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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Van Cortlandt, Oliver Stevense 1600-1684 (search)
of the public stores of the company in 1643-48; then became a merchant and brewer. He was made colonel of the burgher guard in 1649; was appointed mayor (burgomaster) of New Amsterdam in 1654; and held that office almost without interruption till 1664, when New Amsterdam was surrendered to the British. He was then appointed by Governor Stuyvesant one of the commissioners to arrange a settlement with the British. In 1663 he took a prominent part in settling the Connecticut boundary dispute, and in 1664 in settling the claims of Capt. John Scott to Long Island, and also held trusts under the English governors Nicholls, Lovelace, and Dongan. He died in New York, April 4, 1684. His son, Jacob, born in New York City, July 7, 1658, was a member of the first three William and Mary assemblies, was again a member in 1702-9 and 1710-15; and was mayor of his native city in 1719. He was a large land-holder and one of the most prominent men of his time. His estate of 800 acres at Yonkers
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Van Rensselaer, Killian 1595-1674 (search)
itary escort, visited it in 1648, and gave orders that no buildings should be constructed within a certain distance of Fort Orange. Subsequently he endeavored to restrict the privileges of Van Rensselaer's sons. His son, Jeremias, colonist, born in Amsterdam, Holland, presumably about 1632, was in charge of Rensselaerswick, N. Y., for sixteen years. When the English threatened New Netherland he was appointed to preside over the convention in New Amsterdam to adopt measures of defence. In 1664, after the province was surrendered to the English, he allied himself to the Duke of York on the condition that no offence should be offered his colony. Later Rensselaerswick was erected into a manor. Under the pen-name of New Netherland mercury he was the author of narratives of various events in the colonies. He died in Rensselaerswick, N. Y., in October, 1674. Another son, Nicholas, clergyman, born in Amsterdam, Holland, about 1638, was made chaplain of the Dutch embassy in England;
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Waldenses (search)
arly as 1100, their confession of faith published 1120. Their doctrine condemned by the council of Lateran, 1179. They had a translation of the Bible, and allied themselves to the Albigenses, whose persecution led to the establishment of the holy office or inquisition. The Waldenses settled in the valleys of Piedmont about 1375, but were frequently dreadfully persecuted, notably 1545-46, 1560, 1655-56, when Oliver Cromwell, by threats, obtained some degree of toleration for them; again in 1663-64 and 1686. They were permitted to have a church at Turin, December, 1853. In March, 1868, it was stated that there were in Italy twenty-eight ordained Waldensian ministers and thirty other teachers. Early in 1893 a delegation was sent to the United States to investigate the advantages of forming a settlement in some favorable locality. It resulted in their purchasing several thousand acres of land in Burke county, N. C., and establishing a colony the same year, calling the place Waldese.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Williams, John 1664-1729 (search)
Williams, John 1664-1729 Clergyman; born in Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 10, 1664; educated at Harvard College, and in 1686 settled as the first minister at Deerfield. The village was attacked by French and Indians, March 1, 1704, and among the inhabitants carried into captivity were Mr. Williams and a part of his family. Two of his children and a black servant were murdered at his door. With his wife and five children he began the toilsome journey towards Canada through the deep snow. On the second day his wife, weak from the effects of recent childbirth, fainted with fatigue, when the tomahawk of her captor cleaved her skull, and so he was relieved of the burden. Her husband and children were taken to Canada, and, after a captivity of nearly two years among the Caughnawaga Indians near Montreal, they were ransomed and returned home, excepting a daughter Eunice (q. v.), whom the Indians refused to part with. After the return of Mr. Williams to Deerfield in 1706 he resumed the charg
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
necessary. These devices have been used in connection with the diving-bells, but the latter is not a necessary auxiliary. In the article on the diving-bell some instances of submarine armor are given, but only as incidentals. Submarine armor has not as clear claims to antiquity as the diving-bell, if we accept the accounts of Aristotle and Jerome. The earliest distinct account of the diving-bell in Europe is probably that of John Taisnier, quoted in Schott's Technica Curiosa, Nuremberg, 1664, and giving a history of the descent of two Greeks in a diving-bell, in a very large kettle, suspended by rope, mouth downward ; which was in 1538, at Toledo, in Spain, and in the presence of the Emperor Charles V. Beckman cites a print in editions of Vegetius on War, dated in 1511 and 1532, in which the diver is represented in a cap, from which rises a long leather pipe, terminating in an opening which floats above the surface of the water. Dr. Halley, about 1717, made a number of impr
