (presumed fledged).

Nest Location and Structure
I first observed a pair of Green Ioras bringing nesting material to the crown of a Malayan Teak Vitex pinnata located in an open space of a recreational area in the Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia on 13 June 2024. Surrounding the area was primary forest and I have frequently seen social groups of Green Ioras here, often with juvenile birds. The nest was extremely difficult to locate as it was in the crown of the tree 8-9 meters high and hidden by many leaves and branches with moss and lichen (Plate 3). The nest was a neat cup built into a confluence of at least three branches, one being a fork on the branch. The nest had a small hanging extension below. The nest material appeared to be made up of strips of bark and fibre, held together with spider silk (Plate 4).

Plate 3: Overview of nest location in crown of a Vitex pinnata tree (arrow shows the location).

Parental Involvement in Nest Construction
Both parents assisted in nest construction but I am unsure of the proportion of involvement as I observed the late stages of nest building. The pair-members would go out together to get nesting material and come back together to build the nest. On one occasion I observed the female using her body to shape the interior of the nest. A video of two nest building activities (13 June 2024) by the adult female is available here: https://youtu.be/xqW223PBXBE On 20 June 2024, despite incubation in progress, the female brought spider silk to enhance the external integrity of the nest.

Plate 4: Closer view of nest: Left female nest building 13 June 2024; right male incubating 20 June 2024.

Incubation and Fledging Periods
I am unsure how many eggs were laid but two chicks were seen in the nest. One appeared younger and may have hatched a day later. The incubation period is more than 10 days and shorter than 16 days. The fledging period is between 11 to 13 days. Plate 5 shows a series of images of chicks over time. Plate 6 shows a chick close to fledging. A video of the two chicks close to fledging is available here: https://youtu.be/HXz91qN-0rs

Plate 5: Video grab serial images of chicks on 06, 09, 11 July 2024, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.

Plate 6: Dominant chick close to fledging, 11 July 2024, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.

Parental Responsibilities for Incubation and Nestlings
Both parents incubate eggs and feed nestlings. However, the adult male appears to play a larger role. Every early morning that I visited the nest (eight occasions), during incubation and once the chicks had hatched, the male was the one sitting on the nest. In addition, I observed more feeding episodes by the male than the female of young nestlings. On two mornings I observed the male calling out, possibly to the female, for a change in incubation responsibility. When the female did not show, the male left, presumably to feed, and returned shortly after to continue incubation. On two other occasions I saw the male leave the very young chicks to get food and return with prey shortly after; the female was not in attendance. I have also seen the female leave and not wait for the male to arrive while the chicks were still very young. There were other observations where the male called out and the female did respond by arriving at the nest to take over responsibilities. Note that all my observations were in the 0730 to 1130 hrs periods and I cannot be sure of behaviour at other times.

Feeding Behaviour, Frequency and Food Items
Adults often landed on a branch about 0.5 meters away from the nest and checked for safety before approaching the nest to feed the young. Younger chicks, one to five days old, were seldom left unattended. Older chicks were left unattended while parents went to forage for prey. Foraging for prey by the adult female was observed 20-30 m from the nest site but usually they were further away.

Extended video recording assessments, when the chicks were approximately six days old, showed that the feeding frequency in the morning (0800 to 1100 hrs) was, at peak intensity, every three to six minutes. But could range from 30 seconds (adults coming one after the other) to gaps of 20 minutes. The feeding intensity was higher after 0900 hrs. The ratio of male to female feeds was 5:3 when nestlings were young but appeared equal when they were older. A video of some feeding episodes (from 01-09 July 2024) is available here: https://youtu.be/oMFgUUAwJHY

Food items brought to nestlings were not always easy to identify due to the height and foliage. The majority were invertebrates and insects (Plate 7). They included caterpillars, spiders, moths, plant hoppers, beetles and a possible Leaf-rolling Cricket Nymph (Gryllacrididae). No fruit items were brought to nestlings but I have observed adults feeding on fruit in the past. Once the adult female appeared to be regurgitating four feeds at one time but the food item was small and could not be seen. On one occasion, after feeding the chicks, the female picked up a number of insects from around the nest, possibly ants, and fed them to the chicks.

Plate 7: Video grab image of various prey brought to nestlings, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.

Faecal Sacs and Removal
Both adults collected faecal sacs (Plate 8). Often, after feeding, adults would wait expectantly at the nest edge to see if nestling produced a faecal sac. When nestlings were still young the faecal sac was collected and eaten by the adults. When the nestlings were older, the faecal sac was taken far away from the nest, presumably for disposal. Video recording assessments, when the chicks were about six days old, showed two faecal sac removal in a duration of 60 minutes.

Plate 8: Video grab image of an adult male Green Iora collecting a faecal sac, 06 July 2024, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.

Interaction with Other Birds
On a few occasions I observed Spectacled Bulbul Rubigula erythropthalmos, Red-eyed Bulbul Pycnonotus brunneus, Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Sitta frontalis and Pin-striped Tit-Babbler Mixornis gularis come within 0.75 to 1m of nest to forage but they were not chased away.

Prior Observations of Feeding of Fledged Juveniles
I have often seen Green Ioras in small family groups of two adults and two juveniles, or in social groups of six to seven with adults and two to three juveniles. Both adult males and females feed fledged juveniles. Plate 9 shows a few food items given to fledged juveniles, all observed at the Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia, close to the second nesting site. I have also observed an adult with a Leaf-rolling Cricket Nymph (Gryllacrididae) that was fed to a fledged juvenile.

Wells (2020) notes that nest-building, incubation and nestlings have been recorded in April and May. The two nests I observed had nest building in April and June, with nestlings in July (second nest). I have seen fledged, dependent juveniles in August on four occasions, suggesting a second breeding season later in the year.

Plate 9: Food items given to fledged juveniles: 1-caterpillar, 2-caterpillar, 3-winged insect, 4-spider.

Discussion
A literature and online search, including the Macaulay Library, for Green Iora nests did not reveal any other reports of nests apart from unverified accounts (Well 2020). There are three videos online of Iora nests labelled as Green Iora but all three are of the Common Iora Aegithina tiphia. These observations offer some information about the breeding ecology of the Green Iora. Further observations are required to ascertain more accurately incubation and fledging periods and as to which cuckoo species, if any, use them as a brood host.

