A.ápa, Lat. ab, Umbr. ap-ehtre 'ab extra', Goth. af, OE. af, cef, of, etc.) Orig. sense, from. [α^πο^: where ἀπο_ is found in Ep. before v or liquids (as “ἀπὸ ἕθεν” Il.6.62, “ἀπὸ νευρῆς” 11.664, Hes. Sc.409) ἀπαί was sometimes written in later texts, cf. Eust. 625.11:— α_ metri gr. in Ep. compds., such as ἀπονέεσθαι.]
I. OF PLACE, the earliest, and in Hom. the prevailing sense:
1. of Motion, from, away from, “ἐσσεύοντο νεῶν ἄπο καὶ κλισιάων” Il.2.208; pleonastic, ἀ. Τροίηθεν ib.24.492; “ἀπ᾽ οὐρανόθεν” 8.365 (later with Advbs., “ἀπὸ ἔμπροσθεν” LXX Ec.1.10, etc.); strengthd., “ἐκτὸς ἀ. κλισιης” Il.10.151; also ἀπ᾽ αἰῶνος νέος ὤλεο, implying departure from life, ib.24.725; opp. ἐξ, of relatively superficial motion, “λαμβάνομεν οὔτε ἐκ τῆς γῆς οὐδέν, οὔτ᾽ ἀπὸ τῶν οἰκιῶν” X.Mem.2.7.2; similarly of the cause or ground, “ἐξ ὧν προηγώνισθε καὶ ἀφ᾽ ὧν εἰκάζω” Th.4.126:— freq. of warriors fighting from chariots, etc., “οἱ μὲν ἀφ᾽ ἵππων, οἱ δ᾽ ἀ. νηῶν . . μάχοντο” Il.15.386; “ἀφ᾽ ἵππων μάρνασθαι” Od.9.49; so “ἡ μάχη ἦν ἀφ᾽ ἵππων” Hdt.1.79; λαμπὰς ἔσται ἀφ᾽ ἵππων on horseback, Pl.R.328a; “ἀφ᾽ ἵππου θηρεύειν” X.An.1.2.7; “ἀ. νεῶν πεζομαχεῖν” Th. 7.62; “ἐν ταῖς ναυσὶν αἰρόμενος τοὺς ἱστοὺς ἀ. τούτων ἐσκοπεῖτο” X.HG 6.2.29; ὀμμάτων ἄπο . . κατέσταζον γένυν, of tears, E.Hec.240: joined with “ἐκ, ἐκ Κορίνθου ἀ. τοῦ στρατοπέδου” Pl.Tht.142a.
2. of Position, away from, far from, “μένων ἀ. ἧς ἀλόχοιο” Il.2.292 (cf. ἀπ᾽ ἀνδρὸς εἶναι to live apart from a man or husband, Plu.CG4); “κεκρυμμένος ἀπ᾽ ἄλλων” Od.23.110; “μοῦνος ἀπ᾽ ἄλλων” h.Merc.193; ἀπ᾽ ὀφθαλμῶν, ἀπ᾽ οὔατος, far from sight or hearing, Il.23.53, 18.272, cf. 22.454; “ἀ. θαλάσσης ᾠκίσθησαν” Th.1.7, cf. 46; “αὐλίζεσθαι ἀ. τῶν ὅπλων” Id.6.64; “ἀπ᾽ οἴκου εἶναι” Id.1.99; σπεύδειν ἀ. ῥυτῆρος far from, i.e. without using the rein, S.OC900; in Hom. freq. strengthd., τῆλε ἀ. . ., νόσφιν ἀ. . ., Il.23.880, 5.322; in measurement of distances, “ὅσον ιέ στάδια ἀ. Φυλῆς” X.HG2.4.4, etc.; but later the numeral follows “ἀ., πηγὰς ἔχων ἀ. μ́ σταδίων τῆς θαλάσσης” D.S.4.56; “ἀ. σταδίων κ́ τῆς πόλεως” Plu.Phil.4; κατεστρατοπέδευσεν ἀ. ν́ σταδίων fifty stades away, Id.Oth.11, cf. D.Chr.17.17.
