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A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith) 45 45 Browse Search
J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, Select Orations of Cicero , Allen and Greenough's Edition. 4 4 Browse Search
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight) 3 3 Browse Search
J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, Select Orations of Cicero , Allen and Greenough's Edition. 3 3 Browse Search
J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, Select Orations of Cicero , Allen and Greenough's Edition. 3 3 Browse Search
J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, Select Orations of Cicero , Allen and Greenough's Edition. 2 2 Browse Search
Pliny the Elder, The Natural History (ed. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S., H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A.) 1 1 Browse Search
Strabo, Geography (ed. H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A.) 1 1 Browse Search
Frank Frost Abbott, Commentary on Selected Letters of Cicero 1 1 Browse Search
Appian, The Civil Wars (ed. Horace White) 1 1 Browse Search
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J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, Select Orations of Cicero , Allen and Greenough's Edition., Life of Cicero. (search)
began his political career, becoming candidate for the quaestorship (the lowest grade of the cursus honorum), See p. lix. while Cotta was candidate for the consulship and Hortensius for the praetorship. All three were elected, and Cicero's lot See p. lix. assigned him to the province of Sicily under Sextus Peducaeus. It was in this administration that his ability and honesty gained the favor of the Sicilians, which gave him the great opportunity of his life in the impeachment of Verres, in B.C. 70. See pp. 26-28, below. This prosecution he undertook in the interests of his own ambition, in spite of the fact that the Senate was as a class on the side of the accused, who was also supported by many of the most influential men of the state. But it was, on the other hand, a popular cause, and many of the most decent of the nobility favored it. The orator's success, by force of talent and honest industry, against the tricks of Verres and his counsel Hortensius broke the domination of thi
J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, Select Orations of Cicero , Allen and Greenough's Edition., The Roman Constitution. (search)
were under the care of the aediles (see p. lx, above). Sulla tacitly abolished the office of censor, but it was revived in the consulship of Pompey and Crassus, B.C. 70. The property registration, of which the censors had charge, was called census, and on it depended not only taxation but the position of a citizen in the centurinal justice was entrusted to the standing courts, quaestiones perpetuae, established by him (see p. lxv, below). But Sulla's provisions were abolished by Pompey (B.C. 70), the people fancying that the corruptions of the courts could be remedied by restoring this power to the tribunes. The tribunes also had authority to convene the Equites contended for the control of the courts. Sulla restored to the Senators the exclusive privilege of sitting as judices (B.C. 80), but the Aurelian Law (B.C. 70) provided that the jurors should be taken, one-third from the Senators and two-thirds from the Equestrian Order, and that one-half of the Equites chosen (i.e. one
J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, Select Orations of Cicero , Allen and Greenough's Edition., chapter 1 (search)
vernment. The equites constituted a moneyed aristocracy. Naturally these two orders had opposing interests, as the Senators were excluded from trade and the equites practically from political power. Their antagonism showed itself more especially in the matter of the provinces, which the Senators wished to oppress by official plunder and the equites by commercial extortion. summo . . . tempore, most critical time (more lit. extreme crisis): the year of the consulship of Pompey and Crassus (B.C. 70). inveteravit (emphatic position), there has come to be deeply rooted (observe that the figure is quite different in the Latin). opinio, notion or idea (not so strong as our opinion, which should be sententia). exteras nationes:the reference is, of course, to the peoples subject to Rome, who were aggrieved by the rapacity of the provincial governors. his iudiciis: in consequence of the situation described above (note on ordinis, l. 2) it became all important for one class or the othe
J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, Select Orations of Cicero , Allen and Greenough's Edition., chapter 13 (search)
ty by special privileges of Roman citizens. commemorabuntur,shall be mentioned (by me). certis rebus,well-ascertained facts. agentur,made ground of action. inter decem annos,i.e since Sulla's lex judiciaria, transferring the courts to the senatorial order (see note on Rosc. Am., p. 2, l. 1). quinquaginta,i.e. from the law of Caius Gracchus, B.C. 123, to that of Sulla, B.C. 80. ne tenuissima quidem suspicio:one of the exaggerations of the advocate. If the courts were really worse in B.C. 70 than they had been in 90, it was simply because the times were worse. sublata,taken away. populi Romani,etc., i.e. the ability of the people to hold in check the senatorial order by means of the tribunician power suspended by Sulla (see note on p. 43, l. 32). Q. Calidius:praetor B.C. 79; condemned for extortion in Spain. It seems that Calidius, being condemned de repetundis, with bitter irony assailed the bribed jurors on account of the smallness of the bribe for which he was condemned,