References

1. Amar-Singh HSS. (2014). Green Iora – nest building. Bird Ecology Study Group. [online] https://besgroup.org/2014/06/08/green-iora-nest-building/ Accessed on 01 July 2024.
2. Wells, D.R. (2007). The birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula: Vol. 2 (Passerines). London: Christopher Helm.
3. Wells, D. (2020). Green Iora (Aegithina viridissima), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.

Citation: Amar-Singh HSS. (2024). Breeding Ecology of the Green Iora. Malaysian Bird Report. Volume 3/2024, Sept 2024: pg. 21-28.

WBCM BIRDING TRIP TO SIEM REAP, CAMBODIA 2023

A trip to Siem Reap, Cambodia from 2nd to 7th April, 2023 was organized by WBCM. The trip was led by Mr. Vuthy Taing.

Cambodia has a long and rich history. It had its glory era when the Angkor Wat was built in the 9th century and its darkest days when Khmer Rouge ruled. Today, Cambodia is awakening and tourists are welcomed. It has its share of natural history too but poverty has forced its people to poach wildlife for food and trade. Eco-tourism is therefore important for the locals to realise the value of their remaining forests and all the wild animals that dwell there. 

Due to limitations of transport and accommodation, only ten members were accepted for the trip, first-come-first-serve. Our trip was supposed to start with a little bit of birding on the first day in the afternoon, but Air Asia rescheduled the flight and by the time we arrived at Siem Reap, it was dark and it was almost mid-night when we reached camp. A large part of our journey was on un-tarred road, bumpy and dusty. In the monsoon season, the journey will be more difficult, maybe hazardous too. March to May happens to be the hottest period in Cambodia. The best months to visit would be December and January. September and October are the wettest months, lots of monsoon rains and floods. 

The Changkran Roy Community-Based Ecotourism Campsite is made up of a few wooden houses on stilts but there were not enough rooms for all of us, so two of us were given tents to sleep in. On the first night, two members sleeping in a short-stilt hut were attacked by ants and had to take refuge in a tall stilt hut. Otherwise, the stay was quite comfortable, not too hot in the evenings even without fans. Facilities were very basic: no internet coverage, the lead acid batteries generate electricity enough for lighting but too weak and unstable to charge telephone or camera batteries. Bring spare batteries and power banks if you plan to come. Water for washing is untreated, sourced from a nearby stream. Vuthy had the foresight to bring along 5-gal drums of drinking water, enough to last our stay. Unless you have a strong stomach, I advise you to consume only cooked food. At this campsite, we made a small contribution to the local community in the form of cash, sufficient to equip their school with electric fans. US dollar is widely accepted in this country. We also brought some pre-loved clothing for the village folks.

In the forests around Changkran Roy, we recorded 82 species of birds:
Red Junglefowl, Siamese Fireback, Scaly-breasted Partridge, Red-collared Dove, Spotted Dove, Zebra Dove, Asian Emerald Dove, Ashy-headed Green Pigeon, Green Imperial-Pigeon, Greater Coucal, Square-tailed Drongo-Cuckoo, Green-billed Malkoha, Red-wattled Lapwing, Little Cormorant, Grey Heron, Little Egret, Chinese Pond-Heron, Crested Treeswift, Asian Palm Swift, Oriental Honey-Buzzard, Rufous-bellied Eagle, Crested Serpent-Eagle, Shikra, Rufous-winged Buzzard, Crested Goshawk, Black Baza, Collared Scops-Owl, Brown Fish-Owl, Brown Boobook, Oriental Pied Hornbill, White-throated Kingfisher, Banded Kingfisher, Chestnut-headed Bee-eater, Asian Green Bee-eater, Indochinese Roller, Coppersmith Barbet, Lineated Barbet, Blue-eared Barbet, Green-eared Barbet, Banded Broadbill, Red-breasted Parakeet, Vernal Hanging-Parrot, Ashy Minivet, Black Drongo, Greater Racket-tailed Drongo, Rufous Treepie, Bar-bellied Pitta, Black-naped Oriole, Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike, Large Cuckooshrike, Common Iora, Ashy Drongo, Black-naped Monarch, Dark-necked Tailorbird, Common Tailorbird, Yellow-vented Bulbul, Black-headed Bulbul, Black-crested Bulbul, Stripe-throated Bulbul, Streak-eared Bulbul, Puff-throated Bulbul, Grey-eyed Bulbul, Red-whiskered Bulbul, Sooty-headed Bulbul, Dusky Warbler, Pale-legged Leaf warbler, Pin-striped Tit-Babbler, Puff-throated Babbler, White-crested Laughingthrush, Common Hill Myna, Black-collared Starling, Common Myna, Asian Brown Flycatcher, Dark-sided Flycatcher, White-rumped Shama, Oriental Magpie-Robin, Siberian Blue Robin, Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker, Taiga Flycatcher, Ruby-cheeked Sunbird, Olive-backed Sunbird and Blue-winged Leafbird.

On 5th April, 2023, we went to Kampong Thum, which is a flood plain. Now, in the hot, season, the plain is dry and the grass is wilting and brown. Temperature can reach 40° Celsius. During the monsoon, the plain will be inundated. In this habitat, we recorded the 39 species: -
Knob-billed Duck, Indian Spot-billed Duck, Rock Pigeon (Feral), Red-collared-Dove, Spotted Dove, Bengal Florican, Greater Coucal, Germain’s Swiftlet, Common Sandpiper, Marsh Sandpiper, Small Buttonquail, Oriental Pratincole, Asian Openbill, Painted Stork, Spot-billed Pelican, Grey Heron, Little Egret, Eastern Marsh-Harrier, Pied Harrier, Asian Green Bee-eater, Blue-throated Bee-eater, Blue-tailed Bee-eater, Indochinese Roller, Black Drongo, Brown Shrike, Large-billed Crow, Oriental Skylark, Common Tailorbird, Bank Swallow, Yellow-vented Bulbul, Black-collared Starling, Common Myna, Bluethroat, Amur Stonechat, Pied Bushchat, Chestnut Munia, House Sparrow, Eurasian Tree Sparrow and Paddyfield Pipit. 

