16, and became a chartered city in 1834.
Williamsburg and (Greenpoint were annexed to it in 1855; the towns of Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Gravesend, in 1894; and the town of Flatlands became a ward of the city in 1896.
The bridge across the East River, connecting New York and Brooklyn, was designed by John A. Roebling (q. v.). It was begun in 1870 and finished in 1883.
The steel cables by which it is suspended were made at Wilmington, Del..
and are supported on stone piers, 272 feet above $5,000,000. The bridge now accommodates pedestrians,, carriages and wagons, bridge cable-cars, and electric cars.
The bridge soon proved inadequate for the enormous traffic between New York and Brooklyn, and a second and larger bridge on steel piers was built about a mile above, and a third bridge ordered to parallel the original, and a fourth bridge across Blackwell's Island.
In addition a tunnel has been authorized under the East River from the Battery in New York to the Brooklyn City Hall.
Fteley, Alphonse 1837-
Engineer; born in France in 1837; came to the United States in 1865; was appointed chief engineer of the Aqueduct.
Commission of New York in 1888.
He is identified with the construction of many great engineering projects, including the Croton Aqueduct, the tunnel under the East River, New York City, etc.
ns did not exceed 1,000, of whom one-half were prisoners.
Howe did not follow up his advantage, but allowed the American army on Long Island to retreat in safety to New York.
This retreat was unsuspected by the British leaders on land and water until it was too late to pursue.
A Tory woman
Lord Stirling's last stand around the Cortelyou House. living near the ferry sent her negro servant to inform the British of the retreat.
Brower's Mill in 1850 He encountered a German sentinel, who could not understand a word he said, and would not let him pass.
Before six o'clock (Aug. 30> 1776) 9,000 American soldiers, with their baggage and munitions of war, excepting some heavy artillery, had crossed the East River from Long Island to Manhattan, or New York, Island.
When Howe perceived this he became greatly enraged, took possession of the deserted camp, moved his army eastward, its advance being at Flushing, and prepared to seize the city of New York with the American troops in it.
Wolfe!
In the afternoon four armed ships, keeping up an incessant fire on the American batteries, passed them into the East River, and anchored, but no landing was attempted that day. On the next day, about sunset, six British vessels ran up the EasEast River, and on the 15th three others entered the Hudson, and anchored off Bloomingdale.
Washington's army had escaped capture on Long Island, but had to contend, in the city of New York, with deadlier foes, in the form of city temptations, secti. Roger Morris, his companion-inarms in the battle on the Monongahela.
On the 15th the British and Germans crossed the East River at Kip's Bay (foot of Thirty-fourth Street), under cover of a cannonade from their ships.
The American guard fled at tt seven years, two months, and ten days. Howe made his headquarters at the Beekman mansion at about Fiftieth Street and East River.
Great fire of 1776.
The British anticipated snug winter quarters in the city of New York, when, at a little past
time was Adrian Block, in command of the Tigress.
He had gathered a cargo of skins, and was about to depart late in 1613, when fire consumed his ship and cargo.
He and his crew built log-cabins at the lower end of Manhattan, and there constructed a rude ship during the winter, which they called Onrust— unrest —and this was the beginning of the great commercial mart, the city of New York.
In the spring of 1614 Block sailed through the dangerous strait at Hell Gate, passed through the East River and Long Island Sound, discovered the Housatonic, Connecticut, and Thames rivers, and that the long strip of land on the south was an island (Long Island); saw and named Block Island, entered Narraganset Bay and the harbor of Boston, and, returning to Amsterdam, made such a favorable report of the country that commercial enterprise was greatly stimulated, and, in 1614, the States-General of Holland granted special privileges for traffic with the natives by Hollanders.
A company was formed
orgia established the first orphan asylum in the American colonies about 1738, and Rev. George Whitefield laid the foundation-stone of one 10 miles from Savannah in 1740.
Preventive and reformatory institutions are among our most important public charities.
The first of the kind in the United States was the New York House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents, founded in 1824.
