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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cadwalader, John 1742-1786 (search)
Cadwalader, John 1742-1786 Military officer; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 10, 1742; was an active patriot before the war for independence broke out. He was made colonel of one of the city battalions, and as a brigadier-general afterwards he was placed in command of the Pennsylvania militia, co-operating with Washington in the attack on Trenton, and participating in the battle of Princeton. He was in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. He challenged Gen. Thomas Conway to fight a duel because of offensive words the latter used towards Wash- John Cadwalader. ington. They fought, and Conway was badly wounded. After the war Cadwalader lived in Maryland, and was in its legislature. He died in Shrewsbury, Pa., Feb. 11, 1786.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Calhoun, John Caldwell 1782-1850 (search)
it is federal and not national, because it is the government of a community of States, and not the government of a single State or nation. That it is federal and not national, we have the high authority of the convention which framed it. General Washington, as its organ, in his letter submitting the plan to the consideration of the Congress of the then confederacy, calls it in one place the general government of the Union, and in another the federal government of these States. Taken together of Congress the members are elected by the legislatures of their respective States; and in the other by the people of the several States, not as composing mere districts of one great community, but as distinct and independent communities. General Washington vetoed the first act apportioning the members of the House of Representatives among the several States, under the first census, expressly on the ground that the act assumed, as its basis, the former and not the latter construction. The Pre
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Callender, James Thompson 1792-1813 (search)
Callender, James Thompson 1792-1813 Editor and author; born in Scotland. He published in Edinburgh, in 1792, a book called Political progress of Great Britain, which so offended the authorities that he was banished from the kingdom, and went to Philadelphia, where he published the Political register in 1794-95, and the American annual register for 1796-97. He was a violent and unscrupulous opponent of Washington's administration, and delighted in abusing Hamilton and other Federalist leaders. For a season he enjoyed the friendship of Jefferson. The latter became disgusted with Callender, when the former, becoming Jefferson's enemy, calumniated him fearfully. He published the Richmond Recorder, in which he made fierce attacks upon the character of Washington and Adams. He died in Richmond, Va., in July, 1813.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cambridge (search)
Cambridge City, and one of the county seats of Middlesex county. Mass., separated from Boston by the Charles River; was founded in 1631 under the name of Newtown; and is noted as the place where Washington took command of the Continental army on July 2, 1775; as the seat of Harvard University (q. v.); and as the place where the sons of Alvan Clark carry on the manufacture of astronomical instruments which have a world-wide reputation. In 1900 the city had a total assessed valuation of taxable property of $94,467,930, and the net city and water debt was $6,226,182. The population in 1890 was 70,028; in 1900, 91,886. The second Synod of Massachusetts met at Cambridge in 1646, and was not dissolved until 1648. The synod composed and adopted a system of church discipline called The Cambridge platform, and recommended it, together with the Westminster Confession of Faith, to the general court and to the churches. The latter, in New England, generally complied with the recommend
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Canada (search)
merican Board of War, General Gates president, arranged a plan, late in 1777, for a winter campaign against Canada, and appointed Lafayette to the command. The Marquis was cordially received at Albany by General Schuyler, then out of the military service. General Conway, who had been appointed inspector-general of the army, was there before him. Lafayette was utterly disappointed and disgusted by the lack of preparation and the delusive statements of Gates. I do not believe, he wrote to Washington, I can find 1,200 men fit for duty —and the quarter part of these are naked—even for a summer campaign. The Marquis soon found the whole affair to be only a trick of Gates to detach him from Washington. General Schuyler had, in a long letter to Congress (Nov. 4, 1777), recommended a winter campaign against Canada, but it was passed unnoticed by the Congress, and Gates appropriated the thoughts as his own in forming the plan, on paper, which he never meant to carry out. Another campa
