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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
as the case may be. Coffee is the berry of the Coffea Arabica, a shrub of the order rubiaccoe, and its fruit resembles the cherry. Bruce says that it is native in Abyssinia. The use of the infusion as a beverage cannot be traced back very far. It was carried by Selim from Egypt to Constantinople, but does not appear to have been publicly sold till 1554. Its use was forbidden by the mufti, but again permitted by an edict of Solyman the Great. The Venetians brought it from the Levant in 1615, and in 1645 it was introduced into Marseilles. Coffee was introduced into England by Daniel Edwards, a Turkey merchant, in 1657. The first coffee-house in England was in St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill, London; opened by Pasqua, a Greek servant of Mr. Edwards. It was then sold at from four to five guineas a pound. Coffee-trees were imported from Mocha by the Dutch about 1700, and thence carried to Surinam. In 1714 a coffee-plant was presented by the magistrates of Amsterdam to Louis XIV
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
f Metius. Borelli, about 1650, examined the question, and decided in favor of Jansen and Lippersheim. Porta is said to have hastened his death, which happened in 1615, by the fatigue and anxiety incurred in supporting his claims. Galileo had a hint of the invention, studied it out, and made a telescope which he soon put to use other so as to form a particular word or combination on which the lock has been set. It is mentioned in Beaumont and Fletcher's play of The Noble gentleman, 1615. A cap-case for your linen and your plate, With a strange lock that opens with A. M. E. N. Regnier, about the middle of the seventeenth century, made impre much esteemed, and the courier's dispatchboxes were fastened with them. They are, however, alluded to in Beaumont and Fletcher's The Noble gentleman, printed in 1615. See letter-lock, p. 1292. Carew, in some verses written five years later, has this reference:— As doeth a lock that goes With letters; for, till every one b
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), N. (search)
, is said to have been the Centinel of the Northwest territory, by William Maxwell, 1793. According to De Saint Foix, the earliest French newspaper, called the Gazette de France, was established by Renaudot, a physician, who obtained a royal grant of the exclusive privilege of publishing the same for himself and family. He had previously been in the habit of collecting information and circulating news-sheets among his patients. The first German newspaper was established at Frankfort in 1615. An illustrated war gazette, the Niewtijdinge, published in the Low Countries, had, however, preceded this by ten years. In Sweden, a newspaper was published as early as 1643, entitled the Ordinarie post Tidende. Journalism in Spain and Italy, owing to the lack of general education, and restrictions on the liberty of the press, has, until recently at least, remained in rather a backward state. In the former country newspapers issued at irregular intervals were published during the sev
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
ieces being fastened together by strips of the same plant. Several suspension-bridges, formed of iron chains supporting loops on which planking is laid, are mentioned by Hooker in his Himalaya journals. One crossed the Mywa, a western affluent of the Tambur in Nepal; another the Newa, in which the chains were clamped to the rocks on either shore, and the suspended loops occurred at intervals of 8 or 10 feet. Suspension-bridges in Europe are mentioned by Scamozzis in his Del idea Archi, 1615. The principles of their construction were laid down by Bernouilli (born at Bale, Switzerland, 1654; died in same city, 1705). The first chain-bridge in England appears to have been laid across the river Tees about the year 1741; its length was 70 feet, and breadth rather more than two; it was a mere foot-bridge, and seems to have been a very rude affair. Finlay constructed a chain-bridge in this country in 1796, over Jacob's Creek, between Uniontown and Greensburg, Pa., taking out a p