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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), York, (search)
on the continent of America. In 1652 it was organized as a town under the name of York, from the city of that name in England. From 1716 to 1735 it was the shire town of Yorkshire county, which included the whole province of Maine; from 1735 to 1760 shire town with Falmouth (now Portland) of the whole province; and from 1760 to 1800 shire town of York county. In 1802 Alfred was made a shire town with York, and continued so till 1832, when all the courts were removed to Alfred. York is now p under the name of York, from the city of that name in England. From 1716 to 1735 it was the shire town of Yorkshire county, which included the whole province of Maine; from 1735 to 1760 shire town with Falmouth (now Portland) of the whole province; and from 1760 to 1800 shire town of York county. In 1802 Alfred was made a shire town with York, and continued so till 1832, when all the courts were removed to Alfred. York is now principally known as a summer resort. Population in 1900, 2,668.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Zinzendorf, Nicolaus Ludwig, Count 1700-1760 (search)
Zinzendorf, Nicolaus Ludwig, Count 1700-1760 Religious reformer; born in Dresden, Saxony, May 26, 1700; son of a leading minister of the electorate of Saxony; was educated at Halle and Wittenberg. When, Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf. in 1720, he received his deceased father's estate from his guardians, he purchased a lordship in Lusatia, and married a sister of the Prince of Reuss. When he was twenty-two years of age he became interested in the discipline and doctrines of the scattered Moravian brethren, invited some of them to settle on his estate, formed statutes for their government, and finally became a bishop among them, and one of their most ardent missionaries. John Wesley passed some time at the home of Zinzendorf, and from him imbibed notions of church organization and a missionary spirit upon which he afterwards acted. He commended singing as a wonderful power in the church. Zinzendorf was consecrated bishop in 1736, travelled over the Continent, visited England, a
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Zubley, John Joachim 1724-1781 (search)
Zubley, John Joachim 1724-1781 Clergyman; born in St. Gall, Switzerland, Aug. 27, 1724; ordained in 1744; took charge of the First Presbyterian Church in Savannah in 1760, preaching in English, German, and French; was an active patriot at the beginning of the Revolution; was in the Georgia Provincial Congress and the Continental Congress in 1775. He opposed the Declaration of Independence, and after it was adopted he suddenly left Congress, returned to Georgia, took sides with the crown, and having been accused of treasonable correspondence with the royal governor, he concealed himself to avoid popular resentment. He died in Savannah, Ga., July 23, 1781.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
off. Bal-lis′tic Pen′du-lum. This instrument is designed to determine the velocity of projectiles of cannon and small-arms. It was invented by Robbins about 1760, and described by him in his tract on Gunnery. It has been improved by Hutton and Gregory, in England; Piobert and Morin, in France; and Mordecai, in the United Sn-blower is believed to have been invented by Teral, 1729. The water-bellows by Horn blower. Blowing-machines were erected by Smeaton at the Carron Iron Works, 1760. The hot-air blast was invented by James Neilson, of Glasgow, and patented in 1828. Wooden bellows, in which one open-ended box is made to slip within anothend by the power and volume of blast made effective the earnest and repeated attempts of the English to smelt iron by the use of the coke of pit-coal. This was in 1760, and utilized the invention of Abraham Darby, of Colebrookdale, in 1735. Blow′ing-en′gine. Properly, one applied to the duty of driving a blower; sometimes
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
n machines and processes, and some even in the order of details. Much difference also exists in the machines for finer or coarser work, so that, while the above list is substantially accurate, it will not be found to agree with the order of all factories, and perhaps not in every respect with any one. The inventions involved in the treatment of cotton by machinery are about as follows:— Fly-shuttle, John Kay, of Bury, 1738. Carding-machine, Lewis Paul, 1738. Drop-box, Robert Kay, 1760. Spinning by rollers, Lewis Paul or John Wyatt, 1738. Spinning-jenny, Hargreaves, 1767. Water-frame, Arkwright, 1769. Power-loom, Rev. D. E. Cartwright, 1785. Cotton-gin, Eli Whitney, 1794. Dressing-machine, Johnson and Radcliffe, 1802– 1804. Power-loom, Horrocks, 1803-1813. Mule, Samuel Crompton, 1774-1779. Self-acting mule, Roberts, 1825. See cotton, flax, wool, hemp, silk, etc., appliances, p. 631. A cotton-factory cited by Ure has machines in the following
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
