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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
ng a removable chamber, insertable in the breech, where it was wedged, for the purpose of containing the charge of powder. The balls originally used were of stone, in some cases weighing 800 pounds or more, as is the case of the Mohammed II. gun, mentioned presently. Fig. 1064 shows the relative sizes, and, to some extent, the mode of construction, of a number of the larger and more celebrated of the pieces of ordnance. a is the Tzar-Pooschka, the great bronze gun of Moscow, cast in 1586. Bore, 122 in. long, 36 in. diameter; chamber 70 in. long, 19 in. diameter; total exterior length, 210 in.; weight, 86,240 pounds. b, great bronze gun of Bejapoor, India, Malik-IMydan, the Master of the field. Cast in 1548. Bore, 28.5 in.; total length, 170.6 in.; weight, 89,600 pounds. c, bronze cannon of Mohammed II., A. D. 1464. Bore, 25 in.; total length, 17 ft.; weight, 41,888 pounds. d, the Dulle-Griete, of Ghent, Holland. Wroughtiron, made in 1430. Bore, 25 in.; total le
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
piston-valve is regulated by the eccentrics on the paddle-shaft. These eccentrics give motion to the rods h h, which, by intermediate levers, operate upon the pistons in the small cylinder. This is one of the numerous devices intended to obviate the use of the beam in marine engines. In-clined′ plane. An artificial slope forming an ascent for vehicles; the climbing passes for pedestrians perhaps hardly deserve the name. Stevinus, in his work on the principles of equilibrium, 1586, established the fundamental property of the inclined plane, and solved the value of forces acting obliquely. Galileo's treatise on Mechanics appeared a few years later. In various parts of the old countries of Europe and Asia are the remains of vast engineering works on the main routes of travel and conquest. It is supposed that the grade on the great canal of Sesostris (1500 B. C.), which united the Red Sea and the Nile, was overcome by a sluice; probably an inclined plane down which
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
r of the same size throughout. They printed but few copies at once, for 200 or 300 were then esteemed a large edition. Catchwords at the foot of pages were first used at Venice by Vindeline de Spori. They have but lately been abolished. Signatures to sheets were used by Zorat in Milan in 1470. The first press in America was in Mexico. The Manual for adults was printed on it in 1550 by Juan Cromberger, who was probably the first printer in America. The second press was at Lima, in 1586. The press at Cambridge, Massachusetts, was established in January, 1639, by Stephen Daye. It still exists as the University press, and at that establishment this Dictionary has the honor to be set up. The Faculty of Harvard College was censor till 1662, when licensers of the press were appointed. In 1755 the press was free. A Psalter in the English and Indian languages was printed at the University press in 1709. A printing-press was established in New London, Conn., in 1709; the firs
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
(Nautical.) The painted moldings on a ship's side. Ribbon-brake. Rib′bon-brake. A brake having a band which nearly surrounds the wheel whose motion is to be checked. One end is made fast and the other is attached to the short arm of a bent lever, by means of which it may be at once applied to the greater part of the periphery of the wheel, exerting a frictional pressure proportionate to the force applied to the lever. Rib′bon-loom. The ribbon-loom first appeared at Dantzic in 1586, and the inventor is said to have been strangled to prevent the spread of what would throw so many mechanics out of employment. It was prohibited in Holland for that reason in 1623. It is first noticed in England in 1674. In 1780, the mode of ornamentation (watering) by pressing between figured steel plates was adopted. Steel cylin- ders were afterward substituted. See narrow-ware loom. Ribbon-map. Rib′bon-map. A map printed on a long strip which winds on an axis within the cas<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
-crane; traveling-crane. The square timber-scaffolding was, however, used on the Cologne Cathedral from the commencement of its building, A. D. 1248, and probably will be for several hundred years to come on the same structure, in the rebuilding and extension which seem to be progressing simultaneously. A precedent for the Nelson Column erection is found in the more complex and difficult work of raising the Egyptian Obelisk in the Plaza of St. Peter's at Rome, by Domenic Fontano, A. D. 1586. The Arc de l'etoile and the Eglise de la Madeleine are triumphs of the first Napoleon. on which the same style of scaffolding was used. The tendency in the United States is to the use of the derrickcrane, whose simplicity and efficiency leave little to be desired. The extension of the Treasury Building in Washington, under the conduct of A. B. Mullet, was made by colossal stones; its monolithic character is said to be second only to the Church of St. Isaac's at St Petersburg, Russia.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
s to the Solanaceoe, which includes the nightshade, potato, and tomato. The name Nicotiana is derived from Jean Nicot, the minister of France in Portugal, 1660, who first made the plant known in France. It has been conjectured that the Asiatic variety is derived from China, which has been regarded as another center of production. The probabilities are against the supposition. It was introduced into England by Sir John Hawkins in 1565, and by Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Drake in 1586. The practice was made the butt of the wits, the object of denunciation by the clergy, and the subject of a pamphlet by the silly King James I., who published his Counterblaste to tobacco. Its use was condemned by kings, popes, and sultans, and smokers were condemned to various cruel punishments. The manufacture of tobacco depends upon the kind of tobacco and the article required. Cigars are made of the best, which is grown on soils peculiarly adapted to produce the delicate flavor; a p