The star bird here is the Bengal Florican or Bengal Bustard (Houbaropsis bengalensis), listed as critically endangered by IUCN Red List. The total number of this bird throughout its natural range is estimated at less than a thousand and it is declining due to loss of habitat. In the hot morning, we spread out on foot through the grassland, hoping to flush out one. There were many pratincoles, bee-eaters, skylarks and pipits, but no Bengal Florican. Then, late morning, through the simmering haze, a male, with his distinctive long black neck, white wings and grey upper parts was sighted through binoculars, but was too far to be photographed, no help from the simmering hot air. We closed in, but it disappeared into the grasses. By noon, it got hotter and we still did not get another look of the bird. We ate our pre-packed lunch and then went to a large pool of water to look for the Knob-billed Ducks and the Spot-billed Pelicans instead. It was late afternoon, we were all hot and exhausted, when a scout shouted out and we quickly converged just in time to see a female Bengal Florican flying off. High-fives all around as we all had good views of the rare bird. Some had captured images of the bird in flight too. 

That night, we stayed in a hotel in Siem Reap and explored the town after dinner. The hotel rooms are air-conditioned but cooled air was not coming out and we had to clean the air filters ourselves. The air-conditioners were not serviced for a long time. 

On the 6th April, we explored Angkor Wat and the surrounding gardens. You cannot claim you have been to Cambodia without visiting Angkor Wat, the largest religious structure in the world. Its grandeur and magnificence must surely in everybody’s bucket list. The trees and moats in the temple complex are home to many birds. We recorded 34 species: -

Rock Pigeon (feral), Greater Coucal, Asian Palm Swift, Bronze-winged Jacana, Oriental Darter, Little Cormorant, Chinese Pond-Heron, Black Baza, Crested Serpent-Eagle, Asian Barred Owlet, Indian Cuckoo, Great Hornbill, Oriental Pied-Hornbill, Blossom-headed Parakeet, Red-breasted Parakeet, White-throated Kingfisher, Indochinese Roller, Coppersmith Barbet, Green-eared Barbet, Lineated Barbet, Ashy Minivet, Large Cuckooshrike, Black-naped Oriole, Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike, Black Drongo, Ashy Drongo, Greater Racket-tailed Drongo, Common Tailorbird, Common Hill Myna, Common Myna, Asian Brown Flycatcher, Taiga Flycatcher, Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker and Olive-backed Sunbird.

On the 7th April we travelled to Beong Pearaing Biodiversity Conservation Area on the northern tip of Tonle Sap Lake for waterbirds. We hired boats to bird on the lake. It would be better if the boatmen cut off the motor engines and row silently as we approach the birds so as not to frighten them away. Still, we managed a respectable list of 59 species:
Lesser Whistling-Duck, Knob-billed Duck, Garganey, Indian Spot-billed Duck, Rock Pigeon(feral), Red Collared-Dove, Spotted Dove, Zebra Dove, Asian Koel, Green-billed Malkoha, Greater Coucal, Himalayan Cuckoo, Black-winged Stilt, Pacific Golden-Plover, Grey-headed Lapwing, Common Greenshank, Marsh Sandpiper, Wood Sandpiper, Oriental Pratincole, Whiskered Tern, Asian Woolly-necked Stork, Painted Stork, Oriental Darter, Little Cormorant, Grey Heron, Purple Heron, Great Egret, Intermediate Egret, Little Egret, Cattle Egret, Chinese Pond-Heron, Striated Heron, Black-crowned Night-Heron, Black-headed Ibis, Eastern Marsh-Harrier, Grey-headed Fish-Eagle, Pied Kingfisher, Blue-tailed Bee-eater, Indochinese Roller, Malaysian Pied-Fantail, Black Drongo, Brown Shrike, Racket-tailed Treepie, Large-billed Crow, Streaked-eared Bulbul, Common Tailorbird, Dark-necked Tailorbird, Yellow-bellied Prinia, Barn Swallow, Pin-striped Tit-Babbler, Common Myna, Great Myna, Oriental Magpie-Robin, Pied Bushchat, House Sparrow, Plain-backed Sparrow, Eurasian Tree Sparrow, Eastern Yellow Wagtail, Paddyfield Pipit. 

It was a fruitful and enjoyable outing, members giving each other great company, sharing sightings and jokes. The Cambodians are friendly and the food is quite an experience too. 

In all, we recorded 141 species within five days of bird watching. We encourage more visitors, especially bird watchers to visit the country and thereby support the local communities engaged in eco-tourism, with the hope that wildlife and the habitat will be appreciated and conserved for future generations. 

Thanks again to Vuthy Taing for organizing the trip and Von Sombor for driving us around. 

The members who went on this trip were: Mark Ng, Andy Lee, Low Kok Hen, Yap Sue Chew, Polly Chin, Hiew Fong On, Alan Koh, Charles Ooi, Sim Kwee Engg, Vuthy Taing and Tang Tuck Hong.

Report by Tang Tuck Hong

The tall-stilt lodge in Changkran Roy Community-Based Ecotourism Campsite

The low-stilt lodge at the Changkran Roy Community-Based Ecotourism Campsite

Bar-bellied Pitta (Hydronis elliotti)
This species is fairly common in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam; but scarce just across the borders in SE Thailand.

Green-billed Malkoha (Phaenicophaeus tristis) In Malaysia, this bird may sometimes be mistaken with the similar-looking Black-bellied Malkoha. No such confusion in Cambodia, because the range of latter does not extend beyond the Tenasserim Peninsular.

Common Hill Myna (Gracula religiosa intermedia)
The Common Hill Myna in Cambodia is a different sub-species from the subspecies found in Malaysia. The G.r.intermedia has connected wattles whereas G.r.religios has disconnected wattles. The G.r.religiosa is slightly larger too.

Streak-eared Bulbul (Pycnonotus conradi)
To see this bird in Malaysia, you must go north to Perlis, Kedah or Pulau Pinang; but in Cambodia, it can be found throughout the country.

Grey-eyed Bulbul (Iole propinqua)
This species is common in Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam.

Siamese Fireback (Lophura diardi)-female
This pheasant is found in the lowland evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of Thailand (where it is designated as the national bird), Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam (except the Tonkin region).

Siamese Fireback (Lophura diardi)- male. Photo: Charles Ooi

White-crested Laughingthrush (Garrulax leucolophus)
Roisterous and raucous as they forage in flocks through the forests.

