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Updates: 

Sorin Cosoveanu sent me data from source [4].

Update 13 to Geopolitical Entities and Codes (formerly FIPS 10-4) is dated 2013-09-30. It provides FIPS codes for the five divisions, superseding the FIPS codes for the three island groups.

ISO 3166-2 Newsletter I-8, published on 2007-04-17, has new ISO division codes for Tonga. They are shown in the table below. International standard ISO 3166-2, as originally published (1998-12-15), mentioned that there were five divisions, but declined to list them. It said they were "not relevant". An even earlier version, ISO/DIS 3166-2 (draft international standard), showed three island groups with their codes.

Country overview: 

Short name	TONGA
ISO code	TO
FIPS code	TN
Language	Tonga (to), English (en)
Time zone	+13
Capital	Nuku'alofa

 

Tonga became a protectorate of Great Britain on 1900-05-18, formalizing a previous agreement. Great Britain abandoned the relationship on 1970-06-04, leaving Tonga completely independent.

Other names of country: 

1. Danish: Tonga
2. Dutch: Tonga, Koninkrijk Tonga (formal)
3. English: Kingdom of Tonga (formal), Friendly Islands (obsolete), Toga (obsolete)
4. Finnish: Tonga
5. French: Tonga fp
6. German: Tonga n
7. Italian: Tonga
8. Norwegian: Tonga, Kongeriket Tonga (formal)
9. Portuguese: Tonga n (m in Brazil), Reino m do Tonga (formal)
10. Russian: Королевство Тонга (formal)
11. Spanish: Tonga, Reino m de Tonga (formal)
12. Swedish: Tonga
13. Turkish: Tonga Krallığı (formal)
14. Tonga: Pule 'anga Tonga (formal)

Origin of name: 

shortened form of Tongatabu, from tonga: island, tabu: sacred

Primary subdivisions: 

Tonga is divided into five divisions.

Division	HASC	ISO	FIPS	Population	Area(km.²)	Area(mi.²)	Capital
'Eua	TO.EU	01	TN04	5,016	87	34	Ohonua, 'Eua I.
Ha'apai	TO.HA	02	TN01	6,616	110	42	Pangai, Lifuka I.
Niuas	TO.NI	03	TN05	1,282	72	28	Hihifo, Niuatoputapu I.
Tongatapu	TO.TT	04	TN02	75,416	261	101	Nuku`alofa, Tongatapu I.
Vava'u	TO.VA	05	TN03	14,922	119	46	Neiafu, Vava`u I.
5 divisions				103,252	649	251
HASC: Hierarchical administrative subdivision codes. ISO: Codes from ISO 3166-2. FIPS: Codes from FIPS PUB 10-4. Population: 2011-11-30 census.

Further subdivisions:

See the Districts of Tonga page.

The divisions are subdivided into 23 districts. Some sources list three island groups instead of five divisions. In this scheme, Tongatapu includes 'Eua and Niuas.

Island group	HASC	ISO	FIPS
Ha'apai	TO.HA	H	TN01
Tongatapu	TO.TO	T	TN02
Vava'u	TO.VA	V	TN03
HASC: Hierarchical administrative subdivision codes. ISO: Codes from ISO/DIS 3166-2. FIPS: Codes from FIPS PUB 10-4.

Territorial extent: 

1. Ha'apai includes the islands of the Ha'apai group, from Hunga Ha'apai to Kelefesia to Ha'ano to Kao. The largest are Lifuka and Tofua.
2. 'Eua includes 'Eua Island.
3. Niuas includes Niuatoputapu, Niuafo'ou, and Tafahi.
4. Tongatapu includes the Tongatapu Group, consisting of Tongatapu, 'Euaiki, and smaller islands, and 'Ata Island to the south.
5. Vava'u includes the islands of the Vava'u group, from Vava'u to Late to Fonualei.

The UN LOCODE page  for Tonga lists locations in the country, some of them with their latitudes and longitudes, some with their ISO 3166-2 codes for their subdivisions. This information can be put together to approximate the territorial extent of subdivisions.

Other names of subdivisions: 

Niuas: Ongo Niua (variant)

Population history:

Division	1976-11-30	1986-11-28	1996-11-30	2006-11-30	2011-11-30
'Eua	4,486	4,393	4,934	5,206	5,016
Ha'apai	10,792	8,919	8,138	7,570	6,616
Niuas	2,328	2,368	2,018	1,665	1,282
Tongatapu	57,411	63,794	66,979	72,045	75,416
Vava'u	15,068	15,175	15,715	15,505	14,922
Total	90,085	94,649	97,784	101,991	103,252

Sources: 

1. [1] 1979 Demographic Yearbook , 31st Ed. Statistical Office, United Nations, New York, 1980 (retrieved 2011-12-28).
2. [2] The Tonga department of statistics  website had preliminary 2006 census data (retrieved 2007-07-14).
3. [3] Tonga National Population Census 2006  (retrieved 2011-12-28).
4. [4] Tonga 2011 Census of Population and Housing , Vol. 1: Basic Tables and Administrative Report. Statistics Department Tonga, Nuku'alofa, 2013 (retrieved 2013-12-14).