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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Engineering. (search)
centrated loads, and the Howe truss, with vertical iron rods, was invented, capable of 150-foot spans. About 1868 iron bridges began to take the place of wooden bridges. One of the first long-span bridges was a singletrack railway bridge of 400-foot span over the Ohio at Cincinnati, which was considered to be a great achievement in 1870. The Kinzua viaduct, 310 feet high and over half a mile long, belongs to this era. It is the type of the numerous high viaducts now so common. About 1885 a new material was given to engineers, having greater strength and tenacity than iron, and commercially available from its low cost. This is basic steel. This new chemical metal, for such it is, is 50 per cent. stronger than iron, and can be tied in a knot when cold. The effect of improved devices and the use of steel is shown by the weights of the 400-foot Ohio River iron bridge, built in 1870, and a bridge at the same place, built in 1886. The bridge of 1870 was of iron, with a span
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Expositions, industrial. (search)
ity. The United States stands alone in maintaining four permanent expositions: one in the former Art Palace of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, now known as the Field Columbian Museum; another in the former Memorial Hall of the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia; and two, known as Commercial Museums, in Philadelphia. The following is a list of the principal industrial expositions of the world, to nearly all of which the United States has been a large contributor: London, 1851; Cork, 1852; New York, New Brunswick, Madras, and Dublin, each 1853; Munich, 1854; Paris, 1855; Edinburgh and Manchester, each 1857; London, 1862; Paris, 1867; Vienna, 1873; Philadelphia, 1876; Paris, 1878; Atlanta, 1881; Louisville, 1883; New Orleans, 1884-85; Paris, 1889; Chicago, 1893; Atlanta, 1895; Nashville, 1897; Omaha, 1898; Omaha and Philadelphia, each 1899; Paris, 1900; Buffalo and Glasgow, each 1901. For details of the most noteworthy of these expositions, see their respective titles.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Fenton, Reuben Eaton 1819-1885 (search)
Fenton, Reuben Eaton 1819-1885 Statesman; born in Carroll, Chautauqua co., N. Y., July 4, 1819; was educated at Pleasant Hill and Fredonia academies, in his native county; and was admitted to the bar in 1841. Finding the practice of law uncongenial, he entered business, and acquired a moderate fortune. Meanwhile, he became interested in politics, and in 1843-51 served as supervisor of Carroll. In 1852 he was elected to Congress by the Democrats, and there opposed the further extension of slavery. This action resulted in his defeat, in 1854, for a second term, and he united with the Republican party, by whom, in 1856, he was elected to Congress, where he remained till 1864, when he resigned to become governor of New York, in which office he served two terms. In 1869-75 he was in the United States Senate, and in 1878 was chairman of the United States commission to the International Monetary Conference in Paris. He died in Jamestown, N. Y., Aug. 25, 1885.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Florida, (search)
K. Call1836 to 1839 Robert R. Reid1839 to 1841 Richard K. Call1841 to 1844 John Branch1844 to 1845 State governors. NameTerm. William D. Moseley1845 to 1849 Thomas Brown1849 to 1853 James E. Broome1853 to 1857 Madison S. Perry1857 to 1861 John Milton1861 to 1865 William Marvin1865 to 1866 David S. Walker1866 to 1868 Harrison Reed1868 to 1872 Ossian B. Hart1872 to 1874 Marcellus L. Stearns1874 to 1877 George F. Drew1877 to 1881 William D. Bloxham1881 to 1885 Edward A. Perry1885 to 1889 Francis P. Fleming1889 to 1893 Henry L. Mitchell1893 to 1897 William D. Bloxham1897 to 1901 William S. Jennings1901 to — United States Senators. NameNo. of CongressDate. James D. Westcott, Jr29th to 30th1845 to 1849 David L. Yulee29th to 31st1845 to 1851 Jackson Morton31st to 33d1849 to 1855 Stephen R. Mallory32d to 36th1851 to 1861 David L. Yulee34th to 36th1855 to 1861 [37th, 38th, and 39th Congresses, seats vacant.] Thomas W. Osborn40th to 42d1868 to 1873 Adonijah
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Foraker, Joseph Benson (search)
Foraker, Joseph Benson Statesman; born near Rainsboro, O., July 5, 1846; graduated at Cornell in 1869 and admitted to the bar the same year. He enlisted in the 89th Ohio Regiment on July 14, 1862; was made sergeant August, 1862; received the commission of first lieutenant March 14, 1864; elected governor of Ohio in 1885 and 1887, and United States Senator for the term 1897-1903. In 1900 he was chairman of the committee on Pacific islands and Porto Rico, and a member of the committee on foreign relations.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Foster, John Watson 1836- (search)
