Applications By Prospective Egg Donors, Surrogates Increase As Economy Declines, WSJ Reports

As the economy has declined, many fertility clinics report a recent increase in the amount of egg donor and surrogacy applicants, which has minimized the waiting period for infertile couples seeking the services, the Wall Street Journal reports. Average compensation for surrogates is $25,000, while egg donors usually receive between $3,000 and $8,000. Robin von Halle, president of the Chicago-based donor agency Alternative Reproductive Resources, said, "Whenever the employment rate is down, we get more calls." The agency has seen a 30% increase in inquiries from prospective donors in recent weeks, the Journal reports. Similarly, James Liu of University Hospitals Case Medical Center in Cleveland reports that an increase in the center's list of available donors from four to 17 has eliminated the waiting period for an egg donor. Andrew Vorzimer -- a Los Angeles attorney who represents prospective parents seeking surrogates and is CEO of Egg Donation, a donor recruiting agency in Encino, Calif. -- said the typical six-month waiting period for a surrogate in California has been eliminated. According to Vorzimer, many women looking to become donors "have college loans to pay off or they want to help buy a house or provide for their own kids' education." Despite the economic downturn and the high cost of egg transplantation -- an average of $20,000 per attempt -- clinics report no decrease in demand for donor eggs. Sean Tipton, a spokesperson for American Society for Reproductive Medicine, said, "The disease of infertility does not follow the Dow Jones average.

"Although ASRM advises against compensation of more than $10,000, many agencies advertise higher compensation for specific characteristics, the Journal reports. Darlene Pinkerton -- executive director of A Perfect Match, a San Diego-based donor matching agency -- said that high offers attract women who otherwise might not consider donating. A Perfect Match offers up to $50,000 for egg donors with high SAT scores and recently has experienced a doubling of inquiries from would-be egg donors, Pinkerton said.

According to the Journal, only a "tiny fraction of applicants" who wish to become egg donors will be accepted by agencies. To be listed on a donor registry, a prospective donor must be between ages 20 and 30, in good health and have no history of sexually transmitted infections, hepatitis, diabetes, cancer or depression. In addition, candidates must receive a "battery of genetic and psychological tests and meet a long list of [FDA] requirements for tissue donors," and many agencies turn down donors who are "mainly in it for the money," the Journal reports. Accepted donors are placed on a waiting list for consideration by prospective parents, a process that can continue for several years. Von Halle said, "Now that we have more donors, it's become a buyer's market" (Beck, Wall Street Journal, 12/9).

Reprinted with kind permission from http://www.kaisernetwork.org. You can view the entire Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report, search the archives, or sign up for email delivery at http://www.kaisernetwork.org/dailyreports/healthpolicy. The Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report is published for kaisernetwork.org, a free service of The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. © 2008 Advisory Board Company and Kaiser Family Foundation.

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When Is Too Old Really Too Old?

I have to admit I am really bothered. I mean really bothered. I just read another headline about yet another woman who way past her fifties – this time a woman had a child at SEVENTY.

Yes, I said seventy years old.

You can read more about the article here.
I am thankful each and every day that we have the technology of ART. If we didn’t I wouldn’t have be a mother and have my incredible child.

However, I have to ask myself, “At what age do we say as a society you are too old to be bringing a child into this world?” Or do we as people have the right to impose age limits on this process?

I wasn’t concerned about what this 70 year old woman would experience being pregnant at 70. She knew what to expect. She’s an adult, and can make decisions for herself. My first thought goes to the children born to parents who bring them into the world being 70 years old.

My mind races to all kinds of things like:

· At the age of 5, these parents will be 75.
· At the age of 10, these parents will be 80.
· At the age of 15, thee parents will be 85.
· And 20 – well if they are alive they will be 90, however, they might be dead.

I myself can’t imagine being without my parents at the tender age of 20, however, there are lots of kids who are without parents from birth onward. And really I guess regardless of what age our parents are, we never know what life is going to bring us do we? I know sadly of lots of parents in their 20’s 30’s and 40’s who have died suddenly leaving behind families.

