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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Worcester, (search)
the Blackstone River; 44 miles west of Boston. It is noted for the variety and extent of its manufactures, especially of wire, envelopes, looms, boots and shoes, and machinery for cotton and woollen mills. The city, which contains a large number of villages, was settled in 1674 under the name of the Quinsigamond Plantations. The first settlement was soon broken up by hostile Indians; as was also the second one, in 1684. A permanent one was made in 1713; the town was incorporated June 14, 1722; and a city charter was granted Feb. 29, 1848. The first church was organized in 1719. Between 1790 and 1800 Isaiah Thomas, who had moved there from Boston, carried on the most extensive publishing business in the country. The Declaration of Independence was first publicly read in Massachusetts from the steps of the Old South Church there. The development of Worcester's manufacturing interests has been rapid since 1828, when the Blackstone Canal was opened. Population in 1900, 118,421.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
s very much in vogue among the American Indians, large parties of whom participate in the sport. Its practice among the Indians of the Plains is well described in Catlin's North American Indians. Tennis was played in England in the sixteenth century. The tennis-court at St. James's was erected in 1676. This game was for many years a favorite amusement with the nobility of England and France. The invention of billiards is ascribed to Delvigne, 1571. We find cricket first mentioned in 1719. Croquet was introduced into England from Germany in 1830; its popularity in America hardly dates back more than a decade. 2. (Projectiles.) A missile to be projected from a fire-arm, c. g. a bullet or cannon-ball. These are made of lead for small-arms, and of east-iron for cannon, though in countries where copper was plentiful and iron scarce, as in South America and Mexico, the former metal was employed, even when imported castiron cannon were used. The lack of tin, and perhaps wa
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), H. (search)
ion of the rays. Huyghens, in making a comparison of the intensities of the solar light and that of Sirius, employed upon the former a tube having a very small aperture at one end, into which was inserted a minute globular lens, which allowed only 1/27664 part of the solar disk to be seen. He found this portion afforded a light equal to that of Sirius, and concluded that Sirius was 27,664 times more distant than the sun. He′li-o-stat. （Optics.) An instrument invented by Gravesand, 1719, by which a sunbeam may be steadily directed to one spot during the whole of its diurnal period. Improved by Malus, Foucault, and Dubosq. The object of the instrument is to make a sunbeam apparently stationary for purposes of experiment, obviating the inconvenience arising from the continual change of direction of the solar rays. It consists of a plane metallic mirror, having a vertical and horizontal movement, and of a clock, the index of which moves in a plane parallel to that of the
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), N. (search)
but its farther issue was prevented by the colonial government, it being published contrary to law, and containing reflections of a very high nature. In 1704 the Boston News-letter, published by authority, was established by John Campbell, and in 1719 the Boston gazette, also by authority. To these succeeded the New England Courant, by James Franklin, a brother of the Doctor. Andrew Bradford founded a paper at Philadelphia in 1719, and his father, William Bradford, issued the first newspaper 1719, and his father, William Bradford, issued the first newspaper published in New York, the New York gazette, in 1725. From this period they multiplied rapidly in the Colonies. The common name Gazette is derived from the name of a Venetian coin, worth about a cent and a half, and which was the price of the Venetian newspaper first published. The Maryland gazette was established in 1727 or 1728; the Virginia gazette, 1736; the Rhode Island gazette, 1732; South Carolina gazette, 1731 or 1732; Georgia gazette, 1763. The first paper in New Hampshire wa
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
De Wees, a connection of the Rittenhouse family. In 1724, William Bradford endeavored to induce the New York legislative council to grant him a monopoly for the exclusive manufacture of paper for fifteen years, but was unsuccessful. Reaumur in 1719 suggested, from the examination of wasps' nests, that a paper might be manufactured from wood, but we do not find this idea farther acted upon until a later period, when inventors seem to have exhausted their ingenuity, regardless of expense, in tssen, Saxony, porcelain manufactory was established by Augustus II., Elector of Saxony, in 1710. Botticher invented the hard paste in 1706; the red ware like jasper, in 1711: white porcelain, in 1709; the perfect, white kind, in 1715. He died in 1719. Heroldt introduced gilding and painting in 1720; modeled groups, in 1731; porcelain made in England, at Bow, in 1698. Wedgwood ware was first patented, 1762. Porcelain may be distinguished from the coarser earthenware as a pottery which is f
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
