THREE: Progress of the War on the Continent��Lethargic Condition of Politics��Battle of Laufeldt��Capture of Bergen-op-Zoom��Disasters of the French on the Sea and in Italy��Negotiations for Peace��Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle��Conditions of Peace��Peace at Home��Commercial Treaty with Spain��Death of the Prince of Wales��Popular feeling against the Bill for Naturalising the Jews��Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act��Foundation of the British Museum��Death of Pelham��Newcastle's Difficulties��Failure of Robinson��Approaching Danger from America��A State of Undeclared War��The Battles of Boscawen and Braddock��George's Anxiety for Hanover��Subsidiary Treaties against Prussia��Pitt's Opposition��Debate in the House of Commons��Danger of England��French Expedition against Minorca��The Failure of Byng��Newcastle resigns��Attempts to Form a Ministry��Devonshire Succeeds��Weakness of the Ministry��Coalition against Prussia��Alliance with England��Commencement of the Seven Years' War��Frederick Conquers Saxony��Gloominess of Affairs��Court-Martial on Byng, and his Death��Dismissal of Pitt��The Pitt and Newcastle Coalition��Failure of the attack on Rochefort and of that on Louisburg��Convention of Closter-Seven��Frederick's Campaign; Kolin, Rosbach, and Lissa��Successes elsewhere��Wolfe and Clive��Battle of Plassey��Capture of Louisburg��Ticonderoga and Fort Duquesne��Attacks on St. Malo and Cherbourg��Victory of Crefeld��Frederick's Campaign��Commencement of 1759; Blockade of the French Coast��Pitt's Plans for the Conquest of Canada��Amherst's and Prideaux's Columns��Wolfe before Quebec��Position of the City��Wolfe fails to draw Montcalm from his Position��Apparent Hopelessness of the Expedition��Wolfe Scales the Heights of Abraham��The Battle��Successes in India��Battle of Quiberon��Frederick's Fortunes��Campaign of Ferdinand of Brunswick��Battle of Minden��Glorious Termination of the Year��French Descent on Carrickfergus��Attempt of the French to Recover Quebec��Their Expulsion from North America��Frederick's Fourth Campaign��Successes of Ferdinand of Brunswick��Death of George II.Napoleon's saying about French revolutions was verified in 1830. The shock of the political earthquake was felt throughout the Continent, and severed Belgium from Holland. The inhabitants of Brussels began their revolt by resistance to local taxes, and ended by driving the[320] Dutch garrison out of the city, and proclaiming the independence of Belgium. The Duke of Wellington had no difficulty about the prompt recognition of the de facto Government of France. The change of dynasty had not been officially communicated to him many hours when he sent instructions to the British ambassador to enter into friendly relations with the new Government. He had not, however, the same facility in recognising the independence of Belgium. He had been instrumental in establishing the kingdom of the Netherlands; and he regarded the union as being a portion of the great European settlement of 1815, which ought not to be disturbed without the concurrence of the Great Powers by which it was effected. This hesitation on his part to hail the results of successful revolution added to his unpopularity. In the meantime a dangerous spirit of disaffection and disorder began to manifest itself in the south of England. Incendiary fires had preceded the Revolution in France, especially in Normandy, and they were supposed to have had a political object. Similar preludes of menaced revolution occurred during the autumn in some of the English counties nearest the French coast, in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, and Hampshire. Night after night, in the most fertile districts, the sky was reddened with the blaze of burning stack-yards. Crowds of the working classes, complaining of want of employment, went about throughout the country, breaking the threshing-machines, which had then come into extensive use. The Government were compelled to employ force to put down these disturbances��a fact which supplied inflammatory arguments to agitators, who denounced the Duke of Wellington as the chief cause of the distress of the working classes. Such was the state of things when the new Parliament met on the 26th of October.
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THREE:[See larger version]The Ministry, as reconstructed, consisted of Lord North, First Lord of the Treasury; the Great Seal was in commission; Granby's places, the Ordnance and Commander of the Forces, were still unsupplied; so was the Duke of Manchester's old post of Lord of the Bed-Chamber. The Earl of Halifax became Lord Privy Seal; the Earl of Pembroke became a Lord of the Bed-Chamber; the Earl of Waldegrave, Master of the Horse to the queen; Sir Gilbert Elliot, Treasurer of the Navy; Charles James Fox became a junior Lord of the Admiralty; Admiral Holborne another; Mr. Welbore Ellis became one of the Vice-Treasurers of Ireland; and Thurlow was appointed Solicitor-General, in place of Dunning.
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THREE:Great Britain, which had amassed so vast a debt in aiding the Continental sovereigns against Napoleon, played the magnanimous to the last. She gave up her share of the public indemnities, amounting to five million pounds, to the King of Holland and the Netherlands, to enable him to restore that line of fortresses along the Belgian frontiers which our Dutch king, William III., had planned, and which Joseph II. of Austria had suffered to fall to decay, thus rendering invasion from France especially easy. Nor was this all: she advanced five million pounds to enable the different sovereigns to march their troops home again, as she had advanced the money to march them up, the money demanded of France not being ready. Truly might Napoleon, in St. Helena, say that England, with her small army, had no business interfering in Continental wars; that "with our fleet, our commerce, and our colonies, we are the strongest power in the world, so long as we remain in our natural position; but that our gains in Continental wars are for others, our losses are for ourselves, and are permanent."
THREE:But on the 15th of December, only eight days later, Lord Shelburne followed up the question by moving that the alarming additions annually made to the Debt, under the name of extraordinaries incurred in different services, demanded an immediate check; that the distresses of landed and mercantile interests made the strictest economy requisite, and that the expenditure of such large sums without grants from Parliament was an alarming violation of the Constitution. He showed that these expenses bore no proportion to those of any former wars as to the services performed for them, and stated plainly that the cause was notorious��that the greater part of the money went into the pockets of the Ministers' contracting friends. Lord Shelburne's motion was also rejected. He then gave notice for a further motion of a like nature on the 8th of February.[See larger version]
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THREE:The Americans did not make their Declaration of Independence till they had communicated with France. The British Government, as Lord North publicly declared in Parliament, had long heard of American emissaries at Paris seeking aid there. A secret committee, which had Thomas Paine for its secretary, was appointed to correspond with the friends of America in Great Britain, Ireland, and other parts of the world. Encouraged by the assurances of France, the secret committee was soon converted into a public one, and agents were sent off to almost every court of Europe to invite aid of one kind or another against the mother country, not omitting even Spain, Naples, Holland and Russia. Silas Deane was dispatched to Paris in March of this year, to announce the growing certainty of a total separation of the colonies from Great Britain, and to solicit the promised co-operation.