But I also can’t imagine what it would be like to parent my own parent at the age of 20 and all the other things that go hand in hand with having 90 year old parents. We prepare ourselves to care for our aged parents when we are in are in our forties, fifties and beyond – shouldn’t we be foot loose and fancy free at the age of 20.

I know lots of parents who are becoming first time parents in their forties and fifties. I don’t blink an eye. I can remember when I began this process, I thought I was ancient having a child at the tender age of 38. Oh my poor child would have a 56 year old mother when he graduated from highs school. And to think I’d have a child past the age of 45 back the was just so over the top. But times change, opinions change and now it’s not only quite common for women having their first baby at 35+ it’s even more common to be a first time mother at the age of 40.

So why am I blinking an eye when I hear that mothers that are in their late fifties are having babies for the first time? Is fifty-five the magic age for me?

I don’t know – my only hope is that these folks who are choosing to have children after they are designated by AARP as senior citizens have a great support system and a back-up plan in the event that something catastrophic and unforeseen OR foreseen should happen to them so that their children will receive the love and care they so richly deserve.

PVED Medical FAQ

By: Dr. John S. Hesla, Medical Director- PVED



How many embryos are considered a good number in a donor egg cycle?


Since most fertility clinics transfer only two embryos or one embryo in an IVF cycle, it is not necessary to have a large number of embryos to achieve a healthy pregnancy. This is particularly true if the egg donor is young (e.g. under 32), rather than if the donor is older (such as with a “known” donor over 35). Nevertheless, when there are many embryos from one egg retrieval, the recipient is more likely to have extra embryos to freeze for future use. Having at least 6-8 fertilized eggs is certainly desirable, and frequently there are more than this.

How is embryo quality assessed?

The most widely used criteria for selecting the best embryos for transfer has been based on cell number and the appearance of the cells. Some programs identify early cleaving 2 cell embryos at 25 to 26 hours after insemination, because these may be more likely to lead to blastocysts and clinical pregnancies. By 42-44 hours after insemination, the best embryos have four or more cells and less than 20% fragmentation. Some embryos will have uneven or asymmetrical cells and some will have one or more cells that are disintegrating. Cellular fragments that result from this disintegration are only an indicator of quality when they are severe. By 72 hours, or Day 3 of development, the most favorable embryos consist of at least 6 cells, and an embryo with 7 or 8 cells is considered ideal. By Day 4, an embryo with high implantation potential should form a morula, and by Day 5, the top embryos form blastocysts. Blastocysts are graded by their degree of expansion and the appearance of the cells that ultimately form the baby (“inner cell mass”) and the placenta (“trophectoderm”).

Should we automatically request ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) for our DE cycle?

ICSI should be performed if sperm testing has revealed abnormalities that may affect the ability of the sperm to penetrate the egg. ICSI is also recommended if the couple has had a poor fertilization rate in a past IVF cycle. Many clinics will utilize ICSI if frozen sperm is being used, or if the man is taking a calcium channel blocker medication for hypertension or a heart condition. ICSI does not increase the chance of a live birth if the sperm quality is normal.
Estrogen shots vs. tablets vs. patches?There are many different estrogen products that may be used to prepare the endometrium for the embryos. These include intramuscular injections of estradiol valerate (Delestrogen) every 3 to 4 days, twice or three times daily intake of oral estradiol, insertion of vaginal tablets of estradiol once or twice daily, or the continuous application of several estradiol skin patches. The length of treatment with estrogen and the dose of the medication affects endometrial development. Some clinics will use a combination of two of the above estrogen products in women who have a uterine lining that is slow to thicken. Vaginally administered estradiol and progesterone are absorbed well and lead to high endometrial levels of hormone.

Is it O.K. to combine the estrogen and progesterone shots into one syringe?

According to a pharmacist who is the director of a large national pharmacy, it may not be the best idea to mix the two products. The volume of the estrogen preparation is very small and you may have up to a 10% loss with any injection. This could result in a lower amount of estrogen injected than prescribed. However, there is no problem with mixing the preservatives of the two products, as long as you're injecting them right away.

