Thus argued the Conservatives, and not without effect, for the clause against disfranchising the freemen was carried only by a majority of twenty-eight; and in the passage through the Lords several important amendments were carried against the Government, owing chiefly to the vigorous opposition of Lord Lyndhurst. He proceeded to convert the Bill into what was called a Conservative arrangement, and when Peel's moderation was brought up against him, is said to have remarked, "Peel! What is Peel to me? D���� Peel!" On an amendment which he proposed��to omit the clause disfranchising the freemen��he defeated the Government by a majority of 93; the numbers being 130 to 37. He followed up this victory by a motion to secure to the freemen their Parliamentary franchise, which was carried without a division. The Commons thought it better to adopt some of these alterations, however repugnant to their feelings, rather than lose the measure. The Bill, as amended, was accordingly passed on the 7th of September. London, with its numerous and wealthy incorporated guilds, was reserved for future legislation, which the lavish hospitalities of the Mansion House and Guildhall[390] postponed to a later date than municipal reformers then thought of.
Unsettled Condition of Europe��Machinations of Russia and Austria against Turkey��Disasters of the Austrians��Capture of Oczakoff��Further Designs of Catherine��Intervention of Pitt��Gustavus of Sweden invades Russia��His Temporary Check��He remodels the Diet and pursues the War��Joseph renews the War��Disaffection in Hungary��Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands��Abolition of the Joyeuse Entr��e��The Emperor declared to have forfeited the Crown��The Austrian Troops retired to Luxembourg��Death of Joseph��Outbreak of the French Revolution��Efforts of Turgot and his Successors to introduce Reforms��Lom��nie de Brienne��Recall of Necker��Assembly of the States General��The Third Estate becomes the National Assembly��The Meeting in the Tennis Court��Contemplated Coup d'��tat��Project of a City Guard��Dismissal of Necker��Insurrection in Paris��The City Guard��Capture of the Bastille��The Noblesse renounce their Privileges��Bankruptcy and Famine��"O Richard, O Mon Roi!"��The Women and the National Guard march on Versailles��The King brought to Paris��Effect of the Revolution in England��Different Views of Burke and Fox��Rejection of Flood's Reform Bill��The Nootka Sound Affair��Satisfaction obtained from Spain��Motions of Reform in the Irish Parliament��Convention of Reichenbach��Continuance of the War between Sweden and Russia��Renewal of the War with Tippoo Sahib��Debates in Parliament��Discussions on the Eastern Question��The Canada Bill��It is made the occasion of speeches on the French Revolution��Breach between Fox and Burke��Abuse of Burke by the Whigs��Wilberforce's Notice for Immediate Emancipation��Colonisation of Sierra Leone��Bill for the Relief of Roman Catholics��Fox's Libel Bill��Burke's "Reflections on the French Revolution"��Replies of Mackintosh and Paine��Dr. Price��Dr. Priestley��The Anniversary of the taking of the Bastille��The Birmingham Riots��Destruction of Priestley's Library��Suppression of the Riots��Mildness of the Sentences.
FORE:Instead of taking means to conciliate the public, Bute, stung by these testimonies of dislike, and by the pamphlets and lampoons which issued like swarms of wasps, revenged himself by others, which only intensified the hatred against him. Still worse for him, he had caused the Dukes of Newcastle and Grafton, and the Marquis of Rockingham, to be dismissed from the Lord-Lieutenancies of their respective counties, because they voted against the peace on Bute's terms. With a still more petty rancour he had visited the sins of these noblemen on the persons in small clerkships and other posts who had been recommended by them, turning them all out. Sir Henry Fox joined him relentlessly in these pitiful revenges, and would have carried them farther had he not been checked by others.
[62]It was very generally understood that it had been definitely arranged that Lord Londonderry should represent England at the Congress of Verona, and it was universally believed, as we have seen, that this fact weighed on his mind and led to his suicide; but Mr. Gleig states that in consequence of the reluctance expressed by Lord Londonderry to undertake the mission, it had for some time been settled that England should be represented there by the Duke of Wellington, and that he had begun to make his preparations, when a severe illness fell upon him, from which he did not sufficiently recover to set out upon his journey till after Lord Londonderry's death. The Duke of Wellington started for his mission when Mr. Canning had been only forty-eight hours in office. Stress has been laid upon the fact that he received his instructions from Mr. Canning, and this has been declared to be the turning-point in our foreign policy, when England began to disengage herself from the Holy Alliance. She was not formally a party to that alliance, but the despots composing it had counted on her aid and influence in keeping down the nations which they oppressed. But Mr. Gleig states that Lord Londonderry himself had compiled a letter of instruction for the representative of England at the Congress, and that this was transferred without a single alteration to the Duke of Wellington. It is, he says, "a very interesting document. It touches upon every point which could be expected to come under consideration at the Congress, and it handles them all so as to guard with scrupulous care not only the honour of Great Britain, but the rights of foreign peoples as well as of their Governments. It assumes that the subjects of general discussion would be three: first, the Turkish question, external and internal; secondly, the Spanish question, European and American; and, thirdly, the affairs of Italy. With this last question the representative of England was directed not to concern himself at all. As England had been no party to the military occupation of Naples and Sardinia��as she had merely acquiesced in it with a view to prevent worse things��so she felt herself precluded from advising upon the arrangement now that it was complete, lest by so doing she should appear to admit the justice of a proceeding against which from the outset she had protested. The representative of Great Britain was therefore instructed to hold aloof from all meetings at which Italian affairs were to be discussed, and, if possible, to avoid connecting himself with the Congress till these should have been settled."The year 1756 opened with menaces to England of the most serious nature. The imbecility of the Ministry was beginning to tell in the neglect of its colonies and its defences. France threatened to invade us, and a navy of fifty thousand men was suddenly voted, and an army of thirty-four thousand two hundred and sixty-three of native troops; but as these were not ready, it was agreed to bring over eight thousand Hessians and Hanoverians. To pay for all this it was necessary to grant excessive supplies, and lay on new duties and taxes. In presenting the money bills in the month of May, Speaker Onslow could not avoid remarking that there were two circumstances which tended to create alarm��foreign subsidies and foreign troops introduced, and nothing but their confidence in his Majesty could allay their fears, or give them confidence that their burdens would be soon reduced. There was, in fact, no chance for any such reduction, for wars, troubles, and disgraces were gathering around from various quarters. The first reverse came from the Mediterranean.THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: COSTUME "�� LA ROBESPIERRE."