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Canals. (search)
g the accounts of Gen. John Bradstreet with the government, he visited the famous canal which the Duke of Bridgewater had just completed, and became profoundly impressed with the importance of such highways in the work of developing the internal resources of his own country. On his return, he urged the matter upon the attention of his countrymen. Meanwhile the active mind of Elkanah Watson (q. v.) had been deeply interested in the subject. In 1785 he visited Mount Vernon, where he found Washington engaged in a project for connecting the waters of the Potomac with those west of the Alleghany Mountains. He and General Schuyler projected canals between the Hudson River and lakes Champlain and Ontario, and in 1792 the legislature of New York chartered two companies, known, respectively, as the Western inland lock navigation Company and Northern inland lock navigation Company, of both of which Schuyler was made president, and, at his death, in 1804, he was actively engaged in the promot
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Champe, John 1752-1798 (search)
Champe, John 1752-1798 Patriot; born in Loudon county, Va., in 1752; sent to New York as a spy after the treason of Arnold, at the request of Washington. As it was also rumored that another American officer (supposed to be General Gates) was a traitor, Champ was instructed to discover the second traitor, and, if possible, to take Arnold. He left the American camp at Tappan at night, in the character of a deserter, was pursued, but reached Paulus Hook, where the British vessels were anch. After he had been examined by Sir Henry Clinton, he was sent to Arnold, who appointed him a sergeant-major in a force which he was recruiting. He found evidence which proved that the suspected general was innocent, and forwarded the same to Washington. He learned also that Arnold was accustomed to walk in his garden every night, and conceived a plan for his capture. With a comrade he was to seize and gag him, and convey him as a drunken soldier to a boat in waiting, which would immediately
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Charleston, S. C. (search)
ivan was composed of palmetto logs and earth, armed with twenty-six cannon, and garrisoned by about 500 men, chiefly militia, under Col. William Moultrie. It commanded the channel leading to the town. Gen. Charles Lee, who had been ordered by Washington to watch the movements of Clinton, had made his way southward, and arrived at Charleston on June 4, but was of no service whatever. Late in the month Clinton had landed troops on Long Island, which was separated from Sullivan's Island by a slgren's naval force on Forts Sumter and Wagner and Battery Gregg. Fort Sumter, 2 miles distant, was the chief object of attack—to make it powerless as an assistant of Fort Wagner. This was continued until the 24th, when Gillmore telegraphed to Washington, Fort Sumter is to-day a shapeless and harmless mass of ruins. The Swamp angel sent some 150-lb. shells that fell in Charleston—one penetrating St. Michael's Church —and greatly alarmed the people. On the fall of Sumter, the attack centred<
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Chase, Samuel 1741- (search)
d Carroll to seek an alliance with the Canadians, and was efficient in changing the sentiments of Maryland in favor of independence, so as to authorize him and his colleagues to vote for the Declaration, which he signed. In 1783 Mr. Chase was sent to England, as agent for Maryland, to redeem a large sum of money intrusted to the Bank of England, $650,000 of which was finally recovered. From 1791 to 1796 he was chief-justice of his State, and was a warm supporter of the administrations of Washington and Adams. In the session of Congress in the early part of 1804, it was determined by the leaders of the dominant, or Democratic, party to impeach Judge Chase, then associate-justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was an ardent Federalist, and warmly attached to the principles of Washington's administration. At the instance of John Randolph, of Virginia, Democratic leader of the House of Representatives, he was impeached for his conduct during the trial of Callender and
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Chastellux, Francois Jean, Chevalier De (search)
Chastellux, Francois Jean, Chevalier De Historian; born in Paris, France, in 1734; served in the American Revolution under Rochambeau as a major-general. His amiability gained him the friendship of Washington. He was the author of Voyage dans l'amerique septentrionale dans les annees 1780-82; Discours sur les avantages et les dessavantages qui resultent pour l'europe de la decouverte de l'amerique, etc. He also translated into French Humphrey's Address to the army of the United States. He died in Paris, Oct. 28, 1788.
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