Green-eared Barbet (Psilopogon faiostrictus)
A resident of Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and southern Yunnan; it looks similar to the Lineated Barbet but it sounds like the Black-browed Barbet.

Scaly-breasted Partridge (Tropicoperdix chloropus) Photo: Charles Ooi
As with most ground foraging birds, this species is very difficult to see.
We would not have seen this pair if not for the hide and ant larvae scattered by the villagers. To promote eco-tourism, this practice should be acceptable but must be properly managed with the welfare of the birds in mind. In parks managed by RSPB in the UK, proper hides and bird-feeds (including injecting lard into holes drilled in pieces of wood to attract woodpeckers) are provided for the same purpose.

Dinner at Changkran Roy Community-based Eco-tourism Campsite.
Front-left is Mark Ng, President of Wild Bird Club Malaysia; front-right is Charles Ooi, whose provided me with some superb photographs in this report. Behind him is Vuthy Taing, the leader of this trip and who is also promoting Cambodia as a destination for eco-tourism. 

Shrika (Accipiter badius)
In this forest, we see this species every day. It is a rare non-breeding passage migrant in Peninsular Malaysia; but in Cambodia, it is a common resident.

Not too far from Changkran Roy is Preah Laboss where the land is arid and trees are short. We expected to find the Green Peafowl, but was disappointed.

Rufous-winged Buzzard (Butastur liventer)
This raptor is resident in Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam.

A group photo at Changkran Roy

Mark Ng handing over a small contribution from the group for the purchase of electric fans for the community school. Vuthy Taing received on behalf of the village.

The flood plains of Kampong Thum. Hot and dry now, these plains will be flooded during the monsoons. In this photo, members are fanning out to look for the Bengal Florican.

Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica)                 Photo: Yap Sue Chew
This species is an uncommon to locally common winter visitor to Cambodia.

Through the simmering heat, the male Bengal Florican was too far away for a decent photograph, so I made a quick sketch in my notebook with a ballpoint pen.

A large pool of water in the flood plain where big flocks of Knob-billed Ducks and Spot-billed Pelicans were seen.

Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis)  Photo: Yap Sue Chew

Bengal Florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis) female             Both photos: Charles Ooi

The magnificent Angkor Wat is a must visit in Cambodia. Its grounds are also rich in birdlife. The birds found here include parakeets, hornbills, darters, jacanas and the Asian Barred Owlet.

Asian Barred Owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides) is a diurnal owlet residing in Angkor Wat.

The following weekend will be the Khmer New Year, so the city is decorated and festooned with coloured lights.

Zebra Dove (Geopelia striata)
This species is native to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Singapore, Java and the Philippines; but an introduced naturalized species in other parts of South East Asia including Cambodia.

Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster), we estimated ten birds in Beong Pearaing

Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala), as estimate of 102 birds were seen in Beong Pearaing during our visit. This species is native to Cambodia.

Whiskered Tern (Chlidonias hybrida) resting on a mud flat in Beong Pearaing.

Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) at Beong Pearaing    Photo: Yap Sue Chew

Asian Woolly-necked Stork (Ciconia episcopus) at Beong Pearaing  Photo: Charles Ooi

WBCM FIELD TRIP REPORT FOR THE YEAR 2022

by Ashwin & Terence

Wild Bird Club Malaysia (WBCM) is a non-profit and membership-based organization registered under Registry of Societies of Malaysia (ROS) since June 2015. The vision of Wild Bird Club Malaysia (WBCM) is to see a country and region where nature and people live in greater harmony and more sustainably. The club also strives to promote greater harmony between nature and people through sustainable practices.

The objectives of WBCM are as follows;

• To raise awareness on conservation of Malaysia’s unique avifauna and its habitat through sharing and research.
• To promote best practices for bird-watching and bird photography to ensure the welfare of birds are upheld
• To educate the public and relevant stakeholders on issues concerning birds’ welfare and its conservation.

Wild Bird Club Malaysia was officially registered in June 2015. The objective and information has been made publicly available through their official social media platform. 

For communications and information purposes, the club has already set up a Facebook account (Wild Bird Club Malaysia –WBCM) and has its very own official website (www.wildbird club.my).

Since 2022, Wild Bird Club Malaysia (WBCM) conducted a total of eight trips for its members. These trips cover various habitats ranging from montane, lowland rainforests to coastal habitat. The locations covered also includes 4 IBA sites.

Location	Date
Bukit Tinggi, Pahang	08.01.2022
Talang, Negeri Sembilan	19.03.2022
Pantai Remis, Selangor	02.04.2022
Sg Sop, Hulu Langat	23.04.2022
Kuala Selangor Nature Park, Selangor	03.12.2022
Taman Negara Sg Relau, Pahang	02 – 04/07/2022
Kuala Kubu Bahru, Selangor	07.01.2022
Fraser’s Hill, Pahang	07-08.2022

Table 1: Locations and dates for WBCM trips in 2022

From the above list, it can be seen that some of the locations visited are those with significant habitat importance. Details of the importance are described below;

Location	Habitat Importance
Pantai Remis, Selangor (IBA MY11)	Coastal habitat with a significant number of migratory waders and shorebirds using the site as their wintering grounds as well as a stopover for passage migrants. Known under MY011, this site is also recognized as a site in danger under IBA records.
Kuala Selangor Nature Park, Selangor (IBA MY11)	Mangrove habitat with a significant number of species that directly rely on mangroves. Known under MY011, this site is also recognized as a site in danger under the IBA records.
Taman Negara Sg Relau, Pahang (IBA MY17)	A site of great importance due to high number of species listed under the IUCN ‘Vulnerable’ and ‘Near Threatened’ categories that have been observed here. Majority of the species recorded in this area are also known to breed within the site.
Fraser’s Hill, Pahang (IBA MY09)	A site of great importance due to high number of species listed under the IUCN ‘Vulnerable’ and ‘Near Threatened’ categories that have been observed here. Majority of the species recorded in this area are also known to breed within the site.
Bukit Tinggi, Pahang Sg SOP, Hulu Langat (IBA MY10)	Consists of submontane and montane forest. The IBA stretches from Genting Highland to Bukit Tinggi. The area of Hulu Langat covers lowland rainforest. Overall, the IBA cover from lowland to upper-montane habitats.