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
te persons about 1500, and about the same time watches were introduced. Shakespeare refers to a watch in the play of Twelfth Night, where Malvolio says: — I frown the while, and perchance wind up my watch, or play with some rich Jewel. Mr. Pierce showed me the Queene's [the Portuguese princess, wife of Charles II.] bedchamber, and her holy-water at her head as she sleeps, with a clock by her bedside, wherein a lamp burns that tells her the time of the night at any time. — Pepys's Diary, 1664. The pendulum, which engaged the attention of the Spanish Saracens in the eleventh century, and persons of other nations who were so fortunate as to visit their University of Cordova, had a sleep of six centuries, for it was reserved for the seventeenth century to bring it into general notice and usefulness. Early in the seventeenth century, Galileo, observing the oscillations of a suspended lamp, conceived the idea of making a pendulum a measurer of time, and in 1639 published a work
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
with his cap, from which rises a long leather pipe provided with an opening above the surface of the water. Lorini on Fortification, 1607, shows a square box, bound with iron, furnished with windows and a seat for the diver. Kessler in 1617, Witsen in 1671, and Borelli in 1679, gave attention to the subject and contributed to the efficiency of the apparatus. A diving-bell company was formed in England in 1688, and the operators made some sucessful descents on the coast of Hispaniola. In 1664, cannon were recovered from wrecks of the Spanish Armada by the Laird of Melgim, near the Isle of Man, but not sufficient to pay. Previous unsuccessful attempts had been made by Colquhoun, of Glasgow, who depended for air upon a leathern tube reaching above the surface of the water. Dr. Halley, in 1715, improved the diving-bell by a contrivance for supplying it with fresh air by means of barrels lowered from the vessel, from which the bell was suspended, the foul air escaping by a cock. Thi
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
of the time of Charles I. It is called a snaphaunce self-loading petronel. It has a revolving cylinder containing seven chambers with touch-holes. The action of lifting the hammer causes the cylinder to revolve, and a fresh chamber is brought into connection with the barrel. Six of the seven chambers are exposed to view, and the charges are inserted without the aid of a ramrod. Speaking generally, the early hand-guns were breech-loaders. See revolver. Abraham Hall's English patent, 1664, had a hole at the upper end of the breech to receive the charge, which hole is opened or stopped by a piece of iron or steel that lies along the side of the piece, and movable by a ready and easy motion. Henry VIII. took much interest in fire-arms, and two weapons, yet extant, manufactured during his reign, were substantially the same as the modern Snider rifle. Among the curiosities of this branch of invention is Puckle's English patent, No. 418, May 15, 1718. The accompanying illus
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), O. (search)
was discovered by Dolland; afterward polarization of light by double refraction; a century later polarization by reflection, by single refraction; depolarization, and many beautiful phenomena were observed, such as the irised rings, bright and black crosses in crystals, unannealed and compressed glass; then came the discovery that the colors of soap-bubbles were due to the thickness of the film, and this led to ascertaining the length of waves of light. The undulatory theory was suggested in 1664, and was held in abeyance by the supremacy of Newton's preferred material theory; the eye came to be considered as a camera, as described by Da Vinci; later we have reached the kaleidoscope the stereoscope, the photographic camera and processes, the compound and achromatic microscope, which is now working a revolution in anatomy and physiology. See under the following heads: — Achromatic condenser.Catadioptric apparatus. Adapter.Catopter. Alidade.Catoptric cistula. Altarimeter.Catoptri
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
point and auger at the bottom, and a wheel at the top which rotates in a nut and feeds the auger into the ground. On retracting the auger the shaft remains stationary and the nut is rotated. See also auger; earth-auger. Post-butt. A block inserted in the ground and having a socket to hold a post. Post-chaise. A closed vehicle for hire, designed to be drawn by relays of horses, hired for each trip between stations. Post-chaises are said to have been introduced into England in 1664. Post-driver. Post-driver. An implement for driving sharpened posts into the ground instead of setting them in holes. Fig. 3908 is an example of one attached to a wagon. The secondary tongue enables the ram to be elevated by the team. The elevated ram is sustained by a spring latch, and may be dropped at any time by pulling the tripping-line. Fig. 3909 is attached to a sled. A weight is operated within the frame by means of an adjustable hook and rope. Post′er. A printed
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