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The Defect in the Spartan Constitution
For in the first place is it not notorious that they
First and second Messenian wars, B. C. 745-724(?), 685-668.
were nearly the first Greeks to cast a covetous eye upon the territory of their neighbours, and that accordingly they waged a
war of subjugation on the Messenians?
In the next place is it not related in all histories that in
their dogged obstinacy they bound themselves with an oath
never to desist from the siege of Messene until they
had taken it? And lastly it is known to all that in their
efforts for supremacy in Greece they submitted to do
the bidding of those whom they had once conquered in
war. Battle of Plataea, B. C. 479. For when the Persians invaded Greece,
they conquered them, as champions of the
liberty of the Greeks; yet when the invaders
had retired and fled, they betrayed the cities of Greece into
their hands by the peace of Antalcidas, for the
sake of getting money to secure their supremacy
over the Greeks. Peace of A
Messene and Philip V. in B. C. 215
Democracy being established at Messene, and the men
Political state of Messene.
of rank having been banished, while those who
had received allotments on their lands obtained
the chief influence in the government, Messene, and the men
Political state of Messene.
of rank having been banished, while those who
had received allotments on their lands obtained
the chief influence in the government, those of
the old citizens who remained found it very hard to put up
with the equality which these men had obtained. . . .
Gorgus of Messene, in wealth and extraction, was inferiorThe character of the Messenian athlete and statesman Gorgus.
See ante.Messene.
of rank having been banished, while those who
had received allotments on their lands obtained
the chief influence in the government, those of
the old citizens who remained found it very hard to put up
with the equality which these men had obtained. . . .
Gorgus of Messene, in wealth and extraction, was inferiorThe character of the Messenian athlete and statesman Gorgus.
See ante. 5. 5.
to no one in the town; and had been a famous
athlete in his time, far surpassing all rivals in
that pursuit. In fact he was not behind any
man of his day in physical beauty, or the
general dignity of his manner of life, or the
number of prizeMessene, in wealth and extraction, was inferiorThe character of the Messenian athlete and statesman Gorgus.
See ante. 5. 5.
to no one in the town; and had been a famous
athlete in his time, far surpassing all rivals in
that pursuit. In fact he was not behind any
man of his day in physical beauty, or the
general dignity of his manner of life, or the
number of prizes he had won. Again, when he gave up
athletics and devoted himself to politics and the service of his
country, he gained no less reputation in this department than
in his former pursuit. For he was removed from the
Philistinism that usually characte
Philip Dissuaded from Taking Messene
Philip, king of the Macedonians, being desirous of
Philip V. of Macedon at Messene, B. C. 215. See Plutarch, Arat. 49-50.
seizing the acropolis of Messene, told the
leaders of the city that he wished to see it and
to sacrifice to Zeus, and accordingly walked up
thither with his attendants and joined in the
sacrifice. When, according to custom, the
entrails of the slaughtered victims were brought
to him, he took them in his hands, and, turning round a littleMessene, told the
leaders of the city that he wished to see it and
to sacrifice to Zeus, and accordingly walked up
thither with his attendants and joined in the
sacrifice. When, according to custom, the
entrails of the slaughtered victims were brought
to him, he took them in his hands, and, turning round a little
to one side, held them out to Aratus and asked him "what he
thought the sacrifices indicated? To quit the citadel or hold
it?" Thereupon Demetrius struck in on the spur of the
moment by saying, "If you have the heart of an augur,—to
quit it as quick as you can: but if of a gallant and wise king,
to keep it, lest if you quit it now you may never have so good
an opportunity again: for it is by thus holding the two horns
that you can alone keep the ox under your control." By the
"two horns" he me
Philip Devastates Messene
Upon arriving in Messenia Philip began devasting the
Philip's second devastation of Messene, B.C. 214.
country, like an open enemy, with more passion
than reason; for while pursuing this continuous
course of injurious actions, he expected, it
appears to me, that the sufferers would feel no
anger or hatred towards him. See Plutarch, Aratus, ch. 51.
Cp. supra, 7, 10-14.I was induced
to speak of these proceedings in somewhat full
detail in the present as well as in the last book, not alone by
the same motives as those which I have assigned for other
parts of my work, but also by the fact that of our historians,
some have entirely omitted this Messenian episode; while
others from love or fear of kings have maintained that, so far
from the outrages committed by Philip in defiance of religion
and law upon the Messenians being a subject of blame, his
actions were on the contrary matters for praise and gratulation.
But it is not only in regard to the Messenians tha
Aratus Poisoned
Though regarding the Messenians as open enemies,
Philip was unable to inflict serious damage upon them, in spite
of his setting to work to devastate their territory; but he was
guilty of abominable conduct of the worst description to men
who had been his most intimate friends. For on the elder
Aratus showing disapproval of his proceedings at Messene, he
caused him not long afterwards to be made
away with by poison, through the agency of
Taurion who had charge of his interests in the
Peloponnese.Death of Aratus, B. C. 213. The crime was not known at the time by other
people; for the drug was not one of those which kill on the
spot, but was a slow poison producing a morbid state of the body.
Aratus himself however was fully aware of the cause of his illness;
and showed that he was so by the following circumstance.
Though he kept the secret from the rest of the world, he did not
conceal it from one of his servants named Cepholon, with whom
he was on terms of great affec
P. Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses (ed. Arthur Golding), Book 6, line 412 (search)
The neyghbor Princes thither came, and all the Cities round
About besought their Kings to go and comfort Thebe: as Arge
And Sparta, and Mycene which was under Pelops charge,
And Calydon unhated of the frowning Phebe yit,
The welthie towne Orchomenos, and Corinth which in it
Had famous men for workmanship in mettals: and the stout
Messene which full twentie yeares did hold besiegers out.
And Patre, and the lowly towne Cleona, Nelies Pyle,
And Troyzen not surnamed yet Pittheia for a while.
And all the other Borough townes and Cities which doe stand
Within the narrow balke at which two Seas doe meete at hand,
Or which do bound upon the balke without in maine firme land.
Alonly Athens (who would thinke?) did neither come nor send.
Warre barred them from courtesie the which they did entend.
The King of Pontus with an host of savage people lay
In siege before their famous waHes and curstly did them fray.
Untill that Tereus, King of Thrace, approching to their ayde,
Did vanqui