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George Bancroft, History of the Colonization of the United States, Vol. 1, 17th edition. 8 8 Browse Search
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing) 7 7 Browse Search
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, A book of American explorers 2 2 Browse Search
Frank Frost Abbott, Commentary on Selected Letters of Cicero 1 1 Browse Search
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight) 1 1 Browse Search
George Ticknor, Life, letters and journals of George Ticknor (ed. George Hillard) 1 1 Browse Search
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Frank Frost Abbott, Commentary on Selected Letters of Cicero, Cicero's Correspondence and its First Publication. (search)
the ninth or tenth century and contains all of the Epist ad Fam. This manuscript, in the opinion of most editors, is of paramount authority for the text. Bks. 1-8 of this collection are also found in two manuscripts of the twelfth century, one in the library of the British Museum and the other in the National Library at Paris. Another manuscript of the eleventh century in the British Museum and one of the fifteenth or sixteenth century at Rome contain Bks. 9-16. In 1345 Petrarch discovered at Verona a manuscript containing the Epist. ad Att., ad Q. fr., and ad M. Brutum, and, although the original and Petrarch's copy are both lost, another copy, made for Coluccio Salutato, survived and is preserved in the Laurentian Library at Florence. The only other independent sources for the text of these letters are a few leaves at Würzburg and Munich, and a manuscript known to us only through the marginal readings in one of the early editions, that of Cratander, published in Basel in 1528.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), America, discoverers of. (search)
aged northwesterly from that island, and discovered the coast of South Carolina. Meanwhile the Spaniards had been pushing discoveries westward from Hispaniola, or Santo Domingo. Ojeda also discovered Central America. In 1513 Vasco Nuñez de Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean from a mountain summit on the Isthmus of Darien. Francisco Fernandez de Cordova discovered Mexico in 1517. Pamphila de Narvaez and Ferdinand de Soto traversed the country bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, the former in 1528, and the latter in 1539-41. In the latter year De Soto discovered and crossed the Mississippi, and penetrated the country beyond. This was the last attempt of the Spaniards to make discoveries in North America before the English appeared upon the same field. It is claimed for Giovanni da Verrazano, a Florentine navigator, that he sailed from France with four ships, in 1524, on a voyage of discovery, and that he traversed the shores of America from Florida to Nova Scotia. He is supposed
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez 1490-1560 (search)
Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez 1490-1560 Spanish official and author; born in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, probably in 1490. In 1528 he accompanied the expedition of Narvaez to Florida in the capacity of comptroller and royal treasurer, and he and three others were all of a party who escaped from shipwreck and the natives. These four lived for several years among the Indians, and, escaping, made their way to the Spanish settlements in northern Mexico in the spring of 1536. In the following year Cabeza, de Vaca returned to Spain; in 1540 was appointed governor of Paraguay; in 1543 explored the upper Paraguay River, and in 1544 was deposed by the colonists and afterwards imprisoned and sent to Spain. After trial he was sentenced to be banished to Africa, but was subsequently recalled, granted many favors by the King, and was made judge of the Supreme Court of Seville. He published two works, one relating to his experiences in Florida, and the other to his administration in Para
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Florida, (search)
Florida, The twenty-seventh State admitted into the Union; received its name from its discoverer in 1512 (see Ponce De Leon). It was visited by Vasquez, another Spaniard, in 1520. It is believed by some that Verrazani saw its coasts in 1524; and the same year a Spaniard named De Geray visited it. Its conquest was undertaken by Narvaez, in 1528, and by De Soto in 1539. Panfilo Narvaez; Cabeza De Vaca (q. v.), with several hundred young men from rich and noble families of Spain landed at Tampa Bay, State seal of Florida. April 14, 1528, taking possession of the country for the King of Spain. In August they had reached St. Mark's at Appopodree Bay, but the ships they expected had not yet arrived. They made boats by September 2, on which they embarked and sailed along shore to the Mississippi. All the company excepting Cabeza de Vaca and three others perished. In 1549, Louis Cancella endeavored to establish a mission in Florida but was driven away by the Indians, who killed most
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Garfield, James Abram 1831-1881 (search)
e; the spirit of chivalry; the enthusiasm and fanaticism of religion—all conspired to throw into America the hardiest and most daring spirits of Europe, and made the vast wilderness of the New World the theatre of the most stirring achievements that history has recorded. Early in the sixteenth century, Spain turning from the conquest of Granada and her triumph over the Moors, followed her golden dreams of the New World with the same spirit that in an earlier day animated her Crusaders. In 1528 Ponce de Leon began his search for the fountain of perpetual youth, the tradition of which he had learned among the natives of the West Indies. He discovered the low-lying coasts of Florida, and explored its interior. Instead of the fountain of youth, he found his grave among its everglades. A few years later De Soto, who had accompanied Pizarro in the conquest of Peru, landed in Florida with a gallant array of knights and nobles, and commenced his explorations through the western wilder