What are typical hCG levels in early pregnancy?

Most women with a normal pregnancy will have an hCG titer greater than 50 if drawn 14 days after the egg collection. However, I’ve occasionally seen successful pregnancies when the initial hCG level has been less than this. From two weeks to four weeks after the retrieval, the hCG level should approximately double every two days. This expected rise in hCG slows when the titer is greater than 10,000. A recent medical study showed that the slowest or minimal rise for a normal viable intrauterine pregnancy was 53% over a two day period. A blood level may vary depending upon the equipment and laboratory assay method being used, so it is best to have your hCG blood tests drawn in the same lab.

Are there foods I should eat or avoid during my DE cycle?

Eating whole grains, beans, vegetables and whole fruits, all of which are good sources of slowly digested carbohydrates and fiber, helps prevent gestational diabetes, a common and worrisome problem for pregnant women and their babies. Minimize trans fats, the artery-clogging fats found in many commercial products and fast foods that increase insulin sensitivity. Eat more protein from plants and less from animals. Avoid fish like tuna and swordfish that are high in mercury. Download: Smart Shopper's Fish Picks from The Green Guide

Should I avoid cold food and drinks – Is this a myth or is this possibly true? (My acupuncturist thinks cold food or drinks will cause a miscarriage – does this mean no more ice cream?)

According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) principles, “Cold in the Uterus” can make the uterus weak and affect embryo implantation and its subsequent nourishment by the mother’s body. To prevent cold invasion, TCM practitioners may recommend that women take care not to consume cold drinks or cold food during the menses. Cold foods are raw fruit and vegetables. Vegetarians are advised to balance consumption of Cold foods with warming soups, teas and high quality protein. “I suspect that your RE would be glad to give you permission to have a scoop of Haagen Dazs every once in a while as long as you agree to eat your green beans and take your folic acid daily.” - Dr. Hesla

TCM practitioners may recommend consumption of warming meats or meat broth during menses to those who can eat meat, fish or fowl. These TCM principles have not been studied for their scientific validity using methods of statistical analysis of data.

Do you have any advice for surviving bed rest?

Although there is a wide range of opinions on what activities (or lack thereof) are most likely to promote embryo implantation after transfer, most clinics recommend that patients take it easy for the first day after the embryos are placed inside the uterus. Please follow the advice of your doctor for your particular situation.

For bedrest:

Good movies - not ones that make you cry, but keep you entertained.
Good book that you've been wanting to read; but haven't gotten a chance to.
Eat bon bons (not really).
Have a healthy diet planned.
Visitors can be nice if they are uplifting.
Resist the internet if possible.
Listen to music that you find pleasurable.
Ask for help – Your partner or support person can assist you during bed rest.



Consider Dr. Alice Domar’s “The Relaxation Experience” CD or tape.

Suggestions to minimize injection soreness?


For all, using warm moist heat and massage after the injection helps the most. Make sure the injection actually gets into the muscle - injections that aren't given in the muscle but in the subcutaneous tissue can cause more irritation. Some like to use ice before the injection to ease the discomfort. Walking around after the injection helps distribute the medication (promotes blood flow).

Typical side effects of PIO (Progesterone In Oil)?

Side effects can in include localized pain, itching, and redness at the injection site, a “lumpy” sensation under the skin, and a generalized rash. Additional effects that may occur include breast tenderness, headache, bloating, fatigue, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Patients who experience an allergic reaction that may be characterized as difficulty breathing, closing of the throat, swelling of the lips, tongue or face, or hives should seek emergency medical attention immediately. Such reactions are very rare.

What’s an HSG and the purpose behind it?

An HSG, or hysterosalpingogram, is a radiologic test that evaluates the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes. A small catheter is inserted into the uterus during a speculum exam, and clear liquid is injected to fill the cavity and the tubes. Several x-ray images are taken to document the findings.

