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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
worked into yarn per day (nearly)2,000,000 pounds. Spindles in operation20,000, 000 Power-looms250, 000 Factories2,000 Hands employed inside the walls350,000 Horse-power (steam and water).80,000 Production of cotton goods in 1850 per day4,000,000 yards. Production of unwoven cotton yarn per day500,000 pounds. Cotton-seed was brought into England from the Levant; taken thence to the Bahamas, and thence to Georgia in 1786. The first cotton-mill in America was at Beverly, Mass., in 1788. In the following list are associated the terms used in the description, manufacture, and products of fibrous material, excepting those involving pulping, which will be found under the indical head of paper (which see). The following list includes cotton, flax, wool, hemp, silk, etc., appliances. See— Ageing.Carding-machine. Balling-machine.Card-machine. Bat.Card-setting machine. Batting.Carriage. Batting-machine.Carrier. Beating-engine.Cask. Bier.Caudroy. Billy.Chamber. Bink.C
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
774, made farther improvements by suspending a balance-weight from the bell that on striking bottom took off the weight of the bell, which with its included air, being too light to sink, was more readily raised or lowered by the admission of air or water into an upper compartment, placing it completely under the control of those within it. For this the British Government decreed him a reward. The celebrated engineer Smeaton, about the year 1779, first used it for engineering purposes, and in 1788, having to prepare the foundation for the pier in Ramsgate Harbor, he contrived a bell by which the work was very greatly facilitated. This consisted of a nearly conical box of cast-iron, of great weight and solidity, capable of containing 50 cubic feet of air, or sufficient for two persons one hour; this was constantly charged by means of a pipe leading to a force-pump above. The diving-bell has been subsequently applied with great success to many important submarine engineering operations
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
ted on concussion or by time fuse. See shell. Ex-plo′sives. Gunpowder was in use as far back as the twelfth century, and its composition, as shown by old manuscripts, did not differ greatly from the most approved modern manufacture. See gunpowder. Berthollet proposed to substitute chlorate of potash for saltpeter in the manufacture of gunpowder. The explosive force was in this way doubled, but it was found to explode too readily, and, at a trial in loading a mortar, at Essonnes, 1788, the powder exploded when struck by the rammer, blowing mortar and gunners to pieces. Fulminates of gold, silver, and mercury were experimented with in the early part of this century, as substitutes for gunpowder. Fulminate of mercury is obtained by dissolving mercury in nitric acid and adding a certain proportion of alcohol and saltpeter to the mixture. It is used extensively in the manufacture of percussion-caps and cartridges, but none of the fulminates are likely to be used in large
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), H. (search)
he hare in braking. Harl. The filament of flax. Hare. Har-mon′i-ca. （Music.) 1. a. A musical instrument formed of a number of glasses which are tuned by filling them more or less with water, and are played by touching them with the dampened finger. The less the quantity of water the lower is the tone of the scale. Called musical glasses.) The instrument is said to have been invented by a German, and was improved by Dr. Benjamin Franklin. A stringed form is ascribed to Stein, 1788. b. Dr. Franklin's Harmonica consisted of a nest of hemispherical glasses, of different sizes, tuned, and arranged on a revolving spindle impelled by a treadle, the tips of the fingers being applied to the edges of the glasses to produce the tones. Each glass has an open neck or socket in the middle. The thickness of the glass is about 1/10 inch near the brim, but thicker nearer the aperture, which in the largest glasses is 1 inch deep, with an aperture 1 1/2 inch wide. These dimensio
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
nsiderations. The conductors should be prolonged until reaching moist soil, or if this be impracticable should be carried, at a depth of two feet or more, to a distance of some 30 feet from the building, or connected with old chain conveyed to a similar distance; the trench in which it is laid being partially filled with carbonaceous matter. In regard to the area protected by a rod, a difference of opinion exists, and the matter cannot be considered as determined. The opinion of Leroy, 1788, was that it protected space around equal to three times the hight of the rod. The Academy of Sciences of Paris, 1823, opined that it protected a circular space whose radius is equal to the hight of the rod. This is the general opinion, but has no sufficient data for its foundation. It is, however, the basis of the American practice in putting up lightning-rods. Professor Henry, a high authority on the subject, recommends a rod of round iron about 1 inch in diameter, terminating in a sing