3. of the mind, ἀ. θυμοῦ away from, i. e. alien from, my heart, Il.1.562; “ἀ. δόξης” 10.324; “οὐ . . ἀ. σκοποῦ οὐδ᾽ ἀ. δόξης” Od.11.344; “ἀ. τοῦ ἀνθρωπείου τρόπου” Th.1.76; οὐδὲν ἀ. τρόπου not without reason, Pl.R.470b; οὐκ ἀ. σκοποῦ, καιροῦ, Id.Tht.179c, 187e; “οὐκ ἀ. γνώμης” S. Tr.389; “οὐκ ἀ. τοῦ πράγματος” D.24.6; “μάλα πολλὸν ἀπ᾽ ἐλπίδος ἔπλετο” A.R.2.863.
4. in pregnant sense, with Verbs of rest, previous motion being implied (cf. ἐκ）“, ἀνὰ δ᾽ ἐβόασεν . . ἀ. πέτρας σταθείς” E.Tr.523; ἀ.τῆς ἐμῆς κεφαλῆς τὴν [ἐκείνου] κεφαλὴν ἀναδήσω, i. e. taking the chaplet off my head, and placing it on his, Pl.Smp.212e: with Verbs of hanging, where ἐκ is more common, “ἁψαμένη βρόχον ἀ. μελάθρου” Od.11.278.
5. with the Article, where the sense of motion often disappears, οἱ ἀ. τῶν οἰκιῶν φεύγουσιν, i.e. οἱ ἐν ταῖς οἰκίαις φεύγουσιν ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν, X.Cyr.7.5.23; οἱ ἀ. τῶν πύργων . . ἐπαρήξουσι ib.6.4.18; “αἴρειν τὰ ἀ. τῆς γῆς” Pl.Cra.410b; αἱ ἵπποι αἱ ἀ. τοῦ ἅρματος v.l. in Hdt.4.8; “ὁ Ἀθηναῖος ὁ ἀ. τοῦ στρατεύματος” X.An.7.2.19; “τὸν ἀ. γραμμᾶς κινεῖ λίθον” Theoc.6.18.
6. partitive, λαχὼν ἀ. ληΐδος αἶσαν part taken from the booty, a share of it, Od.5.40; “αἴρεσθαι ἀ. τῶν καλπίδων” Ar. Lys.539; “ἀ. ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι παίδων εἷς μοῦνος” Hdt.6.27; “ὀλίγοι ἀ. πολλῶν” Th.7.87, cf. A.Pers.1023.
7. Math., of figures described upon a base, “κῶνον ἀναγράφειν ἀ. κύκλου” Archim.Sph.Cyl.1.19, etc.; τὸ ἀ. τῆς AB τετράγωνον the square on AB, Euc.1.47, cf. 48; εἴδεα ἀ. . . Archim.Spir.10,11.
10. privative, free from, without, “ἀ. πάσης ἀκαθαρσίας” PLips.16.19 (ii A. D.); “ἀ. ζημίας” PTeb420.4 (iii A. D.).
II. OF TIME, from, after, Hom. only in Il.8.54 ἀ. δείπνου θωρήσσοντο rising up from, i.e. after, cf. Hdt.1.133; ἀ. δείπνου εἶναι or γενέσθαι, Id.1.126, 2.78, 5.18, al.; “ἀ. τοῦ σιτίου πίνειν” Hp.Salubr.5; “ἀ. τῶν σίτων διαπονεῖσθαι” X.Lac. 5.8; in narrative, τὸ ἀ. τούτου or το̂δε, from this point onwards, Hdt.1.4,2.99; “ἀ. τούτου τοῦ χρόνου” Id.1.82, X.An.7.5.8; “τὸ ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνου” Luc.Tox.25; “ἡμέρῃ δεκάτῃ ἀφ᾽ ἧς . .” Hdt.3.14, etc.; “δευτέρῃ ἡμέρῃ ἀ. τῆς ἐμπρήσιος” Id.8.55, cf. X.An.1.7.18, etc.; “ἀφ᾽ οὗ χρόνου” Id.Cyr. 1.2.13; more often ἀπ᾽ or ἀφ᾽ οὗ, Hdt.2.44, Th.1.18, etc.; “ἀφ᾽ οὗπερ” A.Pers.177; “ἀφ᾽ ἧς” Plu.Pel.15; εὐθὺς ἀ. παλαιοῦ, ἀ. τοῦ πάνυ ἀρχαίου, of olden time, Th.1.2,2.15; “ἀπ᾽ ἀρχᾶς” Pi.P.8.25, etc.; “ἀ. γενεᾶς” X. Cyr.1.2.8; ἀφ᾽ ἑσπέρας from the beginning of evening, i.e. at eventide, Th.7.29; ἀ. πρώτου ὕπνου ib.43; “ἀ. μέσων νυκτῶν” Ar.V.218; ἀπ᾽ ἀγροῦ fresh from field-work, Ev.Marc.15.21, cf. 7.4; “ἀ. νουμηνίας” X.An.5.6.23; χρονίζειν ἀ. τοῦ καιροῦ tarry beyond the time, LXX2 Ki. 20.5; ἀ. τέλους ἐννέα μηνῶν at the end of . ., ib.24.8; “γενόμενος ἀ. τῆς ἀρχῆς” Plu.Caes.5: hence ἀ. ἀγωνοθετῶν an εχ-ἀγωνοθέτης, IG3.398; “ἀ. λογιστῶν” POxy.1103.3 (iv A. D.); οἱ ἀ. ὑπατείας, = consulares, Hdn.7.1.9, etc.; but ἀ. τινος the freedman of . ., IG5(2).50.59(Tegea, ii A. D.), cf.ib.5(1).1391 (Andania), 1473.
