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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), cradle of American liberty, (search)
t). of Boston, who generously gave it to the town. The lower story was used for a market, and in the upper story was an elegant and spacious hall, with convenient rooms for public use. It was The Apollo room in the Raleigh Tavern. burned in 1761, when the town immediately rebuilt it. The engraving shows it as it was during the Revolution. The hall is about 80 feet square, and contains some fine paintings of distinguished men. The original vane, in the form of a grasshopper, was copied from that of the Royal Exchange of London. In 1805 another story was added to the original building. The name Cradle of liberty was also given to the Apollo room, a large apartment in the Raleigh Tavern at Williamsburg, Va., where the members of the House of Burgesses met after its dissolution by Governor Lord Dunmore in 1774. There they adopted non-importation resolutions, appointed a fast-day, and chose delegates to the First Continental Congress, which assembled at Philadelphia in September.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Craig, Sir James Henry 1749- (search)
Craig, Sir James Henry 1749- Military officer; born in Gibraltar in 1749; entered the British army as ensign in 1763, was aide-de-camp to General Boyd at Gibraltar in 1770, and came to America in 1774. He remained in service here from the battle of Bunker Hill until the evacuation of Charleston, in 1781, when he held the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was made a major-general in 1794, lieutenant-general in 1801, and governorgeneral and commander-in-chief of Canada in 1807. Totally unfit for civil rule, he was a petty oppressor as governor; his administration was short, and he returned to England in 1811, where he died Jan. 12, 1812.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cresap, Michael 1742-1775 (search)
Cresap, Michael 1742-1775 Trader; born in Alleghany county, Md., June 29, 1742; removed to Ohio in 1774, and after establishing a settlement below the present city of Wheeling, organized a company of pioneers for protection against the Indians; and, on April 26, declared war and defeated a band of Indians on the river. About the same time another party of whites massacred the family of the famous chief Logan, who hitherto had been friendly to the whites. Cresap was accused by Logan with having led the party which killed his family, but it was subsequently proved that Cresap was in Maryland at the time of the occurrence. Cresap received the commission of a captain in the Hampshire county militia in Virginia from Governor Dunmore. He joined the army under Washington, but ill-health forced him soon afterwards to retire from active service. He died in New York City, Oct. 18, 1775. Several publications have been issued since his death with the intention of relieving his memory fr
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cruger, Henry, Jr. 1739-1780 (search)
Cruger, Henry, Jr. 1739-1780 Merchant; born in New York City, in 1739. His father became a merchant in Bristol, England, where he died in 1780. Henry was associated with him in trade, and succeeded him as mayor of Bristol in 1781. He had been elected to Parliament as the colleague of Edmund Burke in 1774, and was re-elected in 1784, and on all occasions advocated conciliatory measures towards his countrymen. After the war he became a merchant in New York, and, while yet a member of the British Parliament, was elected to the Senate of the State of New York. He died in New York, April 24, 1827.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cunningham, William 1774- (search)
Cunningham, William 1774- Provost-marshal; born in Dublin, Ireland; landed in New York in 1774; became provost-marshal there; and in 1778 had charge of the prisoners there and in Philadelphia. Of the prisoners under his care nearly 2,000 were starved to death (whose rations he sold), and more than 250 were privately hanged, without trial, to gratify his brutal appetite. He was executed in England for forgery, Aug. 10, 1791. Cunningham, William 1774- Provost-marshal; born in Dublin, Ireland; landed in New York in 1774; became provost-marshal there; and in 1778 had charge of the prisoners there and in Philadelphia. Of the prisoners under his care nearly 2,000 were starved to death (whose rations he sold), and more than 250 were privately hanged, without trial, to gratify his brutal appetite. He was executed in England for forgery, Aug. 10, 1791.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cushing, Thomas 1725- (search)