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
ake special observations at remote stations in regard to the variation and dip of the needle. The lamented death of the Admiral and destruction of his vessels in 1788 prevented the results from being communicated to the scientific world. M. Hansteen of Denmark undertook the subject in 1811, and in 1819 published his celebrate the time of Strabo, about the Christian era. A buck of fine quality was worth a talent (? Attic), equal to 1,180 dollars. They were introduced into England in 1788. Mer′kin. A mop for cleaning cannon. Mer′lon. （Fortification.) The solid part of an embattled parapet, between two embrasures. Mesh. 1. (Gearenith distance of the sun. Among celebrated instruments may be mentioned the mural circle made by Graham, for Halley, at Greenwich, and those made by Ramsden in 1788, for Piazzi, at Palermo, and one for Dublin. See graduating-instruments. The mural circle is so called because it is supported by means of a long axis passing<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
those of an Indian canoe. In 1786, Benjamin Franklin and Oliver Evans advocated the hydraulic propeller, receiving the water forward and forcing it out astern. In 1787, Patrick Miller patented, in England, paddle-wheels for propulsion. In 1788, Fitch ran his boat by means of reciprocating paddles. In 1788, Symington had a steamboat on the lake of Dalswinton, propelled by an engine and side paddle-wheels. In 1789, Symington had a boat on the Forth and Clyde Canal, propelled by an e1788, Symington had a steamboat on the lake of Dalswinton, propelled by an engine and side paddle-wheels. In 1789, Symington had a boat on the Forth and Clyde Canal, propelled by an engine, and a pair of paddle-wheels placed amidships, respectively fore and aft the engine, and working in a trough extending from stem to stern of the boat, over the keel. In 1789, Oliver Evans, of Philadelphia, had a stern-wheel steamboat which navigated the Schuylkill. In 1795, Lord Stanhope invented the duck-feet paddles, and ran a boat three miles an hour. In 1796, Fitch had a steamboat on Collect Pond, New York, propelled by a screw astern. In 1802, Symington's double boat, Char
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
the device resembling vertical paddles, six on each side, working alternately. His vessel was launched on the Delaware in 1788, and performed her trip of 20 miles to Burlington, where she unfortunately burst her boiler, and whence she floated back this vessel. Fitch went West, died suddenly in 1799, and was buried at Bardstown, Kentucky Patrick Miller's steamboat (1788). William Symington, in 1788, applied a steam-engine to the pleasure-boat of Patrick Miller, of Dalswinton. This boat1788, applied a steam-engine to the pleasure-boat of Patrick Miller, of Dalswinton. This boat was furnished with side paddle-wheels, and was laid up in the winter. In 1789 a boat 60 feet long was propelled on the Forth and Clyde Canal at the rate of 7 miles an hour. Patrick Miller published an account of the invention in the year 1787. Mck connecting the two chambers, the upper could be filled with air, causing the apparatus to rise to the surface. About 1788 Smeaton substituted cast-iron for wood, which had been previously used, made the machine of rectangular form, increased it
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
ertained by some astronomers of the period, that the number of satellites could not exceed that of the primary planets, did not seek to discover any more of them. Four other of Saturn's moons were discovered by Dominic Cassini; the seventh, or outermost, which has great alternations of brightness, in 1671, the fifth in 1672, and the third and fourth in 1684, with an object-glass of Campani's having a focal length of 100-136 feet. The two innermost, or the first and second, were discovered in 1788 and 1789 by Herschel, with his colossal reflector. The second satellite offers the remarkable phenomenon of performing its revolution around the principal planet in less than one of our days. The telescopes which Galilco constructed himself, and others which he used for observing Jupiter's satellites, the phases of Venus, and the solar spots, magnified four, seven, and thirty-two times in linear dimensions, — never more. The Arenarius of Archimedes says very distinctly that Aristarchus