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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
pe L. The action of the pistons is alternate. At-mos-pher′ic En′gine. Invented by Dr. Papin, of Blois, France, in 1695; improved by Newcomen, 1705, and Watt, 1769. It was the first good steam-engine on a working scale, and is the foundation of the Cornish engine. The present form of the engine has Watt's improvements. Ioing a change simulating digestion. Vaucanson also constructed a flute-player, 1738. The writing automaton was a pantograph; deceptively worked by a confederate, 1769. The automaton chess-player was also a deception, 1769. Maelzel made a trumpeter in 1809. An automaton speaking several sentences was exhibited in London about 1769. Maelzel made a trumpeter in 1809. An automaton speaking several sentences was exhibited in London about 1810. See Brewster's Natural magic. The speaking machine invented by a Viennese, exhibited in Europe many years since, and lately in this country, is not an automaton, but is played by keys. The thorax is a bellows, and the sounds are made by the passage of air past reeds which simulate the larynx, and modulated by artificial
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
rser work, so that, while the above list is substantially accurate, it will not be found to agree with the order of all factories, and perhaps not in every respect with any one. The inventions involved in the treatment of cotton by machinery are about as follows:— Fly-shuttle, John Kay, of Bury, 1738. Carding-machine, Lewis Paul, 1738. Drop-box, Robert Kay, 1760. Spinning by rollers, Lewis Paul or John Wyatt, 1738. Spinning-jenny, Hargreaves, 1767. Water-frame, Arkwright, 1769. Power-loom, Rev. D. E. Cartwright, 1785. Cotton-gin, Eli Whitney, 1794. Dressing-machine, Johnson and Radcliffe, 1802– 1804. Power-loom, Horrocks, 1803-1813. Mule, Samuel Crompton, 1774-1779. Self-acting mule, Roberts, 1825. See cotton, flax, wool, hemp, silk, etc., appliances, p. 631. A cotton-factory cited by Ure has machines in the following proportions:— 1 willow, 1 blowing-machine, 1 lap-machine, capable together of cleaning and lapping 9,000 pounds of cotton <
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
rding-machine are attenuated by passing through consecutive pairs of rollers, each successive pair rotating at a higher speed than its predecessors. The device was first invented by Leon Paul, patented 1738; and perfected by Arkwright, patent 1769. It was called a water-frame, from the circumstance that Arkwright's machinery was driven by water-power. It was named a throstle from the brisk singing or humming sound made by it. See throstle. It is used in the process of doubling sliveto tabulated form, from which the yearly report is made out. The duty of these engines has been gradually improved. It is estimated by the number of pounds raised one foot high by a bushel of Welsh coals, 94 pounds. Pounds, 1 foot high. In 1769, the Newcomen engine5,500,000 In 1772, the Newcomen engine, improved by Smeaton9,500,000. In 1778 to 1815, the Watt engine20,000,000 In 1820, the improved Cornish engine, average duty28,000,000 In 1826, the improved Cornish engine, average dut
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
between the trays. The ends of the chamber may be closed by metallic doors. Fu′el-feed′er. A device for feeding fuel in graduated quantities to a furnace, either for metallurgical purposes or for steam-boilers. The example shows an apparatus for carrying coal, sawdust, and other fuel, from a bunker to the furnace, and feeding it regularly and evenly upon the grate under the boilers. It is worked by the engine. It will be readily understood without specific description. James Watt. 1769, and some even before him, tried to feed furnaces mechanically to save fuel. Some of the devices are noted under smoke-consuming furnace (which see). Fu′el press, com-pressed′. A machine for compressing coal-dust and a cementing material into a block. In one form the material is forced within cylindri- Fuei-feeder for steam-boiler furnace. cal pipes of cast-iron by the resistance offered to its passage through the pipe, and caused by the friction of the material against the side
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
rel′lis. A structure on which grapevines are trained. See trellis.. Previous to 1547 (time of Edward VI.) grapes were brought from Flanders to England. The vine was introduced into England in 1552. The statements of the growth of the vine in Britain (time of Julius Caesar) seem to lack confirmation. One of the largest vines in Europe is that of Hampton Court Palace, near London, the famous palace built by Cardinal Wolsey and given to Henry VIII. It is stated to have been planted in 1769, and to have produced 2,272 bunches of grapes in a season, weighing over 2,000 pounds; its stem being thirteen inches in girth. Graph. Names ending in graphs are as follows. The list is given for the convenience of those in search of a word:— Actinograph.Ichnograph. Anaglyptograph.Kinograph. Anemograph.Lithograph. Arcograph.Magnetograph. Anto-chronograph.Marigraph. Auto-typograph.Mechanograph. Barograph.Metallograph. Barometrograph.Metrograph. Catagraph.Micrograph. Cecograp
