Cog

Created 10 February 2004, last updated 19 November 2021

An older version of this document is also available in Russian.

Cog is a file generation tool. It lets you use pieces of Python code as generators in your source files to generate whatever text you need.

This page describes version 3.3.0, released November 19, 2021.

The sections below are:

What does it do?
Design
Installation
Writing the source files
The cog module
Running cog
History
Feedback
See Also

What does it do?

Cog transforms files in a very simple way: it finds chunks of Python code embedded in them, executes the Python code, and inserts its output back into the original file. The file can contain whatever text you like around the Python code. It will usually be source code.

For example, if you run this file through cog:

// This is my C++ file.
...
/*[[[cog
import cog
fnames = ['DoSomething', 'DoAnotherThing', 'DoLastThing']
for fn in fnames:
    cog.outl("void %s();" % fn)
]]]*/
//[[[end]]]
...

it will come out like this:

// This is my C++ file.
...
/*[[[cog
import cog
fnames = ['DoSomething', 'DoAnotherThing', 'DoLastThing']
for fn in fnames:
    cog.outl("void %s();" % fn)
]]]*/
void DoSomething();
void DoAnotherThing();
void DoLastThing();
//[[[end]]]
...

Lines with triple square brackets are marker lines. The lines between [[[cog and ]]] are the generator Python code. The lines between ]]] and [[[end]]] are the output from the generator.

Output is written with cog.outl, or if you use the -P option, normal print() calls.

When cog runs, it discards the last generated Python output, executes the generator Python code, and writes its generated output into the file. All text lines outside of the special markers are passed through unchanged.

The cog marker lines can contain any text in addition to the triple square bracket tokens. This makes it possible to hide the generator Python code from the source file. In the sample above, the entire chunk of Python code is a C++ comment, so the Python code can be left in place while the file is treated as C++ code.

Design

Cog is designed to be easy to run. It writes its results back into the original file while retaining the code it executed. This means cog can be run any number of times on the same file. Rather than have a source generator file, and a separate output file, typically cog is run with one file serving as both generator and output.

Because the marker lines accommodate any language syntax, the markers can hide the cog Python code from the source file. This means cog files can be checked into source control without worrying about keeping the source files separate from the output files, without modifying build procedures, and so on.

I experimented with using a templating engine for generating code, and found myself constantly struggling with white space in the generated output, and mentally converting from the Python code I could imagine, into its templating equivalent. The advantages of a templating system (that most of the code could be entered literally) were lost as the code generation tasks became more complex, and the generation process needed more logic.

Cog lets you use the full power of Python for text generation, without a templating system dumbing down your tools for you.

Installation

Cog requires Python 2.7, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, or Jython 2.5.

Cog is installed in the usual way, except the name is “cogapp”, not “cog”:

$ pip install cogapp

You should now have a “cog” command, or cog.py in your Python scripts directory.

License

Cog is distributed under the MIT license. Use it to spread goodness through the world.

Writing the source files

Source files to be run through cog are mostly just plain text that will be passed through untouched. The Python code in your source file is standard Python code. Any way you want to use Python to generate text to go into your file is fine. Each chunk of Python code (between the [[[cog and ]]] lines) is called a generator and is executed in sequence.

The output area for each generator (between the ]]] and [[[end]]] lines) is deleted, and the output of running the Python code is inserted in its place. To accommodate all source file types, the format of the marker lines is irrelevant. If the line contains the special character sequence, the whole line is taken as a marker. Any of these lines mark the beginning of executable Python code:

//[[[cog
/* cog starts now: [[[cog */
-- [[[cog (this is cog Python code)
#if 0 // [[[cog

Cog can also be used in languages without multi-line comments. If the marker lines all have the same text before the triple brackets, and all the lines in the generator code also have this text as a prefix, then the prefixes are removed from all the generator lines before execution. For example, in a SQL file, this:

--[[[cog
--   import cog
--   for table in ['customers', 'orders', 'suppliers']:
--      cog.outl("drop table %s;" % table)
--]]]
--[[[end]]]

will produce this:

--[[[cog
--   import cog
--   for table in ['customers', 'orders', 'suppliers']:
--      cog.outl("drop table %s;" % table)
--]]]
drop table customers;
drop table orders;
drop table suppliers;
--[[[end]]]

Finally, a compact form can be used for single-line generators. The begin-code marker and the end-code marker can appear on the same line, and all the text between them will be taken as a single Python line:

// blah blah
//[[[cog import MyModule as m; m.generateCode() ]]]
//[[[end]]]

You can also use this form to simply import a module. The top-level statements in the module can generate the code.

