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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
thereto. a, cross-tunnel; b, anchor; c, suspension-cable. An′chor-drag. See drag-anchor. Anchor es-capement. The anchor escapement superseded the crown-wheel escapement for clocks. It was invented by Clement, a London watchmaker, in 1680. By some it is credited to Dr. Hooke. The anchor has two arms whose bent ends resemble flukes in some degree, and thus give rise to the name. It is suspended from a horizontal axis, on which it turns freely along with the dependent stem, whicen and animals, particularly horses, is a subject which on account of its eminently practical bearing has attracted considerable attention among scientific as well as practical men. A work entitled De Motu Anamalium was published as far back as 1680 by Borelli, but Coulomb, who devoted a great deal of attention to the matter, has furnished more information of practical value than any other writer. The unit of value employed by Coulomb was 1 kilogramme (2.2047 pounds) transported a distance
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
711）40,2009.8 Olmutz40,000 Rouen40,000 Sens34,0008.6 Erfurth30,800 Westminster ( Big Ben, 1858）30,324 London (Houses of Parliament)30,000 Paris (Notre Dame, 1680）28,6728.67 1/2 Montreal (1847）28,5608.68 1/4 Cologne25,000 New York (City Hall）23,0008.6 1/2 to 7 New York (Fire-alarm, 33d Street）21,612 York ( Great Peter, 1845）10 3/4 tons.8.3 Weight.Diameter.Thickness. Pounds.Ft. In.Inches. Bruges23,000 Rome (St. Peters, 1680）18,600 Oxford ( Great Tom, 1680）18,0007.16 1/8 Antwerp16,000 Exeter (1675）5 1/2 tons.6.35 Lincoln ( Great Tom, 1834）5 1/2 tons.6.86 London (St. Paul's, 1709）11,4706.7 Fig. 636 represents a bell having a rotata1680）18,0007.16 1/8 Antwerp16,000 Exeter (1675）5 1/2 tons.6.35 Lincoln ( Great Tom, 1834）5 1/2 tons.6.86 London (St. Paul's, 1709）11,4706.7 Fig. 636 represents a bell having a rotatable clapper. The various parts are — Bell. B, clapper or tongue. C, clapper-bolt. D, yoke. F, canon or ear. M, mouth. P, sound-bow. S, shoulder. T, barrel. Cattle and sheep bells are cast, or are made of wrought-metal by being doubled over at the angles or cutting and brazi
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
y strings of the same length. A. D. 1641, Richard Harris constructed a pendulum clock in London, for the church of St. Paul, Covent Garden. A. D. 1649, a pendulum clock was constructed by Vincenzio Galileo (the younger Galileo). A. D. 1650, Huyghens constructed clocks on this principle: — He first explained the nature, properties, and application of the pendulum, and made it perfect, except the compensation added by Graham, about 1700. Anchor pallets were introduced by Clement, in 1680, who also devised the mode of suspending the pendulum from a stud, by means of a piece of watchspring. The mechanism of repetition by means of pulling a string was invented by Barlow, 1676. The endless cord, to continue the clock in regular motion, during the time of winding up, was invented by Huyghens, 1660. This was otherwise effected by Harrison, 1735, by means of his auxiliary spring and additional ratchet. See going-wheel. Huyghens was also the contriver of the present dial-work for
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
sweeppole. The shovel, being lowered, is thrust into the sand by one man, when the assistant proceeds to raise it and swing it round over the boat, where the contents are dumped. This is something similar to the bag and spoon (Fig. 517), which consists of an iron ring with a steel lip, and a bag of strong leather laced through holes in the ring. The means for working it is a long handle, a suspending rope, and a crane or sweep-pole from a post in a barge, as in the last example. About 1680, Meyer, a Dutch engineer, had a dredging-machine on the principle of the French chapelet; a long trough being lowered to the mud, and traversed by an endless chain provided with boards at intervals. The boards scraped up the mud and carried it up in the trough, from whose upper end it was discharged into lighters. A horsewheel was employed. In the reign of Charles I., Balme made a vertical wheel with six buckets, which worked between boats and raised mud. It was employed in the fens of L
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