Table 2: Areas of significant importance visited by WBCM in the year 2022

While not all trips are a part of a citizen science project, it does however contribute to 242 species observed and recorded by members of the club. Out of the 242 species, 44 species were classified as globally significant species recognized under IUCN as either ‘Vulnerable’ or ‘Near Threatened’ as listed in table 3 below.

Name	Scientific name	IUCN Status
Great Argus	Argusianus argus	VU
Lesser Adjutant	Leptoptilos javanicus	VU
Painted Stork	Mycteria leucocephala	NT
Grey-Headed Fish Eagle	Icthyophaga ichthyaetus	NT
Curlew Sandpiper	Calidris ferruginea	NT
Grey-Tailed Tattler	Tringa brevipes	NT
Scarlet-Rumped Trogon	Harpactes duvaucelii	NT
Red-Naped Trogon	Harpactes kasumba	NT
Rufous-Collared Kingfisher	Actenoides concretus	NT
Black Hornbill	Anthracoceros malayanus	VU
Rhinoceros Hornbill	Buceros rhinoceros	VU
Wreathed Hornbill	Rhyticeros undulatus	VU
Red-Crowned Barbet	Psilopogon rafflesii	NT
Red-Throated Barbet	Psilopogon mystacophanos	NT
Yellow-Crowned Barbet	Psilopogon henricii	NT
Buff-necked Woodpecker	Meiglyptes tukki	NT
Black-and-Yellow Broadbill	Eurylaimus ochromalus	NT
Green Broadbill	Calyptomena viridis	NT
Garnet Pitta	Erythropitta granatina	NT
Malayan Rail Babbler	Eupetes macrocerus	NT
Dark-Throated Oriole	Oriolus xanthonotus	NT
Japanese Paradise Flycatcher	Terpsiphone atrocaudata	NT
Green Iora	Aegithina viridissima	NT
Red-Throated Sunbird	Anthreptes rhodolaemus	NT
Scarlet Breasted Flowerpecker	Prionochilus thoracicus	NT
Lesser Green Leafbird	Chloropsis cyanopogon	NT
Javan Myna	Acridotheres javanicus	VU
Malayan Whistling-Thrush	Myophonus robinsoni	NT
Buff-Vented Bulbul	Iole charlottae	NT
Black and White Bulbul	Microtarsus melanoleucos	NT
Streaked Bulbul	Ixos malaccensis	NT
Puff-Backed Bulbul	Euptilotus eutilotus	NT
Grey-Bellied Bulbul	Ixidia cyaniventris	NT
Scaly-Breasted Bulbul	Ixidia squamata	NT
Finsch's Bulbul	Iole finschii	NT
Fluffy-Backed Tit-Babbler	Macronus ptilosus	NT
Black-Throated Babbler	Stachyris nigricollis	NT
Chestnut-Rumped Babbler	Stachyris maculata	NT
Sooty-capped Babbler	Malacopteron affine	NT
White-Chested Babbler	Pellorneum rostratum	NT
Short-Tailed Babbler	Pellorneum malaccense	NT
Large Wren-Babbler	Turdinus macrodactylus	NT
Chestnut-capped Laughingthrush	Pterorhinus mitratus	NT
Brown Fulvetta	Alcippe brunneicauda	NT

Table 3: Globally significant species as per IUCN status.

Total number of days covered for all the 8 sites were about 10 birding days. It is crucial to recognize the effort and results of these 10 days of birding by WBCM. In these 10 days, the club succeeded in introducing birds to new birdwatchers and potential researchers as well as also contributed to the country’s bird record.

It also come to show how a society such as WBCM can raise awareness on the beauty of nature to the general community within a short timeframe. Another point to note is that a number of new birdwatchers have greatly benefited from the trips by significantly increasing their life list during these 10 days.

Some of the sites visited are of great importance to birds and other wildlife. While these sites have been recognized for its importance to birds under the IBA as highlighted in table 2, some locations have yet to be fully protected. There is still much to learn about the socioeconomic, socioenvironmental and their impact on human wildlife usage on the area. Continuous monitoring and engagement with the local community and local government for the protection of this area will be required.

This further shows that trips organized by WBCM and the knowledge contributed by the expertise available in WBCM will greatly benefit sustainable practices and management of such a site. The contribution of WBCM members in the bird trips by making their list of observations adds up to creating an up-to-date knowledge on the biodiversity of the site.

We hope that the data provided by WBCM will provide useful knowledge and data into wildlife and bird conservation as well as to promote awareness on the importance of biodiversity to members of the public. We also hope that this will contribute to Malaysia conserving nature-sensitive areas which will provide long-term positive impacts on both people and wildlife as a whole.

Many thanks to all WBCM Members for participating and providing their time, energy and knowledge into this long-term citizen science initiative to bring about a lasting impact to people, the environment and our unique Malaysian birds!