Recipient women may undergo this screening study before their treatment cycle to ensure that there are no abnormalities of the cavity, such as a submucosal fibroid, large polyp, or uterine septum that would affect the chance of the embryo implanting and growing well. If the HSG identifies a dilated, distally occluded fallopian tube (called a hydrosalpinx), the RE will usually recommend that the damaged tube be removed or proximally ligated (to tie or bind with a ligature or suture.) by laparoscopy before proceeding with IVF. A hydrosalpinx that is not ligated can leak tubal fluid into the uterine cavity, and this may impair the implantation of the embryo.

What are some of the common tests will I need before my DE cycle?

Studies that are commonly performed before donor egg IVF include a semen analysis, uterine cavity evaluation by hysterosalpingogram, hysteroscopy, or sonohysterogram, “mock” or “trial” embryo transfer (to make sure that the soft embryo transfer catheter passes easily through the cervical canal into the uterine cavity), and infectious disease testing. Also, many patients are asked to undergo a “mock” medication cycle, where the woman uses estrogen for two weeks to stimulate endometrial growth, and then an ultrasound study is performed to confirm appropriate endometrial thickness. The mock cycle aids in tailoring the medication protocol to meet the needs of the individual patient and her uterus. Another aspect of preparing for egg donation is a counseling session with a therapist who specializes in egg donation and parenting following egg donation.

What is a mock cycle?

See above.

Why does my RE measure my progesterone and E2 levels during the cycle and early pregnancy? What do the numbers mean? Does an increase or decrease in dosage mean something is wrong?



Women who conceive through egg donation take estrogen and progesterone to support the pregnancy. Since the recipient women have not ovulated during the treatment cycle, their ovaries are not making these hormones during the first few weeks. This support is critical until the placenta has grown enough to make these essential hormones. Programs may adjust the dose of hormonal medications in order to keep the woman’s blood levels of estradiol and progesterone in a certain therapeutic range. An increase does not usually mean that there is a problem that will lower the chance of pregnancy, and the medication doses may be decreased in a pregnant patient because the placenta is beginning to contribute to the total body pool of these hormones.

Why do I need Lupron if I have POF (Premature Ovarian Failure) or am menopausal?

Lupron suppresses the body’s production of estrogen and progesterone. Women who are still having menstrual cycles are usually treated with Lupron, even if they have high FSH levels, because an unwanted rise in progesterone or sudden drop in estrogen production by the ovary may adversely affect endometrial development and make the uterus less receptive for the embryo to implant. Women who are postmenopausal (high FSH levels and no spontaneous menstruation) do not need to take Lupron, since their estrogen and progesterone levels are consistently low.

What are the pro’s and con’s of PGD (Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis)?

There are no substantive data at this time to indicate that routine performance of embryo biopsy for chromosomal analysis increases the chance of a live birth in a donor egg cycle, unless there is a known chromosomal abnormality (e.g. a translocation) of the man providing the sperm or the woman providing the egg. The latter is very rare. Embryo biopsy carries a small risk of damaging the embryo and reducing its viability, and the procedure may be quite expensive. It is sometimes performed by clinics when patients desire sex identification for family balancing.

What is FSH and what do my FSH levels mean?

FSH is follicle stimulating hormone. This is the hormone that is released by the pituitary gland to stimulate the growth of the follicle, which is a cyst in which the egg develops. Women with markedly elevated FSH levels have fewer eggs and usually have poor egg quality.

What is triple stripe or triple pattern?

A triple stripe pattern of the endometrium is frequently seen on ultrasound studies as the lining matures. The middle stripe is the innerface of the two walls of the endometrium, and the outer stripes are the interfaces between the endometrium and myometrium (muscle layer of the uterus).

Tell me what's important about my lining and its thickness during a donor cycle?

Most women develop a lining thicker than 7 mm by the time of the egg collection. A significiantly thinner lining than this may be associated with an alteration of endometrial architecture that may affect implantation. Nevertheless, normal pregnancies have occurred in women whose endometrial thickness was only 4 mm.

How about acupuncture? How does that factor in with a donor cycle?

