Layers of the Atmosphere - Summary and Worksheet

 

Summary of the Video

• Atmospheric Layers and Their Characteristics: The Earth's atmosphere is divided into four main layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer is characterized by distinct temperature changes with altitude, and contains different gases and atmospheric phenomena (e.g., the ozone layer in the stratosphere). • Temperature and Pressure Gradients: Temperature changes dramatically across the atmospheric layers. For example, the troposphere shows a temperature decrease with increasing altitude (lapse rate), while the stratosphere experiences a temperature increase due to ozone absorption of UV radiation. Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude. • Upper Atmospheric Layers and Their Functions: The thermosphere is the hottest layer, while the mesosphere is the coldest. Above the thermosphere are the ionosphere (responsible for the aurora borealis and radio wave reflection) and the exosphere, the outermost layer extending far into space.

FREE Layers of the Atmosphere Worksheet

Layers of the Atmosphere Worksheet

Layers of the Atmosphere WS KEY

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The Water Cycle Free Worksheet

 

Summary of the Video

• Evaporation and Condensation: Evaporation transforms liquid water into gas, observable through heating water. Condensation is the reverse process, where cooled water vapor forms visible droplets, similar to cloud formation.

• Transpiration and Infiltration: Transpiration involves plants releasing water vapor into the atmosphere. Infiltration describes water seeping into the ground, becoming groundwater and potentially accumulating in aquifers, large underground water reservoirs. • Runoff and Accumulation: Runoff occurs when precipitation exceeds ground absorption, leading to surface water flow. This water eventually accumulates in bodies like lakes and oceans, completing the cycle.

FREE Water Cycle Worksheet

The Water Cycle Worksheet

Water Cycle WS KEY

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Inertia and Gravity Free Worksheet

 

• Inertia and Gravity's Role in Planetary Orbits: Planets orbit the sun due to the interplay of inertia (an object's tendency to maintain its motion) and gravity (the attractive force between objects). Inertia keeps planets moving forward, while gravity pulls them towards the sun, resulting in a curved path.

• The Combined Effect of Inertia and Gravity: Inertia causes a planet to travel in a straight line, but gravity continuously pulls it towards the sun, bending its path into an orbit (either circular or elliptical). The balance between these forces maintains the orbit. • Analogy to a Hammer Throw: The example of a hammer thrower illustrates the concept. The thrower's hand (gravity) and the hammer's inertia work together; the inertia wants the hammer to fly straight, while the thrower's hand pulls it inwards, creating a circular motion similar to a planet's orbit.

Enjoy this worksheet and answer key that go along with the video.

inertia and Gravity

Inertia and Gravity Answer Key

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Homeostasis - What is it and How does it help?

 

Summary of Homeostasis.

• Homeostasis: Maintaining Internal Stability Homeostasis is the process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. This is crucial for proper cell and body function.

• Mechanisms of Homeostasis The body uses various mechanisms like temperature regulation (sweating, shivering), pH regulation (kidney function), and fluid/electrolyte balance (kidney and sweat gland function) to maintain homeostasis. Hormonal balance, controlled by the endocrine system, also plays a vital role.

• Feedback Loops in Homeostasis Negative feedback loops (e.g., a thermostat) maintain a set point by counteracting deviations, while positive feedback loops (e.g., childbirth contractions) amplify deviations from a set point.

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Map of Biology

 

A quick summary of Biology.

• Fundamental Characteristics of Life: Living organisms share key features including responsiveness to stimuli, growth and development, reproduction, energy utilization, and maintenance of homeostasis (a stable internal environment). The cell is the fundamental unit of life, existing in prokaryotic (lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles) and eukaryotic (possessing both) forms.

• Genetics and Heredity: DNA, a molecule composed of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine), carries genetic information. Genes, located on chromosomes, determine traits through protein synthesis. Traits are passed from parents to offspring, a process governed by Mendelian genetics (homozygous and heterozygous genotypes).

• Energy, Reproduction, and Evolution: Organisms obtain energy through various methods (heterotrophs consume, autotrophs photosynthesize), using it for metabolism and ATP production. Reproduction can be asexual or sexual, leading to biodiversity. Natural selection, as proposed by Darwin, explains how advantageous traits increase an organism's survival and reproduction, potentially leading to the formation of new species.

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Solution Suspension Colloid

A solution is a mixture of two or more substances.

Properties of a Solution

The particles in a solution cannot be seen.

Light is not visible when it passes through a solution.

A solution cannot be separated with a filter.

A solution is a homogenous mixture.

An example would be sugar and water. The sugar is the solute and the water is the solvent. The solute is the item being dissolved and the solvent is what the item is being dissolved into.

This may help you remember the difference between solute and solvent.  Think of placing the loot into a vent to hide it. So the soLOOT goes into the solVENT.

A suspension is a mixture of a fluid with undissolved particles in it.

Properties of a Suspension

The solid particles may be visible and will settle over time.

The particles of a suspension can be filtered out.

Light is visible when it passes through a suspension.

A suspension is considered a heterogenous mixture.

The solid particles are called the internal phase and the fluid is called the external phase.

An example would be muddy water and sand in water. The sand does not dissolve into the water but is mixed into the water and will settle over time.

A colloid is a mixture consisting of very small insoluble particles dispersed into a fluid.

Properties of a Colloid

Light is visible when it passes through a colloid.

You cannot use a filter to filter out what is dispersed and the particles do not settle over time.

A colloid is a homogenous mixture.

Examples of a colloid include, glue, milk, and fog.

A colloid has a dispersed phase (the suspended particles) and a continuous phase (the medium of suspension).The continuous phase can be a solid,liquid,or a gas.