Appendix

Bird list records from WBCM trips for the year 2022

No	Name	Scientific name	IUCN	Bukit Tinggi	Talang	Pantai Remis	Sg SOP	KSNP	Merapoh	KKB	Fraser's Hill
	PHASIANIDAE
1	Great Argus	Argusianus argus	VU		X
2	Red JungleFowl	Gallus gallus	LC				X
	CICONIIDAE
3	Lesser Adjutant	Leptoptilos javanicus	VU			X		X
4	Painted Stork	Mycteria leucocephala	NT			X
	ARDEIDAE
5	Grey Heron	Ardea cinerea	LC			X		X
6	Purple Heron	Ardea purpurea	LC				X
7	Great White Egret	Ardea alba	LC			X		X
8	Little Egret	Egretta garzetta	LC			X		X
9	Cattle Egret	Bubulcus ibis	LC			X
10	Black-Crowned Night-Heron	Nycticorax nycticorax	LC			X
11	Green Backed Heron	Butorides striata	LC			X
	FALCONIDAE
12	Black-Thighed Falconet	Microhierax fringillarius	LC						X
	ACCIPITRIDAE
13	Crested Serpent Eagle	Spilornis cheela	LC	X				X	X		X
14	Changeable Hawk-Eagle	Nisaetus cirrhatus	LC	X				X	X
15	Crested Honey-Buzzard	Pernis ptilorhynchus	LC		X		X
16	Chinese Sparrowhawk	Accipiter soloensis	LC		X
17	Japanese Sparrowhawk	Accipiter gularis	LC		X
18	Brahminy Kite	Haliastur indus	LC			X	X	X
19	White-Bellied Sea-Eagle	Haliaeetus leucogaster	LC			X		X
20	Crested Goshawk	Accipiter trivirgatus	LC				X			X
21	Black Baza	Aviceda leuphotes	LC					X
22	Grey-Headed Fish Eagle	Icthyophaga ichthyaetus	NT						X
	CHARADRIDAE
23	Pacific Golden Plover	Pluvialis fulva	LC			X
24	Lesser Sand Plover	Charadrius mongolus	LC			X
	SCOLIPACIDAE
25	Whimbrel	Numenius phaeopus	LC			X
26	Ruddy Turnstone	Arenaria interpres	LC			X
27	Curlew Sandpiper	Calidris ferruginea	NT			X
28	Terek Sandpiper	Xenus cinereus	LC			X
29	Common Sandpiper	Actitis hypoleucos	LC			X
30	Grey-Tailed Tattler	Tringa brevipes	NT			X
31	Common Redshank	Tringa totanus	LC			X
	LARIDAE
32	Gull-Billed Tern	Gelochelidon nilotica	LC			X
33	Whiskered Tern	Chlidonias hybrida	LC			X
	COLUMBIDAE
34	Feral Pigeon	Columba livia domestica	LC	X
35	Eastern Spotted Dove	Spilopelia chinensis	LC	X		X	X		X
36	Zebra Dove	Geopelia striata	LC	X		X	X		X	X
37	Asian Emerald Dove	Chalcophaps indica	LC		X		X		X	X
38	Little Cuckoo Dove	Macropygia ruficeps	LC						X		X
39	Little Green Pigeon	Treron olax	LC		X		X
40	Pink-Necked Green-Pigeon	Treron vernans	LC				X	X		X
41	Mountain Imperial-Pigeon	Ducula badia	LC						X		X
	PSITTACULIDAE
42	Blue-Crowned Hanging-Parrot	Loriculus galgulus	LC	X	X		X		X
	CUCULIDAE
43	Banded Bay Cuckoo	Cacomantis sonneratii	LC	X
44	Plaintive Cuckoo	Cacomantis merulinus	LC	X	X		X		X	X
45	Brush Cuckoo	Cacomantis variolosus	LC		X
46	Square-tailed Drongo-Cuckoo	Surniculus lugubris	LC	X			X		X
47	Indian Cuckoo	Cuculus micropterus	LC				X		X
48	Little Bronze Cuckoo	Chalcites minutillus	LC				X			X
49	Asian Emerald Cuckoo	Chrysococcyx maculatus	LC								X
50	Greater Coucal	Centropus sinensis	LC		X			X	X
51	Western Koel	Eudynamys scolopaceus	LC			X
52	Red-Billed Malkoha	Zanclostomus javanicus	LC		X
53	Chestnut-breasted Malkoha	Phaenicophaeus curvirostris	LC	X	X				X
54	Green-Billed Malkoha	Phaenicophaeus tristis	LC	X
55	Raffles's Malkoha	Rhinortha chlorophaea	LC	X	X		X		X
	STRIGIDAE
56	Brown Boobok	Ninox scutulata	LC						X
57	Collared Owlet	Glaucidium brodiei	LC								X
	APODIDAE
58	Silver-Rumped Needletail	Rhaphidura leucopygialis	LC		X
59	Plume-Toed Swiftlet	Collocalia esculenta	LC				X
60	Germain's Swiftlet	Aerodramus germani	LC				X
61	Pacific Swift	Apus pacificus	LC				X
62	House Swift	Apus nipalensis	LC				X
	HEMIPROCNIDAE
63	Whiskered Treeswift	Hemiprocne comata	LC	X	X		X		X
	TROGONIDAE
64	Scarlet-Rumped Trogon	Harpactes duvaucelii	NT		X				X
65	Red-Naped Trogon	Harpactes kasumba	NT						X
66	Red-Headed Trogon	Harpactes erythrocephalus	LC								X
	ALCEDINIDAE
67	Banded Kingfisher	Lacedo pulchella	LC	X	X				X
68	Rufous-Collared Kingfisher	Actenoides concretus	NT						X
69	Common Kingfisher	Alcedo atthis	LC					X
70	Blue-Eared Kingfisher	Alcedo meninting	LC						X
71	Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher (Rufous Backed)	Ceyx erithaca	LC						X
72	Collared Kingfisher	Todiramphus chloris	LC			X		X
73	White-Throated Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis	LC				X	X	X	X
	CORACIIDAE
74	Dollarbird	Eurystomus orientalis	LC							X
	MEROPIDAE
75	Blue-Throated Bee Eater	Merops viridis	LC	X	X		X
76	Red Bearded Bee-Eater	Nyctyornis amictus	LC		X				X
77	Blue-Tailed Bee-Eater	Merops philippinus	LC					X
	BUCEROTIDAE
78	Black Hornbill	Anthracoceros malayanus	VU		X
79	Rhinoceros Hornbill	Buceros rhinoceros	VU						X
80	Wreathed Hornbill	Rhyticeros undulatus	VU						X
	MEGALAIMIDAE
81	Fire-tufted Barbet	Psilopogon pyrolophus	LC								X
82	Lineated Barbet	Psilopogon lineatus	LC					X
83	Gold-Whiskered Barbet	Psilopogon chrysopogon	LC				X		X
84	Red-Crowned Barbet	Psilopogon rafflesii	NT						X