Cushing, Thomas 1725- Statesman; born in Boston, March 24, 1725; graduated at Harvard in 1744, and for many years represented his native city in the General Court, of which body he became speaker in 1763, and held that post until 1774. His signature was affixed, during all that time, to all public documents of the province, which made his name so conspicuous that, in his pamphlet, Taxation no tyranny, Dr. Johnson said, One object of the Americans is said to be to adorn the brows of Cushing with a diadem. He was a member of the first and second Continental Congresses; was commissarygeneral in 1775; a judge; and in 1779 was elected lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, which office he held until his death, in Boston, Feb. 28, 1788.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Dana, Francis, 1743-1811 (search)
Dana, Francis, 1743-1811 Jurist; born in Charlestown, Mass., June 13, 1743; son of Richard Dana; graduated at Harvard in 1762. He was admitted to the bar in 1767; was an active patriot; a delegate to the Provincial Congress in 1774; went to England in 1775 with confidential letters to Franklin; was a member of the executive council from 1776 to 1780; member of the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1778, and again in 1784; member of the board of war, Nov. 17, 1777; and was at the head of a committee charged with the entire reorganization of the army. When Mr. Adams went on an embassy to negotiate a treaty of peace and commerce with Great Britain, Mr. Dana was secretary of the legation. At Paris, early in 1781, he received the appointment from Congress of minister to Russia, clothed with power to make the accession of the United States to the armed neutrality. He resided two years at St. Petersburg, and returned to Berlin in 1783. He was again in Congress in the spring of 178
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Declaration of colonial rights. (search)
Declaration of colonial rights. In the first Continental Congress (1774) a committee of two from each colony framed and reported, in the form of a series of ten resolves, a declaration of the rights of the colonies: 1. Their natural rights; 2. That from their ancestry they were entitled to all the rights, liberties, and immunities of free and natural-born subjects of England; 3. That by the emigration to America by their ancestors they never lost any of those rights, and that their descendants were entitled to the exercise of those rights; 4. That the foundation of all free governments is in the right of the people to participate in their legislative council; and as the American colonists could not exercise such right in the British Parliament, they were entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several provincial legislatures, where the right of representation could alone be preserved. (They conceded the right of Parliament to regulate external commer
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Declaration of Independence in the light of modern criticism, the. (search)
een pressed with so much decisiveness as by John Adams, who took evident pleasure in speaking of it as a document in which were merely recapitulated previous and well-known statements of American rights and wrongs, and who, as late as in the year 1822, deliberately wrote: There is not an idea in it but what had been hackneyed in Congress for two years before. The substance of it is contained in the declaration of rights and the violation of those rights, in the journals of Congress, in 1774. Indeed, the essence of it is contained in a pamphlet, voted and printed by the town of Boston, before the first Congress met, composed by James Otis, as I suppose, in one of his lucid intervals, and pruned and polished by Samuel Adams. Perhaps nowhere in our literature would it be possible to find a criticism brought forward by a really able man against any piece of writing less applicable to the case, and of less force and value, than is this particular criticism by John Adams and oth
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Delaware Indians, (search)
rts, who were innocent, fled for refuge to Philadelphia. These returned to the Susquehanna in 1764, and the Ohio portion made peace at Muskingum the same year, and at Fort Pitt in 1765. The remainder in Pennsylvania emigrated to Ohio, and in 1786 not a Delaware was left east of the Alleghany Mountains. Moravian missionaries went with their flocks, and the Christian Indians increased. The pagans kept upon the war-path until they were severely smitten in a drawn Battle at Point Pleasant, in 1774. The Delawares joined the English when the Revolutionary War broke out, but made peace with the Americans in 1778, when a massacre of ninety of the Christian Indians in Ohio by the Americans aroused the fury of the tribe. Being almost powerless, they fled to the Huron liver and Canada. Under the provisions of a treaty in 1787, a small band of Delawares returned to the Muskingum, the remainder being hostile. These fought Wayne, and were parties to the treaty at Greenville in 1795. The
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