It was opened at the beginning of 1825.
It still exists, and occupies a considerable space on Randall's Island, East River.
Care for the bodily comfort and social condition of seamen—a greatly neglected class of citizens—has been manifested for many years.
As early as 1801 Capt. Robert R. Randall, of New York, founded the Sailors' Snug Harbor, on Staten Island; and, later, benevolent citizens established the Seamen's Friend Society in New York City.
The latter effort has been blessed with great success.
The society provides good boarding-houses and a home for seamen when in port.
The latter, situated in C
in front of New Amsterdam (August, tion.
1664) and demanded the surrender of the province (Aug. 31), he found his alienated people willing to submit to English rule.
Yet he stoutly refused the demand.
Nicolls sent Governor Winthrop, of Connecticut, with a letter to Stuyvesant, repeating his demand.
He laid it before the council, who said, Read it to the people.
Stuyvesant would not. The council and magistrates insisted that he should, when the enraged governor, who had fairly earned the title of Peter the headstrong, unable to control his passion, tore the letter in pieces.
Stuyvesant held out for a week, but on Sept. 8 he yielded, and the formal surrender took place.
The governor went to Holland to report to his susuperiors, in 1665, and, returning, spent the remainder of his days on his bowery, or farm, on Manhattan Island, bordering on the East River.
He died in August, 1682.
His remains rest in St. Mark's church-yard, New York City.
See New Netherland; State of New York.
empstead, two; Flatlands, three; Flatbush, two; Gravesend, two; four Dutch and four English towns sent ten Dutch and nine English delegates......Dec. 10, 1653
Governor dissolves the convention......Dec. 14, 1653
Pirates and robbers infest East River and plunder shores......1654
First church formed at Flatbush; Johannes Theodorus Polhemus dominie......1654
News of projected attack by the English received by Governor Stuyvesant......May 29, 1654
New Amsterdam put in a state of defenghty-five......Nov. 22, 1882
Grover Cleveland, Democrat, elected governor......November, 1882
Edwin D. Morgan, born 1811; dies at New York City......Feb. 14, 1883
Commission of statistics of labor established by law......May 4, 1883
East River suspension bridge, connecting New York and Brooklyn, opened......May 24, 1883
Civil service commission created by law......May 29, 1883
Centennial of the disbanding of the army of the Revolution celebrated at Newburg......Oct. 18, 1883
throughout the country, but nowhere in so imposing a manner as in the city in which that inauguration had taken place.
The celebration was opened with a naval parade in the harbor on the morning of April 29. President Harrison, following as nearly as possible the same route of travel as President Washington, was conveyed by water from Elizabethport to New York, being escorted by a committee of governors, commissioners of State, and other distinguished personages.
Upon his arrival in the East River he was transferred to a barge manned by a crew of ship-masters from the Marine Society of the Port of New York, and by them rowed to the shore.
The crew of the barge that rowed President Washington from Elizabethport to the foot of Wall Street were members of the same society.
A reception was afterwards held by the President and the governors of the States in the Equitable Building, and in the evening the Centennial Ball was given in the Metropolitan Opera-house.
On April 30 a special s
The result is represented to have been entirely successful.
Maillefert's process in removing Way's Reef in the Hurl-Gate (Hell Gate) obstruction, on the East River, N. Y., consisted in depositing a quantity of powder on the surface of the rock to be removed, and then exploding it. There is no cumbrous apparatus used.
A soundi-engine, and acting in a tube which directed its blows; the hole obtained receiving a charge of nitro-glycerine.
The work of removing the obstructions in the East River has now devolved upon the United States Engineers, under General Newton.
They are proceeding by building coffer-dams and driving headings.
It is a regular tun Bridge, London, the Cabin John Creek Bridge, Maryland, and the Schuylkill Bridge at Philadelphia, are trophies of their kind.
The suspension bridge across the East River, New York (see Frontispiece), is by far the boldest undertaking in the suspension line, nearly 600 feet greater than the now widest span, — the bridge at Cinci