III. OF ORIGIN, CAUSE, etc.:
1. of that from which one is born, οὐ γὰρ ἀ. δρυός ἐσσι οὐδ᾽ ἀ. πέτρης not sprung from oak or rock, Od.19.163; “γίγνονται δ᾽ ἄρα ταί γ᾽ ἔκ τε κρηνέων ἀ. τ᾽ ἀλσέων” 10.350, cf. S.OT415, OC571, etc.: sts. ἀπό denotes remote, and ἐκ immediate, descent, “τοὺς μὲν ἀ. θεῶν, τοὺς δ᾽ ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν θεῶν γεγονότας” Isoc.12.81, cf. Hdt.7.150; “πέμπτη ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ γέννα” A.Pr.853; τρίτος ἀ. Διός third in descent from Zeus, Pl.R. 391c; οἱ ἀ. γένους τινός his descendants, Plu. Them.32; “Περσέως ἀφ᾽ αἵματος” E.Alc.509: of the place one springs from, “ἵπποι . . ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος” Il.2.839. cf. 849; “Ἡρακλεῖδαι οἱ ἀ. Σπάρτης” Hdt.8.114, cf. Th.1.89, etc.; “τοὺς ἀ. Φρυγίας” X.Cyr.2.1.5, etc.:hence,
b. metaph. of things, “Χαρίτων ἄπο κάλλος ἔχουσαι” Od.6.18; θεῶν ἄπο μήδεα εἰδώς ib.12; “γάλα ἀ. βοός” A.Pers.611; “μῆνις ἀφ᾽ ἡμῶν” Id.Eu.314; “ἡ ἀφ᾽ ὑμῶν τιμωρία” Th.1.69; ὁ ἀ. τῶν πολεμίων φόβος fear inspired by the enemy, X.Cyr.3.3.53.
c. of persons, οἱ ἀ. τῆς χώρας, τῆς πόλεως, country folk, townsfolk, Plb.2.6.8, 5.70.8; and so of connexion with the founder or leader of a sect, “οἱ ἀ. Πυθαγόρου” Luc.Herm.14; “οἱ ἀ. Πλάτωνος” Plu.Brut.2; οἱ ἀ. τοῦ περιπάτου, ἀ. τῆς Στοᾶς, etc., Luc.Cont. 6; generally οἱ ἀ. φιλοσοφίας καὶ λόγων philosophers and learned men, ibid.; οἱ ἀ. σκηνῆς καὶ θεάτρου stage players, Plu.Sull.2; “οἱ ἀ. τῆς βουλῆς” Id.Caes.10, etc.; ὁ ἀφ᾽ ἑστίας παῖς, v. ἑστία; ἀπ᾽ ἐξωμίδος with only an ἐξωμίς, S.E.P.1.153.
