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H. Wager Halleck , A. M. , Lieut. of Engineers, U. S. Army ., Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactis of Battles &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery and Engineers. Adapted to the Use of Volunteers and Militia., Chapter 2: Strategy.—General divisions of the Art.—Rules for planning a Campaign.—Analysis of the military operations of Napoleon (search)
he Mouse, as this position would give them a decided advantage in any ulterior operations. In attacking southern Germany, the course of the Danube offers a series of points which exercise an important influence on the war. For northern Germany, Leipsic and the country bordering on the Saale and the Elbe, are objects often fiercely contested by the French and other belligerent powers. In a war between this country and England, Montreal and the points on the St. Lawrence between Montreal and Qu completely cut off by Melas; whereas, by the direction which he gave to his line of operations he had, in case of reverse, every means for reaching either the Var or the Valois. (Fig. 6.) Again, in 1806, if he had marched directly from Gera to Leipsic, he would have been cut off from his base on the Rhine; whereas, by turning from Gera towards Weimar, he not only cut off the Prussians from the Elbe, but at the same time secured to himself the roads of Saalfield, Schleitz, and Hoff, thus rende
H. Wager Halleck , A. M. , Lieut. of Engineers, U. S. Army ., Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactis of Battles &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery and Engineers. Adapted to the Use of Volunteers and Militia., Chapter 5: Tactics.The twelve orders of battle, with examples of each.—Different Formations of infantry, cavalry, artillery, and engineers on the field of battle, with the Modes of bringing troops into action (search)
n certain cases, and in particular localities. Hannibal employed it at the battle of Cannae, the English at Crecy and Azincourt, and the Austrians at Essling, in 1809. (Figure 22.) The convex order is sometimes formed to cover a defile, to attack a concave line, or to oppose an attack before or after the passage of a river. The Romans formed this order at the battle of Cosilinum; the French at Ramilies in 1706, at Fleurus in 1794, at Essling in 1809, and at the second and third days of Leipsic in 1813, and at Brienne in 1814. (Figure 23.) The order by echelon on one wing may be frequently employed with advantage; but if the echelon be made on both wings, there is the same objection to its use as to the perpendicular order on both wings. At Dresden, Napoleon attacked both wings at the same time; this is the only instance in his whole history of a similar attack, and this was owing to peculiar circumstances in the ground and in the position of his troops. (Figure 24.) The ec
H. Wager Halleck , A. M. , Lieut. of Engineers, U. S. Army ., Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactis of Battles &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery and Engineers. Adapted to the Use of Volunteers and Militia., chapter 11 (search)
rder by the fire of batteries. The charge of the Russian cavalry at Hohenfriederg, in 1745, is a remarkable example of this kind. Cavalry should always be immediately sustained in its efforts either by infantry or other bodies of horse; for as soon as the charge is made, the strength of this arm is for a time exhausted, and, if immediately attacked, defeat becomes inevitable. The charge of the cavalry of Ney on Prince Hohenlohe at the battle of Jena, and of the French horse on Gossa at Leipsic, are fine examples of the successful charges of cavalry when properly sustained.. Kunnersdorf and Waterloo are examples of the disastrous consequences of leaving such charges without support. The choice of the field of battle is sometimes such as to render cavalry almost useless. Such was the case at the battle of Cassano, between the Duke of Vendome and the Prince Eugene. The field was so cut up by the Adda and the canals of Rittorto and Pendina, that Prince Eugene could make no use o
William F. Fox, Lt. Col. U. S. V., Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, 1861-1865: A Treatise on the extent and nature of the mortuary losses in the Union regiments, with full and exhaustive statistics compiled from the official records on file in the state military bureaus and at Washington, Chapter 5: casualties compared with those of European wars — loss in each arm of the service — deaths from disease — classification of deaths by causes. (search)
he London Statistical Society, which places the number of killed and wounded in the French army at Borodino at 28,085, out of 133,000 troops present on the field. The Russian army numbered 132,000 at that battle, and there is nothing to show that its loss was greater than that of its antagonist. Although the number of killed and wounded at Borodino was greater, numerically, than at Waterloo and Gettysburg, the percentage of loss was very much less. The largest armies were marshalled at Leipsic, the battle of the Nations. On that field the allies concentrated 330,000 men; At the first day's battle there were 275,000 present. Napoleon's army numbered 175,000. The statements of the casualties as made by various historians are so conflicting, and are so loosely stated, that no definite idea of the loss can be obtained. It was greater, probably, than at Borodino. In the American Civil War, the Union Armies lost 110,070 killed or mortally wounded, and 275,175 wounded; total, 3