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
ng moved. See wagon-lock. Lock-weir. A weir having a lock-chamber and gates. Loco-mo′tive. A self-moving, traveling steamengine. Watt's patents of 1769 and 1784 included the uses of steam-engines for running carriages on land, but he never made any such. A locomotive was made by Cugnot, a Frenchman, in 1769. I1769. It is still preserved in the museum of the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers at Paris, and is described as having a copper boiler, much like a common kettle, and a pair of 13-inch single-acting cylinders, which operated a single driving-wheel roughened on its periphery. Hornblower's steamcarriage had the same date, 1769. Syming1769. Symington showed a model of a steam-carriage in Edinburgh in 1770. It was a long-coupled, fourwheeled carriage, the boiler and engine behind, a coach-body on the usual springs, and in front the guard, who governed the fore-wheels by a lever. To the piston-rod was attached a rack gearing into a pinion on the driving-wheel axle. The w
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
iston; piston-packing. In the atmospheric engines of Papin, Savary, and Newcomen, the piston was packed air-tight by means of flooding its upper surface with water. Watt obtained a patent for packing pistons with lubricators instead of water, 1769. The piston-rod is also packed in its stuffing-box. Various greasy materials with gaskets, oakum, etc., are used in joints which are screwed down; also collars of rubber, red-lead, luting. Flues and tubes are closed into the flue-sheets or as tripped by the contact of the valve-stem with the end of the cylinder. James Watt found the piston imperfectly fitted in a roughly bored cylinder. The principal packing was a body of water on the upper surface. He patented the lubricant, 1769, preferring mutton tallow, but hemp and tallow had long been used. To this be sometimes added plumbago-dust. A common piston till a comparatively late date was a double cone of wood banded with leather strips. This was superseded by a metalli
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
took out several patents, the most important one in 1769. It may be mentioned that Kay turned up again in rkwright patents, — the one for the drawing-rollers, 1769; and the other for the combination of carding, drawih of 16, worked upon one of the Hargreave jennies in 1769, and five years afterward constructed his spinning-mnd brought into successful operation by Arkwright in 1769. See spinning-head. Spinning-rollers are made oCugnot, a Frenchman, constructed a steamcar-riage in 1769, and exhibited it before Marshal Saxe. It carried fs. Cugnot was born in 1729, and died in 1804. In 1769, Moore, a London linen-draper, patented an inventionrlem Mere engines, pages 1830, 1831; Portable, pages 1769, 1770; Worthington Duplex, Plate XV. opposite page the cooling of the object so enveloped. Watt, in 1769, after contriving the separate condenser, in which tgraving originated with Jacob Bylaert, of London, in 1769, and was practiced in France during the early part o
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
e succession revolving at a higher speed than its predecessor. Leon Paul, by patent of 1738, claimed a mode of spinning by rollers, but the device did not come into use. (See spinning.) Richard Arkwright perfected the invention and patented it in 1769. Arkwright's original spinning-frame was fed with rovings which passed between three pairs of rollers of successively increasing speed. The yarns were wound upon bobbins by means of flyers. It was the culmination of several attempts, and posstheir own grooves, crossing each other's tracks, and the pitman makes two up and two down strokes for each revolution of the wheel. This compara- tively rapid execution makes the device useful for small pumps, churns, etc. See Fig. 3894, B, page 1769. Trammel-wheel. A modification of the trammel is found in the annexed multiple-gearing, in which the wheel with six slots is driven by the revolution of the wheel with three arms. Each arm has an anti-friction wheel at the end, which traver
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
anced by the suspended ball as to float on the water and actuate a valve when the water is too high or too low in the steam-boiler. Water-engine. Wa′ter-frame. A name conferred upon the spinningmachine invented by Arkwright, and patented 1769. Water-float. The term frame was commonly applied in the midland counties of England, where the cotton, wool, and flax manufactures most abounded, to a mechanical structure in a wooden framework. Such were the silk-frame, stocking-frame, ancture.) Yarn made by the throstle, or water-frame; so called because in the first cotton-mill, which was organized by Arkwright, the motive-power was a water-wheel. Draining-wheel at Laxey. Previous to the time of Arkwright (his patents were 1769 and 1775), all the operations of cotton were done by operatives at their homes. The cotton was hand-carded, spun, and woven by men, women, and children, who took a bunch of work home and returned it when completed, the houses of the cottagers bei
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