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Huguenots. (search)
Huguenots. The name of Huguenot was first given to the Protestants of France who favored the Reformation, but afterwards it was confined to the Calvinists, or followers of John Calvin, who was the morning-star of the Reformation in that country. Under his teaching the number of Protestants in France rapidly increased from 1528 to 1559, when the great synod held in May adopted Calvin's ideas of church government and discipline, as well as doctrine, in an embodied confession of faith. The Huguenots were then so strong that they confidently expected to be the dominant party in the state in time. They included some of the royal family and many of the nobility. Among the latter was Gaspard de Coligni, admiral of France, a man respected by both parties, a brave and patriotic soldier and sailor, and for a while the favorite of the queen mother and regent of France, Catharine dea Medici. In 1555 he formed a project of a settlement for the persecuted Huguenots in America; and in that
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Panama Canal. (search)
roused over the collapse of the company. Inquiry soon developed the fact that fully $260,000,000 had been absorbed by the company. The French government ordered an investigation, and amazing proofs of bribery and fraud were discovered. De Lesseps's reputation received a great blot, and the famous engineer died Dec. 7, 1894, it is said of a broken heart. The following is a short chronology of the various explorations and operations: First exploration for canal route by H. de la Serna1527-28 Canal proposed by Lopez de Gomarfa1551 Canal proposed by William Paterson1698 Gogonche laid his scheme for a canal before the Spanish government1799 Humboldt proposed a canal1803 First formal exploration made by Lloyd and Falmark1827-29 Garella's survey1843 Canal scheme of Michel Chevalier proposed1844 Survey for Panama Railroad by Col. G. W. Hughes, U. S. A.1849 Panama Railroad begunJan., 1850 Exploration of Capt. Fitzroy, R. N.1850 Exploration of Dr. Cullen1850 Ship-canal prop
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Pizarro, Francisco 1476- (search)
city of Panama founded there, and engaged in the cultivation of land by Indian slaves. With a priest and another illiterate adventurer named Almagro, he explored the southern coast, in 1524, with 100 followers in one vessel and seventy in another, under the last-named person. Their explorations were fruitless, except in information of Peru, the land of gold. He went as far as the borders of that land, plundered the people, carried some of them away, and took them to Spain in the summer of 1528. His creditors imprisoned him at Seville, but the King ordered his release and received him at Court with distinction. From the monarch (Charles V.) he received a commission to conquer Peru, with the title of governor or captain-general of the province when he had subdued it. With four of his brothers he crossed the Atlantic early in 1530. The following year he left Panama with 180 men and twenty-seven horses, on an expedition against Peru, leaving Almagro behind to procure provisions an
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
5. An Italian pamphlet of the year 1299 speaks of cards as a gambling game, but these may have been drawn by the pen and colored by hand. In the year 1441 the Venetian government forbade the importation of stamped playing-cards as being injurious to their handicraft manufacture. Ugo di Carpi introduced the method of printing in colors or tints by separate successive blocks. Engraving on wood assumed the character of an art about 1440; the first impression, 1423. Improved by Durer, 1471 – 1528; by Bewick, 1789. Engraving on stone. Work done upon a lithographic stone by etching-point, diamond, or rulingmachine : the stylus of the latter is a diamond. There are two modes, the first of which is the more usual : 1. The stone is covered with a gum and acid ink-resisting compound, dried, and the design scratched through this ground to such a depth merely as to expose the clean stone. The stone is then oiled, the engraved portions alone absorbing the oil : it is afterwards washed,
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, A book of American explorers, chapter 4 (search)
Book IV: the strange voyage of Cabeza de Vaca. (A. D. 1528-1533.) These extracts are taken from The Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca, translated by Buckingham Smith, Washington, 1851, pp. 30-99. See, also, Henry Kingsley's Tales of Old Travel. I.—The strange voyage. [Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca sailed for Florida in June, 1527, as treasurer of a Spanish armada, or armed fleet. In Cuba they encountered a hurricane, which delayed them; but they at last reached the coast of Florida in Feod our Lord. Because of them, I ceased to pursue the business in winter; for it is a season in which the natives themselves retire to their villages and huts, sluggish, and incapable of exertion. I was in this country nearly six years, From 1528 to 1533. alone among the Indians, and naked like them. The reason why I remained so long was, that I might take with me from the island the Christian Lope de Oviedo. De Alaniz, his companion, who had been left with him by Alonzo del Castillo, A
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