The Photographic History of The Civil War: in ten volumes, Thousands of Scenes Photographed 1861-65, with Text by many Special Authorities, Volume 10: The Armies and the Leaders. (ed. Francis Trevelyan Miller), Chapter 5: losses in the battles of the Civil War, and what they mean (search)
6,000 Eylau, 1807French, 70,00020,00042,0003328 Russians, 63,50022,000 Heilsberg, 1807Russians, 84,00010,00022,0001311 French, 85,00012,000 Friedland, 1807French, 75,00010,00034,0002313 Russians, 67,00024,000 Aspern, 1809Austrians, 75,00020,00045,0002626 French, 95,00025,000 Wagram, 1809French, 220,00022,00044,000.1110 Austrians, 150,00022,000 Borodino, 1812French, 125,00030,00075,0002824 Russians, 138,00045,000 Bautzen, 1813French, 190,00012,00024,00086 Allies, 110,00012,000 Leipsic, 1813Allies, 290,00042,00092,0002014 French, 150,00050,000 Ligny, 1815French, 73,00012,00024,0001516 Prussians, 86,00012,000 Waterloo, 1815Allies, 100,00020,00042,0002420 French, 70,00022,000 Solferino, 1859Allies, 135,00016,50031,5001011 Austrians, 160,00015,000 Koniggratz, 1866Prussians, 211,0008,89426,89464 Austrians, 206,00018,000 Vionville, 1870Germans, 70,00015,80032,8001922 French, 98,00017,000 Gravelotte, 1870Germans, 200,00020,00030,000910 French, 120,00010,000 Plevna
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Arbitration, international Court of, (search)
esident of the Landsthing. France. M. Leon Bourgeois, Deputy, ex-President of the Cabinet Council, ex-Minister for Foreign Affairs. M. de Laboulaye, ex-Ambassador. Baron Destournelles de Constant, Minister Plenipotentiary, Deputy. M. Louis Renault, Minister Plenipotentiary, Professor in the Faculty of Law at Paris, Law Office of the Department of Foreign Affairs. Germany. His Excellency Mr. Bingner, Ll.D., Privy Councillor, Senate President of the Imperial High Court at Leipsic. Mr. von Frantzius, Privy Councillor, Solicitor of the Department of Foreign Affairs at Berlin. Mr. von Martitz, Ll.D., Associate Justice of the Superior Court of Administrative Justice in Prussia, Professor of Law at the Berlin University. Mr. von Bar, Ll.D., Judicial Privy Councillor, Professor of Law at the Gottingen University. Great Britain. His Excellency the Right Honorable Lord Pauncefote of Preston, G. C.B., G. C.M. G., Privy Councillor, Ambassador at Washington. T
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Hall, Granville Stanley 1845- (search)
Hall, Granville Stanley 1845- Educator; born in Ashfield, Mass., May 5, 1845; graduated at Williams College in 1867. He served as professor of psychology in Antioch College, Ohio, in 1872-76. Later he studied in Bonn, Leipsic, Heidelberg, and Berlin. Returning, he lectured on psychology in Harvard University and Williams College in 1880-81. In 1881 he became Professor of Psychology in Johns Hopkins University, and remained there till 1888, when he accepted the presidency, with the chair of psychology, of Clark University. He is author of Aspects of German culture; Hints toward a select and descriptive bibliography of education (with John M. Mansfield), etc. In 1900 he was editor of The American journal of psychology and The Pedagogical Seminary.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Jayne, Horace 1859- (search)
Jayne, Horace 1859- Biologist; born in Philadelphia, March 5, 1859; graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1879, and at its medical school in 1882; studied biology at Leipzig and Jena in 1883-84; and, returning to the United States, was first appointed lecturer in biology in the University of Pennsylvania, and subsequently Professor of Vertebrate Morphology there. For a number of years he was dean of the faculty. In 1900 he was director of the Wistar Institute of the University of Pennsylvania. He is the author of Mammalian Anatomy; Revision of the Derumestidae of North America; Abnormities observed in North American Coleoptera, etc.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Kosciuszko, Tadeusz (Thaddeus) 1746- (search)
1777, and was the principal engineer in constructing the works at West Point, on the Hudson. Attached to Greene's army in the South, he was the engineer in the siege of ninety-six (q. v.), in June, 1781. For his services in the Continental army he received the thanks of Congress, the Order of the Cincinnati, and the brevet of brigadier-general. Returning to Poland, he fought against the Russians, under Poniatowski, in 1792; but the Polish patriots were defeated, and Kosciuszko retired to Leipsic. Another rising of the Poles occurred in 1794, when Kosciuszko was placed at the head of the insurgents as dictator; and, with 5,000 peasants, armed mostly with scythes, he routed nearly twice that number of Russians at Raclawice, April 4. Committing the conduct of a provisional government to a national council, he marched against his enemies. In Warsaw he was besieged by a combined army of Russians and Prussians. These, after Thaddeus Kosciuszko. several bloody conflicts, were compe
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Leach, Abby 1855- (search)
Leach, Abby 1855- Educator; born in Brockton, Mass., May 28, 1855; was educated in Boston and at Leipsic; took private courses with different professors at Harvard University; was instrumental in the organization of Radcliffe College; and became Professor of Greek in Vassar College. She is vice-president of the American Philological Association, and a member of the Archaeological Society; and of the committee of management of the American school at Athens, Greece.
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