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What is Density?

In order to help us understand density, let's take a look at two classrooms. Classroom one could be described as having a dense population of students. Compare this to classroom two, which would be considered a low or less dense population of students.

 So what is density?  Density is a measure of the mass of an object per unit volume. It is a measure of how compact the atoms inside of an object is. Density is just a ratio of mass to volume. 

What determines the mass of an object? 

Everything is made up of matter, stars, mount everest, and you.

Matter is made up of very small particles called atoms which give objects their mass. Some objects like gold, have atoms that are compacted very tightly. This creates a greater density than other objects like helium which have atoms that are less compact and further apart and therefore have a smaller density. This is why a balloon filled with helium will float. 

You can calculate the density of an object by finding the mass of the object and then divide this by the volume of the same object. If you take a look at this cylinder it's filled with different liquids.

The most dense liquids will be on the bottom and the least dense objects will settle on top. This is a rule of density, objects with less density will always settle on top of objects with a greater density.  An easy way to remember the formula for density is to just use " I heart density" 

The heart creates an m and a v so you have mass divided by volume equals density.

What are some common units used to measure density?

Common units for density include, 

gram per milliliter  g/mL

gram per centimeter cubed g/cm^3

gram per liter g/L

kilogram per liter kg/L

kilogram per meter cubed  kg/cm^3

What is the SI unit for density?

 kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m^3)

What is the symbol for density?

 The Greek symbol rho (ρ).

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5 Types of Renewable Energy

In 1931 construction began on Hoover dam. It took several years to complete because it is massive. From the base to the top is almost 60 stories tall. 

Hoover dam produces  4.5 billion kilowatt hours a year and serves the annual electrical needs of nearly 8 million people and burns zero fossil fuels.This is just one example of a renewable energy source.

A renewable resource is one that is replaced by natural processes faster than humans can consume the resource.

5 renewable resources that produce electricity for households.

• Solar
• Hydroelectric
• Energy from the Ocean
• Wind Energy
• Geothermal

Up first, the amount of solar energy that shines on the United States is 1000 times more energy used. However, currently around 3% of our energy needs in the United States are met with solar power. There are a couple of ways to produce energy from sunlight. One way is a photovoltaic cell which converts radiant energy directly into electrical energy.

Another method uses parabolic troughs which  focus sunlight on a liquid, which turns water to steam, which drives a turbine.

Hydroelectric Electric is electric current produced from the energy of moving water 

Basically a dam is built to create a body of water, which turns turbines, which creates electricity. Currently hydroelectric energy produces around 6% of United States energy.

Energy from the ocean The ocean has tides and waves. This up and down motion, along with side to side motion can be harnessed to produce electricity. Technology has been developed to capture the energy of tides along with the energy of waves.The United States does not have any commercially operating tidal energy power plants

Wind Energy   Windmills can convert wind energy into electrical energy. As the wind blows it spins a propeller that is connected to an electric generator that produces electricity.

Wind is America's largest source of renewable energy, and produces 10% of the country's electricity and is growing.

Geothermal energy inside the Earth can be converted into electrical energy by taking the heated steam from the Earth and then  this steam is used to drive turbines to produce electricity. Currently geothermal power plants produce less than 1% of the power in the United States.

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Levels of Biological Organization

Life is both mysterious and amazing. Within a beautiful forest there are all kinds of interactions taking place between living and non-living factors. Let’s take a look at the different levels of biological organization found on Earth.

I would like to focus on levels of organization starting at the organism. However, an organism can be made up of cells, which make tissues, which may make organs, which make up organ systems, which may combine to make an organism. Now life is so varied on Earth some living organisms do not have tissues or organs.

An organism refers to a living thing that has an organized structure, can react to stimuli, reproduce, requires energy, plus grows and adapts.

Examples include animals, plants, fungi, protists, and many, many more.

Whenever you get a group of the same type of individuals together, like a group of Penguins or wolves, horses, or plants you have a population. The organisms are all of the same species.

If you have several different populations living together you have a community.

A community does not include the non-living factors also called abiotic factors.

An ecosystem is a community of living factors called biotic factors and non-living factors called abiotic factors interacting and living together.

A desert is an ecosystem.

A forest is an ecosystem.

A pond is an ecosystem, and a rotting log can even be an ecosystem.

An ecosystem is a community of living and non-living objects living together in a particular area.

A Biome is a large ecosystem that has formed in response to the physical environment in which they are found and a shared regional climate. Examples include a desert, a tropical rainforest, and a deciduous forest.

Finally, the Biosphere is part of the earth where life exists. It is the sum of all the ecosystems on Earth. The biosphere includes both non-living elements like sunlight, water, and living organisms such as a bear, insect, or a human.

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Introduction to Biomes

How Biomes are Different

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Difference between Solids,Liquids, and Gases

Let's take a look at the similarities and differences between solids, liquids, and gases. 

What do they all three have in common? 

Solids, liquids, and gases are all three a type of matter, which means that they all have a mass and they all take up space.  

Shape 

Solids have a definite shape, liquids do not have a definite shape and they take on the shape of the container. Gases also do not have a definite shape.  

Volume 

Solids have a definite volume, liquids also has a definite volume, however gases do not have a definite volume.  

Density  

Density is mass divided by volume. A solid has high density, a liquid can have medium to high density and then a gas has a very low density. 

Solids and liquids are slightly compressible and gases are highly compressible.

Solids are not considered fluid but gases and liquids are considered fluid. 

The Venn Diagram below summarizes the similarities and differences between solids, liquids, and gases. 

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