or destroyed by the resulting explosion. Fire-ships were used at the siege of insular Tyre. By the Rhodians against the Syrians, 150 B. C. In the action near Carthage, when the fleet of Basilicus was destroyed by Genseric. In the naval warfare of the Knights of Malta and the Turks. At the siege of Antwerp, 1585. By Sir Francis Drake against the Spanish Armada, 1588. By the Greeks against the Turks, 1826. The Chinese against the English in the villainous opium-war. In 1760 they formed a regular portion of the British navy. As a distinct class of vessels, they are now discontinued. They are particularly serviceable in defence and in attacking ships at anchor, and besides the skillful but ineffectual use of them by the Chinese, the instance may be mentioned of the fire-rafts which were launched by the Confederate forces against the approaching fleet of Farragut as he forced the passage of the Mississippi. Fire-steel. A steel used in connection with a fl
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
the introduction of the steam-engine, which increased the power of the blast, and the blowing engines driven by manual, horse, or ox power were superseded by engines. The dimension of the blast apparatus was increased from time to time, and about 1760 coke was commonly used in blast-furnaces. In 1760 Smeaton erected at the Carron works the first large blowing cylinders, and shortly after Boulton and Watt supplied the steam-engines by which the blowers were driven. Peter Onions, in his patent 1760 Smeaton erected at the Carron works the first large blowing cylinders, and shortly after Boulton and Watt supplied the steam-engines by which the blowers were driven. Peter Onions, in his patent of 1783, described the rationale of the puddling process; and Henry Cort, of Gosport, in 1784, made it practicable, and added grooved rolls, by which the puddled bar was drawn. Neilson, of Glasgow, introduced the hot blast in 1828. Aubulot, in France, in 1811, and Budd, in England, in 1845, heated the blast by the escaping hot gases of the blast-furnace. The Calder works, in 1831, demonstrated the needlessness of coking when hot blast is employed. Experiments in smelting with anthracite co
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
the usual range on grandpianos. See plano-Forte. Piano-fortes were exhibited in London, 1851, with 7 1/2 and 8 octaves. Mu′si-cal Glass′es. （Music.) A musical instrument consisting of a number of goblets, tuned by filling them more or less with water, and played by touching their rims with the dampened finger. The size of the glasses being equal, the smaller quantity of water produces the lower note in the scale. The instrument was revived and improved by Benjamin Franklin in 1760. See harmonium. Mu′si-cal In′stru-ments. Devices designed to create a succession of harmonious sounds are to be found at the earliest historic periods, including under that term the times when men wrote by pictures, long before phonetic signs and syllables were invented. We find them among those races which stand low down in the scale of humanity, and ancient monuments show that at a very distant period they had advanced to a considerable degree of perfection. The birds ins
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
n of Paris first substituted buff leather for the quills in 1768. Schobert had a double tier of strings with additional sounding-board. Wieglet introduced metallic tongues in 1724; Silbermann, a mechanism like the clavichord to strike the string at its midlength, by which the harmonic sounds were heard at the same time the whole string was sounded. Stein invented the vis-a-vis, or double harpsichord, which was played by a performer at each end. Burney refers to a transposing harpsichord of 1760: By drawing out the keys the hammers are transferred to different strings, by which means a composition is transposed half a note, a whole note, or a flat third lower at pleasure. In 1730 Harris took an English patent for his harpsichord, with two sets of strings, on which may be played either one unison or two; or two unisons and an octave together, and the Fortes and the Pianos, etc. Plenius, in 1741, also refers to the forte and piano capacity of his instrument. In 1774, the patent of Me
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
of the steam-engine, which increased the power of the blast; and the blowing engines, driven by manual, horse, or ox power, were henceforth operated by steam-engines. The dimension of the blast apparatus was increased from time to time, and about 1760 coke was commonly used in smelting. In 1760 Smeaton erected at the Carron Works the first large blowing cylinders, and shortly afterward Boulton and Watt supplied the steam-engines by which the blowers were driven. Neilson, of Glasgow, introduce1760 Smeaton erected at the Carron Works the first large blowing cylinders, and shortly afterward Boulton and Watt supplied the steam-engines by which the blowers were driven. Neilson, of Glasgow, introduced the hot blast in 1828. Aubulos, in France, in 1811, and Budd, in England, in 1845, heated the blast by the escaping hot gases of the blast-furnace. In the smelting of iron four tons weight of gaseous products are thrown off into the air for each ton of iron produced. See under iron; malleable iron; and other titles, for which see list under metallurgy. As a means of estimating by comparison the value of the hot blast, some facts may be mentioned. Mushet states that at the Clyde Iron Wo
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