by gold-size, and the surplus is wiped off after the tool has been applied. Gold-var′nish. （Metallurgy.) A yellow, transparent varnish spread over silver-leaf to give it the appearance of gold. The invention seems to have originated about 1680 with Antonino Cento, an artist of Palermo. It was introduced into England by Evelyn, 1680. The varnish is made of gum lac digested in spirits of wine. Gold-wash′ers. Pliny speaks of the method of gathering gold by means of an artificial ri1680. The varnish is made of gum lac digested in spirits of wine. Gold-wash′ers. Pliny speaks of the method of gathering gold by means of an artificial river and sluices, the water being brought from a distance by canals, and precipitated upon the auriferous earth, which is carried down the trenches, the particles of gold being arrested by the leaves of a prickly shrub planted therein. He says that the water is sometimes brought as much as one hundred miles, the channel being hollowed out of the faces of the precipices and carried by aqueducts across valleys. The prickly plant, the ulex, is then dried and burned, and the ashes washed to obtain
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
eded. The invention of Captain C. Von Schubersky of Russia. See fly-wheel. Maid′en. A machine for beheading. The Scotch guillotine, in use from 1550 to 1680, was copied from one at Halifax, England. It was sometimes called the widow. Both terms of grim and gross pleasantry. The Halifax machine was an importation (at or fire. Boyle, at this period, describes it as a factitious, self-shining substance, procurable in small quantities at great expenditure of time and labor. In 1680, Godfrey Hanckwitz, at his laboratory in Southampton Street, London, manufactured and sold large quantities of phosphorus for the purpose of striking light. Abock, figured, long-cloth, tamboured, muslinet, organdie. Muslins are so called from Moussol in India. First imported into England in 1670. Made in England, 1778-80. Other very different styles of fabric are now indifferently called muslins, and the term is used differently on the respective sides of the Atlantic. At the
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), O. (search)
e almost extinct, inducements were offered to foreigners to settle in England. Prominent among these was Schmidt, generally known as Father Smith, who built the instrument referred to by Pepys. Among the instruments of this period was the organ of St. Paul's Cathedral, noted as being the source of much tribulation to Sir Christopher Wren, who considered that the harmony of his designs was spoiled by the box of whistles. This instrument was nearly 30 feet high, 18 wide, and 8 deep. About 1680, the barrel-organ used by itinerant musicians was introduced. The early builders were fond of employing outre materials in their organs, and of decorating them with precious metals and stones, or with grotesque carvings; animals, birds, and angelic figures moved by mechanism were also introduced, the latter playing on the trumpet or beating big drums. The old organ at Lynn, in Norfolk, had a figure of King David playing on the harp and larger than life, cut from the solid wood; likewise
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
e. The vertical escapement of a watch is a recoil, and the word is used as distinguished from a dead-beat. In the former there is a recoil of the train, and in the latter the impinging surfaces of the pallets are cut to a curve concentric with the axis of vibration, and during the time one of the teeth is against the pallet the scape-wheel remains perfectly at rest. See escapement; dead-beat. Recoil clock-escapements. The anchor-escapement A was invented by Clement, of London, about 1680. The anchor is caused to vibrate on its axis by the oscillations of the pendulum. The teeth of the scape-wheel c impinge alternately against the outer surface of pallet b and the inner surface of pallet a. As these surfaces are not concentric with the axis of oscillation, a recoil of the train ensues, for the reason just stated, that as the pallets leave the teeth, the extremities of the latter slide along the acting surfaces of the pallets, and through them transmit a sufficient impulse to
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
spiral. We find notices of the suggested or experimental use of the screw-propeller by Hooke, 1680; Duquet, 1727; Pancton, 1768; Watt, 1780; Seguin, 1792; Fulton, 1794; Cartwright, 1798; Shorter, on in Europe to make a tabular statement of computations in this line was Athanasius Kircher, 1602-80; after him Galileo, 1657; Boyle (born in 1627). The calculations of the latter of the specific gra made up, stood it, does not appear. In 1677 there was a Chester, in 1679 a Birmingham, and in 1680 a Bedford coach. In 1682 the journey between Nottingham and London occupied four days (130 miles probably never saw Hero's collection of wonders. Father Verbrest, in his Astronomia europaea, 1680, speaks of driving a car by an Aeolipile which ejected its steam upon wings whose axis was geared contain more lamps than all Paris. Misson, the celebrated traveler, who visited England about 1680, states that in the streets of London, instead of lanterns, they set up lamps which, by means of