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FORE:The war in America, amid the absorbing momentousness of the gigantic conflict in Europe, went on with little attention from Ministers at home, and, consequently, with the results which seem destined to attend Britain's campaigns in that quarter. In Canada, which the Americans were particularly anxious to obtain, there was a most meagre and inadequate British force; and, what was much worse, the Ministry still continued there the incompetent governor, Sir George Prevost. The only circumstances to which Britain owed the preservation of those provinces were the loyalty of the people and the sterling bravery of the handful of soldiers. Early in the year 1813 the American general, Dearborn, suddenly approached York, on Lake Ontario, and attacked it, supported by the flotilla under command of Commodore Chauncey. The British had about seven hundred men there, partly regulars, partly militia, with some few Indians. General Sheaffe drew off the main part of his force, and left the rest to capitulate, abandoning a considerable quantity of military and other stores, which were most desirable for the Americans. The British Government ought to have taken care to have had a fleet on the lakes, but this had been neglected, so that the Americans could not be prevented from bearing down on any point of the lake frontiers. Dearborn, having a strong flotilla, embarked the stores he won at York and sailed for Niagara, where he landed at Fort George, with six thousand infantry, two hundred and fifty cavalry, and a good train of artillery. The British there, under Vincent, were not a fourth of the enemy. Vincent, therefore, after some gallant fighting, retired up the strait to Burlington Bay, about fifty miles from Fort George, and, collecting the little garrisons from Fort Erie and other points, found himself at the head of about one thousand six hundred men, and resolved to make a stand. Dearborn, rendered confident by his great superiority of numbers, marched after him, and, on the 4th of June, was seen approaching the British position. He encamped about five miles from Vincent, with three thousand five hundred men and nine pieces of artillery. He intended to attack the next morning, but in this he was forestalled; for Colonel Harvey[106] reconnoitred his camp, and advised General Vincent to assault it at midnight with fixed bayonets. This was done, and though the attacking party numbered only seven hundred and four men, the Americans fled in all directions, leaving two generals, one hundred prisoners, and four pieces of artillery in their hands. Colonel Harvey, who had headed the charge, returned to the British camp loaded with booty. It was expected that, in the morning, when Dearborn ascertained the inferior force of British, he would renew the fight; but after destroying provisions and stores, to facilitate his flight, he decamped, and only halted eleven miles off, where he met with strong reinforcements.This was an announcement of the utter overthrow of the Revolution, and the restoration of the ancient condition of France, with its aristocracy and its slaves. The sensation which it produced was intense. The king was immediately accused of secretly favouring this language, though it was far from being the case. It was in vain that he disavowed the sentiments of this haughty and impolitic proclamation to the Assembly; he was not believed, and the exasperation against him was dreadfully aggravated.
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FORE:
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FORE: Peaceful Accession of George I.��His Arrival��Triumph of the Whigs��Dissolution and General Election��The Address��Determination to Impeach the late Ministers��Flight of Bolingbroke and Ormonde��Impeachment of Oxford��The Riot Act��The Rebellion of 1715��Policy of the Regent Orleans��Surrender of the Pretender's Ships��The Adventures of Ormonde and Mar��The Highlands declare for the Pretender��Mar and Argyll��Advance of Mackintosh's Detachment��Its Surrender at Preston��Battle of Sheriffmuir��Arrival of the Pretender��Mutual Disappointment��Advance of Argyll��Flight of the Pretender to France��Punishment of the Rebels��Impeachment of the Rebel Lords��The Septennial Act��The King goes to Hanover��Impossibility of Reconstructing the Grand Alliance��Negotiations with France��Danger of Hanover from Charles XII.��And from Russia��Alarm from Townshend��Termination of the Dispute��Fresh Differences between Stanhope and Townshend��Dismissal of the Latter��The Triple Alliance��Project for the Invasion of Scotland��Detection of the Plot��Dismissal of Townshend and Walpole��They go into Opposition��Walpole's Financial Scheme��Attack on Cadogan��Trial of Oxford��Cardinal Alberoni��Outbreak of Hostilities between Austria and Spain��Occupation of Sardinia��Alberoni's Diplomacy��The Quadruple Alliance��Byng in the Mediterranean��Alberoni deserted by Savoy��Death of Charles XII.��Declaration of War with Spain��Repeal of the Schism Act��Rejection of the Peerage Bill��Attempted Invasion of Britain��Dismissal of Alberoni��Spain makes Peace��Pacification of Northern Europe��Final Rejection of the Peerage Bill��The South Sea Company��The South Sea Bill��Opposition of Walpole��Rise of South Sea Stock��Rival Companies��Death of Stanhope��Punishment of Ministry and Directors��Supremacy of Walpole��Atterbury's Plot��His Banishment and the Return of Bolingbroke��Rejection of Bolingbroke's Services��A Palace Intrigue��Fall of Carteret��Wood's Halfpence��Disturbances in Scotland��Punishment of the Lord Chancellor Macclesfield��The Patriot Party��Complications Abroad��Treaty of Vienna��Treaty of Hanover��Activity of the Jacobites��Falls of Ripperda and of Bourbon��English Preparations��Folly of the Emperor��Attack on Gibraltar��Preliminaries of Peace��Intrigues against Walpole��Death of George I.
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FORE:The danger of civil war was felt to be so great that earnest attempts were made to conciliate the queen, and to effect a compromise. Mr. Wilberforce was very zealous in this matter. He wrote to the king, entreating him to restore the queen's name to the liturgy. This was a vital point. The Ministry had expressed their intention to resign if this must be done. Mr. Wilberforce headed a deputation from the House of Commons, who proceeded to her residence, in full court costume. He describes her manner as "extremely dignified,[207] but very stern and haughty." He got no thanks from either party for his attempts at negotiation. He was very much abused by Cobbett and other writers on the popular side. Mr. Brougham and Mr. Denman met the Duke of Wellington and Lord Castlereagh on the 15th of June to discuss an adjustment; when it was laid down, as a preliminary, that the queen must not be understood to admit, nor the king to retract, anything; and that the questions to be examined were��the future residence of the queen; her title, when travelling on the Continent; the non-exercise of certain rights of patronage in England; and the income to be assigned to her for life. This fourth topic the queen desired might be altogether laid aside in these conferences; and the differences which arose upon the first proposition prevented any discussion on the second and third. They suggested that her Majesty should be officially introduced by the king's Ministers abroad to foreign Courts, or, at least, to the Court of some one state which she might select for her residence; and that her name should be restored to the liturgy, or something conceded by way of equivalent, the nature of which, however, was not specified by her negotiators. It was answered that, on the subject of the liturgy, there could be no change of what had been resolved; that, with respect to her residence in any foreign state, the king, although he could not properly require of any foreign Power to receive at its Court any person not received at the Court of England, would, however, cause official notification to be made of her legal character as queen; and that a king's yacht, or a ship of war, should be provided to convey her to the port she might select. These conditions were wholly declined by the queen, and on the 19th of June the negotiations were broken off. On the 22nd two resolutions were passed by the House of Commons, declaring their opinion that, when such large advances had been made toward an adjustment, her Majesty, by yielding to the wishes of the House, and forbearing to press further the propositions on which a material difference yet remained, would not be understood as shrinking from inquiry, but only as proving her desire to acquiesce in the authority of Parliament.
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