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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
the personal aggrandizement of Louis XIV, delayed the works of public utility, and it was not till near the end of the last century that it was opened. Its length is 114.322 metres. The canal uniting the Somme and the Scheldt was undertaken in 1776 and completed in 1810. The length is 32 1/2 miles. The canal of Orleans is 45 miles long, uniting the Loire and the Seine. The canal between the Baltic and North Seas at Kiel was opened 1785. That from the Cattegat to the Baltic, 1794-1800ich it reached 5″ slow. On the return to Portsmouth, after a five months absence, it was 1′ 5″ wrong, showing an error of eighteen miles and within the limits of the act. He received the reward of forty years diligence in instalments. He died in 1776. Chronometer. Arnold made many improvements, and received government rewards amounting to £ 3,000. Mr. Denison states that Earnshaw brought the chronometer to its present perfection. The principles of the compensation balance are expla
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
ction. E-lectro-mo′tor. An exciter of electric action. An apparatus actuated by electricity and imparting motion to a machine. See electro-magnetic machine. E-lec′tro-neg′a-tive. Having the property of being attracted by an electro-positive body, or a tendency to pass to the positive pole in electrolysis. E-lec′tro-nome. A measurer of electricity. See electrometer. E-lec-troph′o-rus. An instrument invented by Volta, for generating electricity by induction, about 1776. Volta's electrophorus (A, Fig. 1854) consisted of a thick disk of resin 12 or 15 inches in diameter, called the plate, resting on a tin foil called the sole. The plate has a metallic cover, insulated by a glass handle. The resinous plate being excited by rubbing it with a warm and dry flannel, the metallic cover is placed upon it, and a spark of — electricity may be drawn from it; if it then be raised, it affords a spark of + electricity. On replacing the cover and again touchi
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
the india-rubber business for flattening together a number of piles of folded cloth while they are vulcanized and blended together by a steam heat of say 280° F. Flat-rail. A railroad rail consisting of a simple flat bar, spiked to a longitudinal sleeper. Tramways of wood were laid down by Beaumont at Newcastle, in 1602. They were protected by flat straps of iron in 1738, at Whitehaven. Flat cast-iron plates were laid at Coalbrookdale in 1767. The angular cast-iron rail was used in 1776. Edge rails of cast-iron in 1789. Rolled rails in 1820. See rail. Flat-rope. A rope made by plaiting yarns together instead of twisting. Gasket; sennit. Some flat ropes, for mining-shafts, are made by sewing together a number of ropes, making a wide, flat band. Flat-rope Pul′ley. A pulley having a true cylindrical surface and two rising flanges, to keep the band from running off. See pulley. Flat′ten-ing-fur′nace. A furnace into which cylinder glass split longitudin
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), K. (search)
on account of the value of his invention; as it would interfere with the employment of a great number of her subjects, and to make the stockings for a whole people was too large a grant for any individual. About the same style of remark as was urged by Jefferson against one of Oliver Evans's patents, the hopper-boy, so called. Cottom stockings were first made by hand about 1730. The Derby ribbed stockings were patented by Jeremiah Strutt, in 1759. The knotter frame patented by Horton, 1776. Of a Chinese village called the old Duck, the Abbe Hue writes: What struck us most in this place was that the art of knitting, which we had imagined unknown in China, was here carried on very busily; and, moreover, not by women, but by men. Their work appeared to be very clumsy; the stockings they made were like sacks; and their gloves had no separation for the fingers. It looked very odd, too, to see moustachioed fellows sitting before their doors spinning, knitting, and gossiping like s
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
trings have, by this means, been made to yield twenty-four distinct tones. The lyre was, in fact, a small harp, and the hollow resonant portion became, in time, expanded into a chamber over which the strings were stretched in parallelism, forming a dulcimer, the immediate parent of the hammer group, — citole, clavichord, clavicytherium, virginal, spinet, harpsichord, piano (see piano). Another, and perhaps earlier, divergence of the instrument with strings in parallelism above a sounding-board is found in a portallo class, — the monochord, cithara, guitar, and a host of other instruments with names less widely known, such as theorbo, pandore, mandolin, etc. These instruments were played by the fingers or by a plectrum, and from them came out the class of instruments played by the bow, of which the viol is the head, and the others take their names as relatives, — violin, viola d'amour, violoncello, bass-viol. See Description des Instrumens Harmoniques, by Father Bonanni, Rome, 1776