so imperfect in England that the supply of thrown silk was chiefly derived from Italy. In 1717, John Lombe returned from Italy with drawings of the machinery employed in that country, where the process was kept as a profound secret. He obtained access to the mills by bribing the workmen, and committed the results of his observations to paper at night. Having been discovered, he with great difficulty made his escape. In 1718 he obtained patents for the improvements thus introduced, and in 1719 erected a mill on the Derwent at Derby, 5 stories high and 1/8 of a mile in length, which was considered one of the wonders of the age. Silk Twist′ing and Reel′ing. In the apparatus (Fig. 5090), the silk previously wound upon spools is twisted by the flyers h h, then macerated in a trough, coiled upon the rollers n n, and finally wound upon the reel u. Silk-wind′--er. （Silk-manufacture.) a. The reel on which silk is wound from the cocoons. See silk-reel. b. The machine o
Cambridge History of American Literature: volume 1, Colonial and Revolutionary Literature: Early National Literature: Part I (ed. Trent, William Peterfield, 1862-1939., Erskine, John, 1879-1951., Sherman, Stuart Pratt, 1881-1926., Van Doren, Carl, 1885-1950.), Chapter 6: Franklin (search)
good. Before he left Boston he had his mind opened to free speculation and equipped for logical reasoning by Locke's Essay concerning human understanding, the Port Royal Art of thinking, Xenophon's Memorabilia, and the works of Shaftesbury and Collins. Franklin found the right avenue for a person of his bookish inclination when his brother James, returning from England in 1717 with a press and letters, set up in Boston as a printer, and proceeded to the publication of The Boston gazette, 1719, and The New England Courant, 1721. Benjamin, aged twelve, became his apprentice. It can hardly be too much emphasized that this was really an inspiring job. It made him stand at a very early age full in the wind of local political and theological controversy. It forced him to use all his childish stock of learning and daily stimulated him to new acquisitions. It put him in touch with other persons, young and old, of bookish inclination. They lent him books which kindled his poetic fanc
Cambridge History of American Literature: volume 2 (ed. Trent, William Peterfield, 1862-1939., Erskine, John, 1879-1951., Sherman, Stuart Pratt, 1881-1926., Van Doren, Carl, 1885-1950.), Chapter 22: divines and moralists, 1783-1860 (search)
o multiply examples in proof of the close and various personal connections between our divinity and our scholarship and literature. The family tradition is evident at once in Edwards's disciples. The sons of Jonathan, whether after the flesh or after the spirit, included Jonathan Edwards the younger (1745-1801), a systematic theologian, President of Union College, Schenectady, from 1799 to his death; David Brainerd (1718-47), author of a diary of his mystical experiences; Joseph Bellamy (1719-90); Samuel Hopkins (1721-1803); and Edwards's grandson Timothy Dwight (1752-1817). Of these,. Hopkins and Dwight are for many reasons the most important. The younger Edwards, after graduating at Princeton in 1765, was Hopkins's disciple; Bellamy's chief works were all published before the Revolution; and Brainerd, a young consumptive, who was to have been Edwards's son-in-law, died before him. Hopkins, moreover, exercised an influence which went beyond theology into literature; and Dwight p
Cambridge History of American Literature: volume 3 (ed. Trent, William Peterfield, 1862-1939., Erskine, John, 1879-1951., Sherman, Stuart Pratt, 1881-1926., Van Doren, Carl, 1885-1950.), Book III (continued) (search)
s whose labours were devoted to the present, whose hopes lay in the future, yet whose meditations lingered fondly with the past. Three periods can readily be distinguished: that of the eighteenth century, in which religious writing predominated; that of the nineteenth century before 1860, the period of political idealism; and lastly, continuous from 1860, what may be called the period of opportunity. The two later periods in many instances overlap. The name Francis Daniel Pastorius (1651-1719) begins the literary as well as the historical annals of the Germans in America. Pastorius, in 1683 founder of the first German settlement at Germantown, Pennsylvania, was a thorough scholar, a university man, trained in theology and law. Mortified that Latin provided a very inadequate preparation for the pioneer, he turned into service even the meanest of his accomplishments, his clean and stately handwriting, which appears in most of the documents of the new colony and most nobly in the fi
Cambridge sketches (ed. Estelle M. H. Merrill), The oldest road in Cambridge. (search)
e corner of Quincy and Kirkland Streets! In a deed of Nov. 27, 1764, we read of the Warden pear tree (a hard winter pear, called Warden because it would keep a long time) from which the line ran eastward and so around to the forementioned pear tree. The estate was nearly equally divided by the Charlestown road. Foxcroft street was laid out in the southerly part, but its name was changed to Cambridge street, at a later day. The first Francis Foxcroft was Judge of Common Pleas from 1707 to 1719, and Judge of Probate 1708 -1725. Tutor Flint in an obituary discourse said of him that he was a gentleman by birth, was bred a merchant, was expert and skilful as well as just and upright. His natural powers were extraordinary, his acquired knowledge of various kinds was so too. His temper indeed was sudden, but this was his burden and lamentation. He was a person of grave and austere countenance and conversation, mixed with much of the gentleman and the Christian. He died at seventy. I
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