The small medical studies that have been performed to assess the relative efficacy of acupuncture have yielded mixed findings. Some have suggested a benefit if performed on the day of embryo transfer, whereas others have demonstrated no improvement in outcome. Any positive effect of acupuncture for donor egg recipients may be related to potential changes in uterine blood flow and motility and stress reduction. Many women find acupuncture to be very enjoyable.

Settle the age old debate please: "What's the deal with bed rest? Some clinics recommend it, others don't"?

You should follow the recommendations of your treating clinic, and not try to fret about this. A little rest is good for all of us!

What's more effective: PIO, Progesterone suppositories, Progesterone Gel, or Oral Progesterone?

All of these may be used in a donor egg IVF cycle. Oral progesterone is metabolized by the gastrointestinal system and its relative uterine levels may be much lower than other products. As a result, oral progesterone is not commonly used as a primary route of progesterone support during treatment. Since the recipient woman has not ovulated during her treatment cycle, her ovary does not make any progesterone to support an early pregnancy. The progesterone medications are critically important in promoting development during the first 9 weeks, when the placenta can take over the role.

Why do different clinics have different protocols?

Think of your RE as a chef. Every chef likes his/her own personal recipes, which have been influenced by the places where he/she received training. There are many good recipes for different meals, just as there are many effective approaches to prescribing fertility drugs. All protocols should be tailored to the individual woman’s unique needs and her body’s responses to the medications.

What is a blastocyst?

The blastocyst is an advanced embryo at Day 5-7 of development that consists of two primary cell lines, the inner cell mass, also known as the "embryoblast", and the trophoblast. The inner cell mass gives rise to all later structures of the adult organism. The trophoblast cells combine with the maternal endometrium to form the placenta.

What does 2pn mean?

It means that the egg has fertilized normally. The embryologist looks for the sign of this approximately 18 hours after insemination. One pronucleus containes the genetic material from the nucleus of the sperm, and the second one if from the egg. When the two fuse, the chromosomes combine to form a single “diploid” nucleus.

What is vitrification?

Vitrification is the process whereby the solution containing the embryos is cooled so quickly that the structure of the water molecules doesn’t have time to form ice crystals and instantaneously solidifies into a glass-like structure. It is an exciting new technique to “flash freeze” embryos and eggs and minimize the damage caused by freezing and thawing of cells.

Caffeine during a cycle - bad or good?

Best to avoid if at all possible. Certainly, coffee consumption should be less than one cup per day. Consider water-processed decaf or, better yet, soothing herbal teas or juices.

Alcohol during a cycle - bad or good?

Need you ask? All tobacco products are a no-no, too, for women and their partners.
When do the shots typically stop?This depends upon the individual patient and the program’s treatment protocols. Some women can be managed with vaginal, oral and/or transdermal products without bleeding or other complications.

When do the shots typically stop?

This depends upon the individual patient and the program’s treatment protocols. Some women can be managed with vaginal, oral and/or transdermal products without bleeding or other complications.

What is a subchorionic Hemorrhage?

A hematoma (pool of blood) that forms from a localized separation of the trophoblast (placenta) from the uterine wall.

What is a tear in the placenta?

A subchorionic hemorrhage.
Why is bleeding more common with DE IVF pregnancies?

No one knows for sure. It may be due to alterations in the structure of early developing placenta as compared to spontaneous conceptions.

How can I increase my uterine lining?

Some physicians will prescribe longer course of estrogen, higher doses of estrogen, supplemental vaginal estrogen in addition to another form of the product (oral, injection, patch). Some physicians recommend other approaches, such as a low dose of aspirin or administration of vaginal Viagra, although there is controversy regarding the relative efficacy of these latter therapies.

What is the purpose of flaxseed oil in a DE cycle?