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
.) A stringed instrument played by the hands. It has 4 double strings, that is to say, four times two strings in unison and tuned in fifths like the violin. It is written on the G clef. The E strings are of catgut; the A strings of steel; the D strings of copper; and the G strings of catgut covered with silver-wire. The compass is about 3 Malting-apparatus. octaves. The strings are put in vibration by a plectrum held in the left hand. See Mandola, Bonanni, Istromenti Armonici, Roma, 1776; plate LV. Manacles. Man′dore. （Music.) A four-stringed lute. Adjustable mandrel. Man′drel. 1. (Lathe.) Often incorrectly spelt mandril, which unfortunately is a short-tailed baboon with a red and blue face. The cynocephalus. a. An arbor or axis on which work is temporarily placed to be turned. The arbor which revolves in the headstock of a lathe and carries the upper pulley, and also the chuck or face-plate, if one be used. The example is an adjustable mandrel, hav<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
（Music.) A rebec. A kind of lute. See pandura, Plate LI., Bonanni's Istromenti Armonici, Roma, 1776. Pane. 1. A compartment or square. a. A sheet or hight of window-glass occupying one ope but has not succeeded. It was probably the feature of Hatton's planingma-chine, English patent, 1776. It appears that subsequently General Bentham (brother of Jeremy) made molding-machines with rave done the same in settling the question of precedence. Sonnettes used in churches (Bonanni, 1776). The words Om Mani Padmi Om (Hail to him of the Lotus and the Jewel) are frequently painted e Description des Instrumens Harmoniques, en tous Genre, par le Pere Bonanni. Published at Rome, 1776. It is described as Sonnettes used in churches, having a wheel with small bells on its periphery The psaltery is shown in two forms in Plates LXV., LXVI., Bonanni's Istromenti Armonici, Roma, 1776. In each it has a series of strings over a sounding-board. In one case it is played by the fing
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
（North, 1676.) After a while the rails were laid on cross-ties and pinned thereto. In 1716 flat plates of malleable iron were nailed to the wooden rails. (a, flat rail.) In 1767 the Coalbrookdale works laid down flat cast-iron rails. In 1776 cast-iron rails, with an upright flange, were laid on wooden sleepers and used at the Duke of Norfolk's colliery, near Sheffield. （Carr's patent, b.) They were spiked down. The flange was put on the rail before it was put on the wheel. In 178n transverse timbers or sleepers, and secured with pegs of wood, the sleepers being imbedded in the material of the roadway. About 1716, the wooden ways were capped by thin plates of malleable iron. Cast-iron bars were substituted in 1767. In 1776, Carr took out a patent for cast-iron rails of L-shape to retain the wheels on the rails without flanges on the wheels. In 1800, stone props instead of timber for supporting the junctions of the rails were invented in Derbyshire by Mr. Outram. T
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
ve the clef. Fig. 4835 represents an instrument, Plate XXVI. of Bonanni's Description des Instrumes Harmoniques, Rome, 1776. It is described as an instrument of very low tone, made use of in France and Germany as a bass to flutes and hautboys. der to deaden the sonorousness and give it a mournful sound. A mute. See Plate LXI., Bonanni's Istromenti Armonici, Roma, 1776. Sor′ghum-e-vap′o-ra-tor. A furnace with pans for boiling the expressed juice of the sorghum or imphee. Fig. 5313escribed in Pere Kircher's work, and pictured in Pere Bonanni's curious work, Descrizione Degla Istromenti Armonici, Roma, 1776. It is designed rather for augmenting the voice than for musical effects. It is intended to be elliptical in cross-sect the suburbs. Wooden rails with malleable iron caps were used in 1716. Cast-iron rails in 1767. L-shaped rails in 1776. Rolled rails in 1820. See rail, pages 1857, 1858. The railways originated in the collieries of the North of Englan
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
edo-vessel was perhaps the American turtle of David Bushnell, of Connecticut, in 1776. His was a submarine vessel having a torpedo in tow. It was composed of two way-rail. Trammel multiple-gearing. It was patented by Carr of Sheffield, 1776. Previous to this time, the wooden trams had been protected by malleable iron pted to the city of London. Iron railways were laid down by Carr at Sheffield, 1776, and by the Coalbrookdale Iron Company in 1786. See Railway. Matthews's sto the curious work of Pere Bonanni, Description des Instrumens Harmoniques, Rome, 1776. It is there called the tromba spezzata, or Trompette Rompue. It has two tubes the curious work of Pere Bonanni, Description des Instrumens Harmoniques, Rome, 1776. It is referred to under the name of the Courbee Antique, or Roman trumpet, andhe tambourine. See Plates LXXVI., LXXVII., Bonanni's Istromenti Armonici, Roma, 1776. The tympanum (Gr. tympanon) was a hand-drum or tambourine, but covered with
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