If you have special requirements for the syntax of your file, you can use the --markers option to define new markers.

If there are multiple generators in the same file, they are executed with the same globals dictionary, so it is as if they were all one Python module.

Cog tries to do the right thing with white space. Your Python code can be block-indented to match the surrounding text in the source file, and cog will re-indent the output to fit as well. All of the output for a generator is collected as a block of text, a common whitespace prefix is removed, and then the block is indented to match the indentation of the cog generator. This means the left-most non-whitespace character in your output will have the same indentation as the begin-code marker line. Other lines in your output keep their relative indentation.

The cog module

A module called cog provides the functions you call to produce output into your file. The functions are:

cog.out(sOut=’’ [, dedent=False][, trimblanklines=False]): Writes text to the output.; sOut is the string to write to the output.; If dedent is True, then common initial white space is removed from the lines in sOut before adding them to the output. If trimblanklines is True, then an initial and trailing blank line are removed from sOut before adding them to the output. Together, these option arguments make it easier to use multi-line strings, and they only are useful for multi-line strings:
cog.outl: Same as cog.out, but adds a trailing newline.
cog.msg(msg): Prints msg to stdout with a “Message: ” prefix.
cog.error(msg): Raises an exception with msg as the text. No traceback is included, so that non-Python programmers using your code generators won’t be scared.
cog.inFile: An attribute, the path of the input file.
cog.outFile: An attribute, the path of the output file.
cog.firstLineNum: An attribute, the line number of the first line of Python code in the generator. This can be used to distinguish between two generators in the same input file, if needed.
cog.previous: An attribute, the text output of the previous run of this generator. This can be used for whatever purpose you like, including outputting again with cog.out().

Running cog

Cog is a command-line utility which takes arguments in standard form.

$ cog -h
cog - generate content with inlined Python code.

cog [OPTIONS] [INFILE | @FILELIST] ...

INFILE is the name of an input file, '-' will read from stdin.
FILELIST is the name of a text file containing file names or
    other @FILELISTs.

OPTIONS:
    -c          Checksum the output to protect it against accidental change.
    -d          Delete the generator code from the output file.
    -D name=val Define a global string available to your generator code.
    -e          Warn if a file has no cog code in it.
    -I PATH     Add PATH to the list of directories for data files and modules.
    -n ENCODING Use ENCODING when reading and writing files.
    -o OUTNAME  Write the output to OUTNAME.
    -p PROLOGUE Prepend the generator source with PROLOGUE. Useful to insert an
                import line. Example: -p "import math"
    -P          Use print() instead of cog.outl() for code output.
    -r          Replace the input file with the output.
    -s STRING   Suffix all generated output lines with STRING.
    -U          Write the output with Unix newlines (only LF line-endings).
    -w CMD      Use CMD if the output file needs to be made writable.
                    A %s in the CMD will be filled with the filename.
    -x          Excise all the generated output without running the generators.
    -z          The end-output marker can be omitted, and is assumed at eof.
    -v          Print the version of cog and exit.
    --check     Check that the files would not change if run again.
    --markers='START END END-OUTPUT'
                The patterns surrounding cog inline instructions. Should
                include three values separated by spaces, the start, end,
                and end-output markers. Defaults to '[[[cog ]]] [[[end]]]'.
    --verbosity=VERBOSITY
                Control the amount of output. 2 (the default) lists all files,
                1 lists only changed files, 0 lists no files.
    -h          Print this help.

In addition to running cog as a command on the command line, you can also invoke it as a module with the Python interpreter:

$ python -m cogapp [options] [arguments]

Note that the Python module is called “cogapp”.

Input files

Files on the command line are processed as input files. All input files are assumed to be UTF-8 encoded. Using a minus for a filename (-) will read the standard input.