85	Black-Browed Barbet	Psilopogon oorti	LC								X
86	Red-Throated Barbet	Psilopogon mystacophanos	NT		X				X
87	Yellow-Crowned Barbet	Psilopogon henricii	NT						X
88	Blue-Eared Barbet	Psilopogon cyanotis	LC	X					X
89	Coppersmith Barbet	Psilopogon haemacephalus	LC			X	X	X		X
90	Malay Brown Barbet	Caloramphus hayii	LC				X		X
	PICIDAE
91	Common Flameback	Dinopium javanense	LC				X	X
92	Laced Woodpecker	Picus vittatus	LC					X
93	Banded Woodpecker	Chrysophlegma miniaceum	LC						X
94	Rufous Piculet	Sasia abnormis	LC						X
95	Maroon Woodpecker	Blythipicus rubiginosus	LC						X
96	Rufous Woodpecker	Micropternus brachyurus	LC						X
97	Buff-necked Woodpecker	Meiglyptes tukki	NT						X
98	Crimson-Winged Woodpecker	Picus puniceus	LC						X
99	White-Bellied Woodpecker	Dryocopus javensis	LC						X
100	Greater Yellownape	Chrysophlegma flavinucha	LC								X
	EURYLAIMIDAE
101	Black-and-Red Broadbill	Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos	LC	X	X				X
102	Black-and-Yellow Broadbill	Eurylaimus ochromalus	NT	X	X		X		X
103	Banded Broadbill	Eurylaimus harterti	LC		X
104	Dusky Broadbill	Corydon sumatranus	LC						X		X
	CALYPUMENIDAE
105	Green Broadbill	Calyptomena viridis	NT						X
	PITTIDAE
106	Garnet Pitta	Erythropitta granatina	NT						X
	EUPETIDAE
107	Malayan Rail Babbler	Eupetes macrocerus	NT				X
	ACANTHIZIDAE
108	Golden Bellied Gerygone	Gerygone sulphurea	LC					X
	VIREONIDAE
109	White-Bellied Erponis	Erpornis zantholeuca	LC						X
110	White-browed Shrike-babbler	Pteruthius aeralatus	LC								X
	VANGIDAE
111	Black-winged Flycatcher-Shrike	Hemipus hirundinaceus	LC	X	X		X		X
112	Large Woodshrike	Tephrodornis virgatus	LC						X
113	Bar-Winged Flycatcher Shrike	Hemipus picatus	LC						X
	CAMPEPHAGIDAE
114	Ashy Minivet	Pericrocotus divaricatus	LC					X
115	Scarlet Minivet	Pericrocotus flammeus	LC		X
116	Grey-chinned Minivet	Pericrocotus solaris	LC								X
117	Pied Triller	Lalage nigra	LC					X		X
118	Lesser Cuckooshrike	Lalage fimbriata	LC		X
119	Large Cuckooshrike	Coracina javensis	LC								X
	ORIOLIDAE
120	Black-Naped Oriole	Oriolus chinensis	LC					X		X
121	Dark-Throated Oriole	Oriolus xanthonotus	NT						X
122	Black-and-crimson Oriole	Oriolus consanguineus	LC								X
	RHIPIDURIDAE
123	Sunda Pied Fantail	Rhipidura javanica	LC		X			X		X
124	Spotted Fantail	Rhipidura perlata	LC						X
125	White-throated Fantail	Rhipidura albicollis	LC								X
	MANORCHIDAE
126	Japanese Paradise Flycatcher	Terpsiphone atrocaudata	NT		X			X
127	Chinese (Amur) Paradise Flycatcher	Terpsiphone incei	LC		X
128	Blyth's Paradise Flycatcher	Terpsiphone affinis	LC						X
	DICRURIDAE
129	Greater Racket-Talied Drongo	Dicrurus paradiseus	LC	X	X		X		X
130	Lesser Racket-taield Drongo	Dicrurus remifer	LC								X
	CORVIDAE
131	Large-Billed Crow	Corvus macrorhynchos	LC	X						X
132	House Crow	Corvus splendens	LC			X					X
	AEGITHINIDAE
133	Common Iora	Aegithina tiphia	LC	X		X		X		X
134	Green Iora	Aegithina viridissima	NT				X		X
	LANIIDAE
135	Tiger Shrike	Lanius tigrinus	LC		X
136	Brown Shrike	Lanius cristatus	LC		X		X				X
	NECTARINIIDAE
137	Purple Naped Spiderhunter	Kurochkinegramma hypogrammica	LC		X				X
138	Long-Billed Spiderhunter	Arachnothera robusta	LC						X
139	Grey-Breasted Spiderhunter	Arachnothera modesta	LC	X					X
140	Brown Throated Sunbird	Anthreptes malacensis	LC	X					X	X
141	Ruby-Cheeked Sunbird	Chalcoparia singalensis	LC		X		X	X
142	Plain Sunbird	Anthreptes simplex	LC		X		X		X
143	Brown Throated Sunbird	Anthreptes malacensis	LC		X			X
144	Red-Throated Sunbird	Anthreptes rhodolaemus	NT		X
145	Temminck's Sunbird	Aethopyga temminckii	LC		X				X
146	Olive-Backed Sunbird	Cinnyris jugularis	LC					X
147	Black-throated Sunbird	Aethopyga saturata	LC								X
148	Streaked Spiderhunter	Arachnothera magna	LC								X
149	Little Spiderhunter	Arachnothera longirostra	LC	X
	DICAEIDAE
150	Yellow-vented Flowerpecker	Dicaeum chrysorrheum	LC	X					X
151	Orange-Bellied Flowerpecker	Dicaeum trigonostigma	LC	X	X				X
152	Yellow-Breasted Flowerpecker	Prionochilus maculatus	LC		X				X
153	Crimson-Breasted Flowerpecker	Prionochilus percussus	LC		X				X
154	Scarlet Backed Flowerpecker	Dicaeum cruentatum	LC						X
155	Scarlet Breasted Flowerpecker	Prionochilus thoracicus	NT						X
156	Plain Flowerpecker	Dicaeum minullum	LC								X
157	Fire-breasted Flowerpecker	Dicaeum ignipectus	LC								X
	CHLOROPSEIDAE
158	Lesser Green Leafbird	Chloropsis cyanopogon	NT		X				X
	IRENIDAE
159	Asian Fairy Bluebird	Irena puella	LC		X				X
	ESTRIIDIDAE
160	White-rumped Munia	Lonchura striata	LC		X
161	Scaly-Breasted Munia	Lonchura punctulata	LC				X
	PASSERIDAE
162	Eurasian Tree Sparrow	Passer montanus	LC	X		X			X	X
