Que vaja per davant: Després de Reappraisals
de Tony Judt, aquest és el segon millor llibre que he llegit enguany. Chris
Hedges és un periodista i intel.lectual nordamericà, corresponsal de guerra i
guanyador del Premi Pulitzer, que fou acomiadat del New York Times per la seva
oposició a la invasió d’Iraq el 2003 i que ha escrit nombrosos llibres
interessants, entre altres Empire of
Illusions. També fou una de les cares visibles a Occupy Wall Street.
La mort de la classe liberal (dels intel·lectuals i institucions
progressistes) és un llibre provocador, ben documentat i amb bona recerca al
darrera. Hedges argumenta que les institucions i individus de la classe
liberal, l’encarregada de garantir, amb una vigilància constant, que el sistema
democràtic funcione per a tots els ciutadans i que l’Estat no siga cooptat per
interessos privats, com ara les corporacions, ha sofert un procés de degradació
profund durant el segle XX de manera que ha deixat d’existir i complir la
funció crucial que tenia.
Per què sindicats, universitats, esglésies, artistes, intel·lectuals,
periodistes i polítics de la classe liberal han deixat de ser rellevants? Han
estat eliminats per les elits? Hedges argumenta que ha estat un procés dual: l’ús
de la guerra com a instrument de les elits per controlar els afers econòmics,
polítics, culturals i socials i la col·laboració de molts intel·lectuals
liberals en aquest procès, sense adonar-se que estaven traïnt els valors i
principis que els feien existir en primer lloc.
El període gloriós de la classe liberal va ser a finals del segle XIX i
principis del XX i va acabar amb la Primera Guerra Mundial. Es caracteritza per
ser un periode de gran creixement dels moviments de masses i de les reformes
socials que milloraven les condicions laborals a les fàbriques, organizaven els
treballadors en sindicats, potenciaven els drets de les dones, la educació
universal, habitatge social per als pobres, campanyes de salut pública i
socialisme.
La Primera Guerra Mundial va esquerdar l’optimisme liberal sobre la
inevitabilitat del progrès humà i va consolidar el control de l’Estat i les
corporacions sobre els afers econòmic, polítics, culturals i socials. Va crear
una cultura de masses centrada en el consum i en el culte de l’individu, va portar
els Estats Units a una era de guerra permanent, i va utilitzar la por i la propaganda
de masses per acovardir els ciutadans i silenciar les veus independents i
radicals de la classe liberal. Sembla mentida, però si per compte de Primera
Guerra Mundia hagués posat la invasió d’Iraq del 2003 el paràgraf té la mateixa
validesa.
Per a Hedges, seguint el filòsof Sheldon Wolin, els Estats Units són un
règim de “totalitarisme invertit”, en el qual el poder corporatiu ha assolit la
maduresa al mateix temps que la ciutadania ha estat desmobilitzada. I continua:
“No queda cap institució nacional que puga acuradament ser descrita com a
democràtica” (28-29).
I aquí us deixe amb algunes cites:
“The liberal class found it was more prudent to engage in empty moral
posturing than confront the power elit. “It is much safer to celebrate civil
liberties than to defend them, and it is much safer to defend them as a formal
right than use them in a politically effective way. Even those who would most
willingly subvert these liberties usually do so in their very name.” (aquí
Hedges cita el sociòleg nordamericà C. Wright Mills) (12)
“The liberal class cannot reform itself. It does not hold within its ranks
the rebels and iconoclasts with the moral or physical courage to defy the
corporate state and power elite.” (17-18)
“The greatest sin of the liberal class, throughout the twentieth century
and into the early part of this century, has been its enthusiastic collusion
with the power elite to silence, ban, and blacklist rebel, iconoclasts,
communists, socialists, anarchists, radical union leaders, and pacifists who
once could have given... the working class the words and ideas with which to
battle back against the abuses of the corporate state.” (19)
“Hope will come with the return of the language of class conflict and
rebellion, language that has been purged from the lexicon of the liberal class”
(21-22)
“The corridors of liberal institutions are filled with Underground men and
women. They decry the social chaos for which they bear responsibility, but do
nothing.” (25)
“Obama is part of the political stagecraft that trades in perceptions of
power rather than real power” (31-32)
“If you pursue truth and justice, it will always mean a diminution of power
and privilege” (Noam Chomsky, 39-40)
“In a time of faith, skepticism is the most intolerable of all insults” (67-68)
“The cultural embrace of simplification... meant reducing a population to
speaking in predigested clichés and slogans. It banished complexity and further
pushed to the margins difficult, original, or unfamiliar ideas. The assault on
radical and original thought, which by definition did not fit itself into the
popular cultural lexicon, saw art forms such as theater suffer.” (89)
“It is only when artists control their own work... that great, socially
relevant theater can be sustained. The funding for this kind of work will never
come out of the world of corporate sponsorship which... uses theater and the
arts as a diversion.” (100)
“The new corporate capitalism and mass production sustained themselves
through the pomotion of a new ethic that promoted leisure, self-indulgence and
wasteful consumption, activities that called for traits such as charm, a
pleasand appearance, and likability.” (100-101)
“The iron control of the arts is vital to the power elite, as important as
control of the political and economic process, the universities, the media, the
labour movement, and the church. Art gives people a language by which they can
understand themselves and their society. And the corporate power structure was
determined to make sure artists spoke in a language that did not threaten their
entitlement.” (113)
“Marxists now (after the 70s) became culture and literary critics. These
theorists invested their energy in multiculturalism... The inclusion of voices
often left out of the traditional academic canon certainly enriched the
university. But multiculturalism, rather than leading to a critique of
structures and systems that consciously excluded and impoverished the poor and
the marginal, became and end in itself.” (124)
“Dressed up as multiculturalism, it has become the opium of disillusioned
intellectuals, the ideology of an era without an ideology” (124)
“The tragedy of the liberal class and the institutions it controls is that
it succumbed to opportunism and finally to fear.” (139)
“Specific actions can be criticized, but motives, intentions, and the moral
probity of the power elite cannot be questioned” (152)
“The indifference to the plight of others and the cult of the self is what
the corporate state seeks to instill in us. That state appeals to pleasure, as
well as fear, to crush compassion. We will have to continue to fight the
mechanisms of that dominant culture, if for no other reason than to preserve,
through small, even tiny acts, our common humanity” (214)