2. of the material from or of which a thing is made, “εἵματα ἀ. ξύλου πεποιημένα” Hdt.7.65; “ἀπ᾽ ὄμφακος τεύχειν οἶνον” A.Ag.970, cf. S.Tr.704; “ὅσσα ἀ. γλυκερῶ μέλιτος” Theoc.15.117; “ἔνδυμα ἀ. τριχῶν καμήλου” Ev.Matt.3.4: hence στέφανος ἀ. ταλάντων ἑξήκοντα of or weighing 60 talents, Decr. ap. D. 18.92, cf. Plb.24.1.7, IG2.555.10, al.: hence of value, “θύεν αἶγα ἀ. δραχμᾶν εἴκοσι” GDI3707（Cos); “κρᾶσις ἀ. τε τῆς ἡδονῆς συγκεκραμένη καὶ ἀ. τῆς λύπης” Pl.Phd.59a; so, by an extension of this use, εἰδεχθής τις ἀ. τοῦ προσώπου ugly of countenance, Thphr.Char.28.4; “θῆλυν ἀ. χροιῆς” Theoc.16.49; “σεμνὸς ἀ. τοῦ σχήματος” Luc.DMort.10.8.
3. of the instrument from or by which a thing is done, τοὺς . . πέφνεν ἀπ᾽ ἀργυρέοιο βιοῖο by arrow shot from silver bow, Il.24.605; “τόξου ἄπο κρατεροῦ ὀλέκοντα φάλαγγας” 8.279; “ἐμῆς ἀπὸ χειρός” 10.371, 11.675; so “ἀ. χειρὸς ἐργάζεσθαι μεγάλα” Luc.Hist.Conscr.29; γυμνάζεσθαι ἀ. σκελῶν, χειρῶν, τραχήλου, X.Lac.5.9; “μάχεσθαι ἀ. ἄκοντος” Str.17.3.7; “ἡ ἀ. τοῦ ξίφους μάχη” D.S.5.29; “βάπτειν τὸν δάκτυλον ἀ. τοῦ αἵματος” LXX Le.4.7.
4. of the person from whom an act comes, i.e. by whom it is done, “οὐδὲν μέγα ἔργον ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο” Hdt.1.14; “ζήτησιν ἀ. σφέων γενέσθαι” Id.2.54; “ἐπράχθη οὐδὲν ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν ἔργον ἀξιόλογον” Th.1.17, cf. 6.61; “ἀ. τινος ὄνασθαι” Pl.R.528a, etc.; so τἀπ᾽ ἐμοῦ, τἀπὸ σοῦ, E.Tr.74, S.OC1628; “τὰ ἀ. τῶν Ἀθηναίων” Th.1.127; in later Greek freq. of the direct agent, Plb.1.34.8, Str.5.4.12, D.H.9.12, Ev.Luc.9.22, J.AJ20.8.10, etc.; in codd. this may sts. be due to confusion with ὑπό, but cf. PMag.Par.1.256, BGU 1185.26(Aug.), SIG820.8(Ephesus, i A. D.), etc.
5. of the source from which life, power, etc., are sustained, “ζῆν ἀπ᾽ ὕλης ἀγρίης” Hdt.1.203; ἀ. κτήνεων καὶ ἰχθύων ib.216; “ἀ. πολέμου” Id.5.6; “ἀπ᾽ ἐλαχίστων χρημάτων” X.Mem.1.2.14; “ἀ. τῆς ἀγορᾶς” Id.An.6.1.1; “τρέφειν τὸ ναυτικὸν ἀ. τῶν νήσων” Id.HG4.8.9, cf. Th.1.99; “ἀ. τῶν κοινῶν πλουτεῖν” Ar.Pl.569, cf. D.24.124; “ἀ. μικρῶν εὔνους . . γεγένησαι” Ar.Eq. 788, cf. D.18.102; “ἀφ᾽ ὥρας ἐργάζεσθαι” quaestum corpore facere, Plu. Tim.14.