Files can also be listed in a text file named on the command line with an @:

$ cog @files_to_cog.txt

These @-files can be nested, and each line can contain switches as well as a file to process. For example, you can create a file cogfiles.txt:

cogfiles.txt

# These are the files I run through cog
mycode.cpp
myothercode.cpp
myschema.sql -s " --**cogged**"
readme.txt -s ""

then invoke cog like this:

cog -s " //**cogged**" @cogfiles.txt

Now cog will process four files, using C++ syntax for markers on all the C++ files, SQL syntax for the .sql file, and no markers at all on the readme.txt file.

As another example, cogfiles2.txt could be:

cogfiles2.txt

template.h -D thefile=data1.xml -o data1.h
template.h -D thefile=data2.xml -o data2.h

with cog invoked like this:

cog -D version=3.4.1 @cogfiles2.txt

Cog will process template.h twice, creating both data1.h and data2.h. Both executions would define the variable version as “3.4.1”, but the first run would have thefile equal to “data1.xml” and the second run would have thefile equal to “data2.xml”.

Overwriting files

The -r flag tells cog to write the output back to the input file. If the input file is not writable (for example, because it has not been checked out of a source control system), a command to make the file writable can be provided with -w:

$ cog -r -w "p4 edit %s" @files_to_cog.txt

Setting globals

Global values can be set from the command line with the -D flag. For example, invoking Cog like this:

cog -D thefile=fooey.xml mycode.txt

will run Cog over mycode.txt, but first define a global variable called thefile with a value of “fooey.xml”. This variable can then be referenced in your generator code. You can provide multiple -D arguments on the command line, and all will be defined and available.

The value is always interpreted as a Python string, to simplify the problem of quoting. This means that:

cog -D NUM_TO_DO=12

will define NUM_TO_DO not as the integer 12, but as the string “12”, which are different and not equal values in Python. Use int(NUM_TO_DO) to get the numeric value.

Checksummed output

If cog is run with the -c flag, then generated output is accompanied by a checksum:

--[[[cog
--   import cog
--   for i in range(10):
--      cog.out("%d " % i)
--]]]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
--[[[end]]] (checksum: bd7715304529f66c4d3493e786bb0f1f)

If the generated code is edited by a misguided developer, the next time cog is run, the checksum won’t match, and cog will stop to avoid overwriting the edited code.

Continuous integration

You can use the --check option to run cog just to check that the files would not change if run again. This is useful in continuous integration to check that your files have been updated properly.

Output line suffixes

To make it easier to identify generated lines when grepping your source files, the -s switch provides a suffix which is appended to every non-blank text line generated by Cog. For example, with this input file (mycode.txt):

mycode.txt

[[[cog
cog.outl('Three times:\n')
for i in range(3):
    cog.outl('This is line %d' % i)
]]]
[[[end]]]

invoking cog like this:

cog -s " //(generated)" mycode.txt

will produce this output:

[[[cog
cog.outl('Three times:\n')
for i in range(3):
    cog.outl('This is line %d' % i)
]]]
Three times: //(generated)

This is line 0 //(generated)
This is line 1 //(generated)
This is line 2 //(generated)
[[[end]]]

Miscellaneous

The -n option lets you tell cog what encoding to use when reading and writing files.

The --verbose option lets you control how much cog should chatter about the files it is cogging. --verbose=2 is the default: cog will name every file it considers, and whether it has changed. --verbose=1 will only name the changed files. --verbose=0 won’t mention any files at all.

The --markers option lets you control the syntax of the marker lines. The value must be a string with two spaces in it. The three markers are the three pieces separated by the spaces. The default value for markers is “[[[cog ]]] [[[end]]]”.

The -x flag tells cog to delete the old generated output without running the generators. This lets you remove all the generated output from a source file.

The -d flag tells cog to delete the generators from the output file. This lets you generate content in a public file but not have to show the generator to your customers.

The -U flag causes the output file to use pure Unix newlines rather than the platform’s native line endings. You can use this on Windows to produce Unix-style output files.

The -I flag adds a directory to the path used to find Python modules.

The -p option specifies Python text to prepend to embedded generator source, which can keep common imports out of source files.

The -z flag lets you omit the [[[end]]] marker line, and it will be assumed at the end of the file.

History

Cog’s change log is on a separate change page.

Feedback

I’d love to hear about your successes or difficulties using cog. Comment here, or send me a note.

Cog