	MOTACILLIDAE
163	Grey Wagtail	Motacilla cinerea	LC	X						X	X
	PLOCEIDAE
164	Baya Weaver	Ploceus philippinus	LC				X
	SITTIDAE
165	Velvet Fronted Nuthatch	Sitta frontalis	LC						X
166	Blue Nuthatch	Sitta azurea	LC								X
	STURNIDAE
167	Javan Myna	Acridotheres javanicus	VU	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
168	Common Myna	Acridotheres tristis	LC						X
169	Jungle Myna	Acridotheres fuscus	LC						X
170	Asian Glossy Starling	Aplonis panayensis	LC	X	X		X	X	X	X
	TURDIDAE
171	Eyebrowed Thrush	Turdus obscurus	LC					X
	MUSCICAPIDAE
172	Lesser Shortwing	Brachypteryx leucophris	LC								X
173	Malayan Whistling-Thrush	Myophonus robinsoni	NT								X
174	White-Crowned Forktail	Enicurus leschenaulti	LC						X
175	Asian Brown Flycatcher	Muscicapa dauurica	LC	X	X
176	Verditer Flycatcher	Eumyias thalassinus	LC	X					X
177	Dark-Sided Flycatcher	Muscicapa sibirica	LC		X
178	Yellow-Rumped Flycatcher	Ficedula zanthopygia	LC		X
179	Pale Blue-Flycatcher	Cyornis unicolor	LC						X
180	Mugimaki Flycatcher	Ficedula mugimaki	LC								X
181	Little Pied Flycatcher	Ficedula westermanni	LC								X
182	Large Niltava	Niltava grandis	LC								X
	STENOSTIRIDAE
183	Grey-Headed Canary-Flycatcher	Culicicapa ceylonensis	LC		X				X
	PARIDAE
184	Cinereous Tit	Parus major	LC					X
	PYCONOTIDAE
185	Spectacled Bulbul	Ixidia erythropthalmos	LC	X	X		X		X
186	Black-Crested Bulbul	Rubigula flaviventris	LC	X
187	Stripe-Throated Bulbul	Pycnonotus finlaysoni	LC	X	X		X		X
188	Yellow Vented Bulbul	Pycnonotus goiavier	LC	X	X		X	X	X	X	X
189	Cream-Vented Bulbul	Pycnonotus simplex	LC		X		X		X
190	Red-Eyed Bulbul	Pycnonotus brunneus	LC		X				X
191	Buff-Vented Bulbul	Iole charlottae	NT		X				X
192	Black and White Bulbul	Microtarsus melanoleucos	NT				X
193	Black-Headed Bulbul	Brachypodius atriceps	LC				X			X
194	Olive-Winged Bulbul	Pycnonotus plumosus	LC				X	X	X
195	Hairy Backed Bulbul	Tricholestes criniger	LC						X
196	Yellow-Bellied Bulbul	Alophoixus phaeocephalus	LC						X
197	Streaked Bulbul	Ixos malaccensis	NT						X
198	Puff-Backed Bulbul	Euptilotus eutilotus	NT						X
199	Grey-Bellied Bulbul	Ixidia cyaniventris	NT						X
200	Scaly-Breasted Bulbul	Ixidia squamata	NT						X
201	Finsch's Bulbul	Iole finschii	NT						X
202	Mountain Bulbul	Ixos mcclellandii	LC								X
	HIRUNDINIDAE
203	Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica	LC	X			X				X
204	House Swallow	Hirundo javanica	LC	X		X	X		X
	PHYLLOSCOPIDAE
205	Arctic Warbler	Phylloscopus borealis	LC	X	X		X
206	Yellow-browed Warbler	Phylloscopus inornatus	LC								X
	ZOSTEROPIDAE
207	Hume's White-Eye	Zosterops auriventer	LC		X				X
208	Swinhoe-s White-Eye	Zosterops simplex	LC					X
	TIMALIIDAE
209	Chestnut -Winged Babbler	Cyanoderma erythropterum	LC	X	X		X		X
210	Grey-Throated Babbler	Stachyris nigriceps	LC	X							X
211	Black-Capped Babbler	Pellorneum nigrocapitatum	LC	X
212	Fluffy-Backed Tit-Babbler	Macronus ptilosus	NT		X		X		X
213	Rufous-Fronted Babbler	Cyanoderma rufifrons	LC		X				X
214	Black-Throated Babbler	Stachyris nigricollis	NT		X				X
215	Chestnut-Rumped Babbler	Stachyris maculata	NT				X		X
216	Golden Babbler	Cyanoderma chrysaeum	LC								X
217	Chestnut-backed Scimitar Babbler	Pomatorhinus montanus	LC						X
218	Pin-Striped Tit-Babler	Mixornis gularis	LC	X	X		X		X		X
	PNOEPYGIDAE
219	Sooty-capped Babbler	Malacopteron affine	NT		X				X
220	Abbott's Babbler	Malacocincla abbotti	LC				X
221	Black-Capped Babbler	Pellorneum nigrocapitatum	LC						X
222	Scaly-Crowned Babbler	Malacopteron cinereum	LC						X
223	Moustached Babbler	Malacopteron magnirostre	LC						X
224	White-Chested Babbler	Pellorneum rostratum	NT						X
225	Horsfield's Babbler	Malacocincla sepiaria	LC						X
226	Short-Tailed Babbler	Pellorneum malaccense	NT						X
227	Buff-breasted babbler	Pellorneum tickelli	LC								X
228	Large Wren-Babbler	Turdinus macrodactylus	NT						X
229	Pgymy Cupwing	Pnoepyga pusilla	LC								X
	LEIOTHRICHIDAE
230	Chestnut-capped Laughingthrush	Pterorhinus mitratus	NT								X
231	Long-tailed Sibia	Heterophasia picaoides	LC								X
232	Blue-winged Minla	Siva cyanouroptera	LC								X
233	Silver-eared Mesia	Leiothrix argentauris	LC								X
	ALCIPPEIDAE
234	Brown Fulvetta	Alcippe brunneicauda	NT						X
235	Mountain Fulvetta	Alcippe peracensis	LC								X
	CISTICOLIDAE
236	Common Tailorbird	Orthotomus sutorius	LC	X	X		X
237	Dark Necked Tailorbird	Orthotomus atrogularis	LC	X			X	X	X
238	Rufescent Prinia	Prinia rufescens	LC	X
239	Rufous-Tailed Tailorbird	Orthotomus sericeus	LC		X		X		X
240	Ashy Tailorbird	Orthotomus ruficeps	LC		X			X
241	Yellow-Bellied Prinia	Prinia flaviventris	LC		X	X	X
242	Mountain Tailorbird	Phyllergates cucullatus	LC								X