J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, Select Orations of Cicero , Allen and Greenough's Edition., chapter 15 (search)
loco, point (raised in his argument). contemnimur: Cicero uses the first person to include himself as a member of the Senate. tribuniciam potestatem: referring chiefly to the power of the tribunes to try criminal cases before the comitia tributa; this power, greatly abridged by Sulla, had been restored by a law of Pompey early in this year, B.C. 70. verbo, in name. re vera, in fact. illam,the tribunician power (because this was a check on the power of the Senators). Catulum: Q. Lutatius Catulus was the best and most eminent man of the aristocracy. fugit, has escaped. referente,consulting [the Senate]: the technical expression for bringing a matter before the Senate for action. rogatus: each Senator in turn was asked his opinion (sententiam)by the consul or other presiding officer; cf. hos sententiam rogo,Cat. 1, sect. 9. patres conscriptos: see note on Cat. 1, sect. 9, p. 103, l. 6. fuisse desideraturos (the regular way of expressing the contrary to fact apodosis
J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, Select Orations of Cicero, Allen and Greenough's Edition., section 28 (search)
en seventeen years old, served with his father, Cn. Pompeius Strabo, consul B.C. 89, the last year of the Social War. summi imperatoris: his father, who commanded on the side of the Senate against Cinna, B.C. 87. imperator: in B.C. 83 the young Pompey raised an army (chiefly from his father's immense estates in Picenum) and joined Sulla, who complimented him as imperator, although he had not yet held even the quaestorship. quisquam, used on account of the neg. idea in saepius quam; see note on cujusquam, p. 78, l. 25. inimico, a private adversary (e.g. before a court). imperiis: all Pompey's commands had been either assumed by him or irregularly conferred upon him until he obtained the consulship in B.C. 70. Civile, Africanum, etc.: Pompey's exploits in these various wars are referred to in the same order but in greater detail below (sects. 30-35), where see notes. The last mentioned, that with the pirates (bellum navale), is of course specially dwelt on (sects. 31-35).
J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, Select Orations of Cicero, Allen and Greenough's Edition., section 61 (search)
d to, see notes on sects. 28-30, above. privatum, i.e. not a magistrate. a senatorio gradu: no one could legally enter the Senate until after holding the quaestorship, the minimum age for which was thirty at least, and regularly thirty-six, while Pompey was at the time referred to (B.C. 82) only twenty-three. in ea provincia, i.e. Africa. fuit: translate, he showed, etc. (in order to render the abls. of quality, which come in a way foreign to our idiom). victorem, victorious (pred. adj.). exercitum deportavit: this was one of the essential conditions of a triumph. equitem, i.e. not a member of the Senate, having never held a magistracy. triumphare: the honor of a triumph was restricted to commanders who possessed the imperium by virtue of holding a regular magistracy. Until he was elected consul for the year B.C. 70, Pompey had never had the imperium except by special appointment from the Senate; both his triumphs, therefore, B.C. 80 and 71, were contrary to precedent.
J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, Select Orations of Cicero, Allen and Greenough's Edition., section 62 (search)
into the regular form of a sententia, or formal expression of opinion in the Senate, using the simple present tense, with the qualifying mea sententia; § 467(276,b); B. 259,2; G.227,N.2; H. 530(467, iii, 6); H.-B. 484. ut . . . fieret: subst. clause of result after the analogy of the subj. with verbs of happening; § 571,c (332,f); G. 553,4; H. 571, I (501, i). ex senatus consulto: another irregularity, for the comitia were the law-making body and therefore of course had the sole power of exempting from the laws. legibus solutus, exempted from the operation of the laws, i.e. those limiting the age of magistrates (leges annales). magistratum: the legal age of a consul was not below forty-three, and that of a praetor not below forty. Pompey, however, was elected consul (B.C. 70) at the age of thirty-six, which was the regular age for the quaestorship. iterum: Pompey celebrated his second triumph Dec.31, B.C. 71, and the next day entered upon the consulship. in, in the case of
J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, Select Orations of Cicero, Allen and Greenough's Edition., section 11 (search)
ded in this case. requiris: cf. desideras in the same sense in sect. 8 (p. 158, l. 6). est obscurum (ironical), it is not generally known. proximis, abl. of time: translate by under. The censors referred to were L. Gellius and Cn. Lentulus (B.C. 70). clarissimo: observe the art with which Cicero here again calls attention to the connection of Archias with the distinguished Romans any one of whom could at any moment have procured him the citizenship if he had not already possessed it. apioribus, sc. censoribus. New censors were regularly appointed every five years; those here referred to were Q. Marcius Philippus and M. Perperna (B.C. 86). In the present instance the succession had been interfered with by Sulla, but restored in B.C. 70. in Asia: this was in the First Mithridatic War, in which Lucullus served as quaestor to Sulla. primis, i.e. the first after the passage of the lex Plautia-Papiria: these were L. Julius Caesar and P. Crassus (B.C. 89). esse versatum (sc. eu