A.work, esp. hard work, toil, in Hom. mostly of the toil of war, μάχης π. the toil of battle, Il.16.568; πόνος alone, = μάχη, 6.77, Od.12.117, al.; πόνον ἔχειν, = μάχεσθαι, Il.6.525, cf. 13.2, al.; “ἀνδράσι δυσμενέεσσι π. καὶ δῆριν ἔθεντο” 17.158; “π. ἀνδρῶν” Thgn.987; “πόνοι Ἐνυαλίου” Pi.I.6(5).54; ἐν τούτῳ τῷ π. ὁ πολέμαρχος διαφθείρεται in this struggle (at Marathon), Hdt.6.114; “ἐν τοῖσι Τρωϊκοῖσι π.” Id.9.27.
2. generally, toil, labour, “ἐπεὶ παύσαντο πόνου” Il.1.467, al.; π. ὀρνίθεσσι τιθείη cause toil to them, Hes.Op.470; π. λαβόντας incurring toil, Hdt.7.24; “π. παρέχειν μανθάνοντι” Pl.R. 526c; μάταιος π. labour in vain, Id.Ti.40d; “οἱ κατὰ τὰ σώματα π.” Id.Plt.294e; “π. συνεχής” Democr.241; “πολλῷ π.” A.Pers.509; “μετὰ πολλοῦ π.” Pl.Sph.230a; “σὺν π.” X.Cyn.9.6; “οὐ μακρῷ π.” A.Pr.75; “ἄνευ π.” X.Mem.2.6.22; ἔχει πόνον πολύν involves much trouble, Ar.Pax 1216 (also εἰνάλιον π. ἐχοίσας σκευᾶς when the tackle labours in the sea, Pi.P.2.79): pl., “π. ἑκούσιοι” Democr.240.
3. of special kinds of labour, bodily exertion, exercise, “στρατιωτικοὶ π.” X.Cyr.3.3.9; of exertions in the games, Hes.Sc.305, Pi.N.4.1, l.4(3).47, etc.; γυμνάσια . . , νεανιᾶν (prob.) πόνον the scene of youthful labours, E.Hel.211 (lyr.); “εἰναλίοισι πόνοισι” Theoc.21.39.
4. work, task, business, “ἐπεὶ π. ἄλλος ἔπειγεν” Od.11.54; enterprise, undertaking, S.Ph.864 (lyr.), etc.
5. implements for labour, stock-in-trade, “οὗτος τοῖς ἁλιεῦσιν ὁ πᾶς πόνος” Theoc.21.14; καὶ πόνος ἐντὶ θάλασσα the sea is their workshop, Mosch.Fr.1.10.
II. stress, trouble, distress, suffering, Il.19.227; “Τρώεσσι πόνον καὶ κήδε᾽ ἔθηκεν” 21.525; “ἦ μὴν καὶ π. ἐστὶν . .” 2.291; ἐν τούτῳ τῷ π., of a storm, Hdt.7.190; ὁ Μηδικὸς [π.] the trouble from the Medes, Id.4.1; “παῦροι ἐν πόνῳ πιστοί” Pi.N.10.78: freq. in Trag., “πόνος πόνῳ πόνον φέρει” S.Aj.866 (lyr.); “πόνον ἔχειν” Id.OC232 (lyr.), etc.: in pl., sufferings, A.Pr.66, 328, etc.; πόνους πονεῖν (cf. “πονέω” B.1.2); “διά τινα πόνους ἔχειν” Ar.Ec. 975 (lyr.); also of disease, “κατέβαινεν ἐς τὰ στήθη ὁ π.” Th.2.49; “πλευρᾶς πόνοι καὶ θώρακος καὶ ἥπατος” Dsc.1.2; ἰσχίων π. καὶ πλευρᾶς ib. 73.
2. pain, esp. physical, “δύο π. ἅμα γενομένων, μὴ κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τόπον, ὁ σφοδρότερος ἀμαυροῖ τὸν ἕτερον” Hp.Aph.2.46, cf. Erot. s.v. πόνοι, Gal.17(2).699; “π. ἐν κεφαλῇ” Hp.Acut.(Sp.) 40; “ἐς τὰ ἄρθρα πόνοι” Id.Aph.4.44,45, cf. Sor.1.27, al.; “π. ἐς ἀμφοτέρας κνήμας” Hp. Epid.1.26.γ́, cf. δ́, al., LXX Ge.34.25; distd. from λύπη (pain in general), Alex.Aphr.Quaest.125.33; but sts. = λύπη, Epicur.Ep.3p.65U., Sent.Vat.4, Fr.442, Phld.Mus.p.72K.
III. anything produced by work, a work, μελισσᾶν τρητὸς π., of honey, Pi.P.6.54; “ὑψηλὸς τεκτόνων π.” A.Fr.357, cf. E.Or.1570; ὁ ἐμὸς ὠδίνων π., of a child, Id.Ph.30; so, πόνον ὀρταλίχων ὀλέσαντες, i.e. the nestlings, A.Ag.54 (anap.); τοὺς ἡμετέρους π. the fruits of our labour, X.An.7.6.9.
IV. Πόνος personified as son of Eris, Hes.Th.226.