he bar in Evansville, Ind. During the Civil War he served in the Union army, reaching the rank of colonel of volunteers. After the war he was in turn editor of the Evansville Daily journal and postmaster of that city in 1869-73. He was minister to Mexico in 1873-80, and to Russia in 1880-81. John Watson Foster. On his return to the United States he engaged in the practice of international law in Washington, representing foreign legations before arbitration boards, commissions, etc. In 1883-85 he was minister to Spain; and in 1891 was a special commissioner to negotiate reciprocity treaties with Spain, Germany, Brazil, and the West Indies. He was appointed United States Secretary of State in 1892 and served till 1893, when he became the agent for the United States before the Bering Sea arbitration tribunal at Paris. In 1895, on the invitation of the Emperor of China, he participated in the peace negotiations with Japan; in 1897 he was a special United States commissioner to Great
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Frelinghuysen, Frederick Theodore 1817-1885 (search)
Frelinghuysen, Frederick Theodore 1817-1885 Statesman; born in Millstone, N. J., Aug. 4, 1817; grandson of the preceding; graduated at Rutgers College in 1836; became an eminent lawyer, and was attorney-general of New Jersey, 1861-66. He was chosen United States Senator in 1868, and was re-elected for a full term in 1871. He was a prominent member of the Republican party. In July, 1870, President Grant appointed him minister to England, but he declined the position. On Dec. 12, 1881, he entered the cabinet of President Arthur as Secretary of State, on the resignation of Secretary Blaine, and served to the end of that administration, March 4, 1885. He died in Newark, N. J., May 20, 1885.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Galveston, (search)
Galveston, City, seaport, and commercial metropolis of Texas: on an island of the same name. It was settled in 1837; captured by National forces in 1862; retaken by Confederates in 1863; was nearly destroyed by fire in 1885; and was visited by a terrible tornado and flood, Sept. 8, 1900, which caused a loss of 7,000 lives and property valued at $30,000,000. The population in 1890 was 29,084; in 1900, 37,789. In the early part of the Civil War attempts were made to repossess important posts in Texas, especially Galveston. On May 17, 1862, Henry Eagle, in command of war-vessels in front of Galveston, demanded its surrender, under a threat of an attack from a large land and naval force that would soon appear. When those forces appear, said the authorities, we shall reply. So matters remained until Oct. 8, when Galveston was formally surrendered by its civil authorities to Commodore Renshaw, of the National navy. To hold the city more securely, a Massachusetts regiment, unde
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Gilbert, Rufus Henry 1832-1885 (search)
Gilbert, Rufus Henry 1832-1885 Inventor; born in Guilford, N. Y., Jan. 26, 1832; studied medicine; served as surgeon throughout the Civil War. He is best known through the Gilbert Elevated Railroad Company, which extended from the Battery through Greenwich Street and Ninth Avenue to Thirtieth Street, New York City. This was the first elevated railroad. Soon after the Sixth Avenue railroad was built, and these two were merged into one with the other elevated railroads in New York City, under the title of the Metropolitan Elevated Railroad Company. He died in New York City, July 10, 1885.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Gorringe, Henry Honeychurch 1841-1885 (search)
Gorringe, Henry Honeychurch 1841-1885 Naval officer; born in Barbadoes, W. I., Aug. 11, 1841; came to the United States in early life; served through the Civil War with marked distinction; was promoted lieutenant-commander in December, 1868. He became widely known in 1880-81 through having charge of the transportation of the Egyptian obelisk (Cleopatra's Needle), presented to the United States by the Khedive of Egypt, and erected in Central Park, New York City, Jan. 23, 1881. The total cost of transportation— $100,000—was paid by William H. Vanderbilt. The iron vessel Dessoug was bought from the Egyptian government, and a hole was cut in her side, through which the obelisk was placed in the hold. Gorringe published a History of Egyptian Obelisks. He died in New York City, July 7. 1
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