6. of the cause, means, or occasion from, by, or because of which a thing is done, “ἀ. τούτου κριοπρόσωπον τὤγαλμα τοῦ Διὸς ποιεῦσι” Hdt.2.42; ἀ. τινος ἐπαινεῖσθαι, θαυμάζεσθαι, ὠφελεῖσθαι, Th.2.25,6.12, X.Cyr.1.1.2; “ἀ. τῶν ξυμφορῶν διαβάλλεσθαι” Th.5.17; “τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν ἔχειν ἀ. τινος” Id.1.46; “ἀ. λῃστείας τὸν βίον ἔχειν” X.An. 7.7.9; “ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν τῶν ἔργων κρίνειν” D.2.27; ἀ. τοῦ πάθους in consequence of . ., Th.4.30; “βλάπτειν τινὰ ἀ. τινος” Id.7.29; “κατασκευάσαντα τὸ πλοῖον ἀφ᾽ ὧν ὑπελάμβανε σωθήσεσθαι” D.18.194; τρόπαιον ἀ. τινος εἱστήκει on occasion of his defeat, Id.19.320; τλήμων οὖσ᾽ ἀπ᾽ εὐτόλμου “φρενός” A.Ag.1302, cf. 1643; ἀ. δικαιοσύνης by reason of it (v. l. for ὑπό), Hdt.7.164; ἀ. τῶν αὐτῶν λημμάτων on the same scale of profits, D.3.34, etc.; for ὅσον ἀ. βοῆς ἕνεκα, v. ἕνεκα: hence in half adverbial usages, ἀ. σπουδῆς in earnest, eagerly, Il.7.359; ἀ. τοῦἴσου, ἀ. τῆς ἴσης, or ἀπ᾽ ἴσης, equally, Th.1.99,15, D.14.6, etc.; “ἀπ᾽ ὀρθῆς καὶ δικαίας τῆς ψυχῆς” Id.18.298; “ἀ. ἀντιπάλου παρασκευῆς” Th.1.91; ἀ. τοῦ προφανοῦς openly, ib.35; ἀ. τοῦ εὐθέος straightforwardly, Id.3.43; ἀ. τοῦ αὐτομάτου of free-will, Pl.Prt.323c; ἀ. γλώσσης by word of mouth, Hdt.1.123 (but also, from hearsay, A.Ag.813); “ἀ. στόματος” Pl.Tht.142d; ἀπ᾽ ὄψεως at sight, Lys.16.19; ἀ. χειρὸς λογίζεσθαι on your fingers, Ar.V.656; “πεύθομαι δ᾽ ἀπ᾽ ὀμμάτων νόστον” A.Ag. 988; ὀμμάτων ἄπο in the public gaze, E.Med.216; “ἀ. τοῦ κυάμου ἄρχοντας καθίστασθαι” X.Mem.1.2.9; “ἡ βουλὴ ἡ ἀ. τοῦ κυάμου” Th.8.66, cf. IG1.9; “τοὺς ἀ. τοῦ κυάμου δισχιλίους ἄνδρας” Arist.Ath.24.3; τριηράρχους αἱρεῖσθαι ἀ. τῆς οὐσίας Decr. ap. D.18.106; ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ from oneself, on one's own account, Th.8.6, etc.; “ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ γνώμης” Id.4.68; ἀ. συνθήματος, ἀ. παραγγέλματος, by agreement, by word of command, Hdt.5.74, Th.8.99; ἀ. σάλπιγγος by sound of trumpet, X.Eq.Mag.3.12 (s.v.l.); ἐπίτροπος ἀ. τῶν λόγων, = Lat. procurator a rationibus, Ann.Epigr..1913.143a (Ephesus, ii A. D.).
7. of the object spoken of, τὰ ἀ. τῆς νήσου οἰκότα ἐστί the things told from or of the island . ., Hdt.4.195, cf. 54, 7.195; “νόμος κείμενος ἀ. τῶν τεχνῶν” Ar.Ra.762.
B. in Arc., Cypr., ἀπύ takes dat., ἀπὺ τᾷ [ἁμέρᾳ] IG5(2).6 (Tegea); “ἀπὺ τᾷ ζᾷ” Inscr.Cypr.135.8 H. (Idalion).
2. in later Greek ἀπό is found c. acc., PLond.1.124.30 (iv/v A. D.).
D. IN COMPOS.:
1. asunder, as ἀποκόπτω, ἀπολύω, ἀποτέμνω: and hence, away, off, as ἀποβάλλω, ἀποβαίνω; denoting, remoual of an accusation, as ἀπολογέομαι, ἀποψηφίζομαι.
2. finishing off, completing, ἀπεργάζομαι, ἀπανδρόω, ἀπανθρωπίζω, ἀπογλαυκόω.
4. back again, as ἀποδίδωμι, ἀπολαμβάνω, ἀπόπλους: also, in full, or what is one's own, as ἀπέχω, ἀπολαμβάνω: freq. it only strengthens the sense of the simple.
5. by way of abuse, as in ἀποκαλέω.
6. almost = ἀ- priv.; sts. with Verbs, as ἀπαυδάω, ἀπαγορεύω; more freq. with Adjectives, as ἀποχρήματος, ἀπότιμος, ἀπόσιτος, ἀπόφονος.