Flaxseed is a rich source of alpha-linoleic acid, a plant source of omega-3 fatty acids. These types of fatty acids are constituents of the membranes of all cells in the body and are precursors of locally produced hormones, eicosanoids, which are important in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. An increased prostacyclin/thromboxane ratio induced by omega-3 fatty acid may theoretically facilitate pregnancy by increasing uterine blood flow. Supplementation with omega-3 FA during pregnancy lowers the risk of premature birth and can increase the length of pregnancy and birth weight by altering the balance of eicosanoids involved in labor and promote fetal growth by improving placental blood flow.

However, a recent laboratory study of mouse embryos showed that very high maternal dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid exposure periconception reduced normal embryo development and was associated with perturbed mitochondrial metabolism. Whether this has any clinical correlations in humans is unknown, since there are little data to assess a dose-response effect in intake of these substances.

Does pineapple really help with implantation?

My Google search has listed internet references that state that “Pineapple contains bromelain. Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme that breaks up proteins that inhibit embryo implantation.” However, I have not come across any medical studies that validate this hypothesis. Bromelain is digested by the GI system, and its metabolites may not affect the endometrium. I have done an extensive Medline computer literature search that references all articles published in major allopathic medical and scientific journals over the past 4 decades, and I could not find a single research study that supports this concept. My recommendation is that you eat pineapple only if you enjoy it.

Will Lupron cause me to have cancer later in life?

No.

How do immune issues play a role in IVF and implantation?

Implantation is an inflammatory reaction, and the immune system is involved with this process, as well as the complex mechanisms that prevent rejection of the embryo and fetus as tissue that is foreign to the mother.

What is IVIG?

Intravenous immunoglobulin. This is a controversial and expensive therapy that has been proposed for women with a history of recurrent miscarriages or recurrent implantation failures. The Practice Committee of the ASRM issued a statement in 2006 indicating that IVIG should be considered an experimental treatment for the management of recurrent pregnancy loss.

Can stress prevent implantation?

Excessive stress adversely affects many aspects of our general health, and stress reduction techniques appear to enhance the chance of conception.

What is hCG?

hCG is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein produced in pregnancy that is made by the embryo before implantation and later by the syncytiotrophoblast (cells that are part of the placenta). It is made to stimulate progesterone and estrogen production by the corpus luteum of the ovary. It also may promote the immune tolerance of the pregnancy.

What is a Beta test? Why is it called a Beta test, and what does it mean?

“Beta” refers to a unique carbohydrate and amino acid subunit of the HCG molecule. This is the part of the HCG structure that has been targeted and measured in immunological assays performed to determine whether a woman is pregnant. HCG is produced by the placenta after implantation and is measurable in the blood.

Why am I always 2 weeks farther along in pregnancy than I really am?

Pregnancies have been traditionally dated based upon the first day of the woman’s last menstrual period in the month in which she conceived, rather than the date that ovulation occurred. The OB wheel that your obstetrician uses to date your pregnancy assumes that your last menstrual period began 14 days before the eggs were retrieved and fertilized.

What is a good healthy heart rate for initial pregnancy?

It may be 100 beats per minute at 6 weeks, over 110 beats per minute at 6 ½ weeks, and over 150 beats per minute at 9 or more weeks of gestation. These numbers assume an average growth rate and accurate pregnancy dating.

What is a good healthy beta for a 3 day embryo transfer, how about a 5 day blast transfer?
A good titer would be over 50 when measured 11 days after a 3-day transfer and 9 days after a 5-day transfer. Often, the level is over 100 on these dates. However, normal pregnancies can occur with lower initial levels than these, and having a level over 50-100 does not guarantee a normal pregnancy.

John S. Hesla, MD, joined Oregon Reproductive Medicine (formerly Portland Center for Reproductive Medicine) in May of 1999. He is a board-certified reproductive endocrinologist who specializes in the treatment and care of patients with endocrine and infertility issues. Prior to joining this practice Dr. Hesla was the director of in vitro fertilization and head of the reproductive surgery program at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. In 1993, Dr. Hesla founded and created the in vitro fertilization program at Emory University in Atlanta. More recently, he was the co-director of the successful in vitro fertilization program at the Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine. Dr. Hesla has a medical degree from the Oregon Health Sciences University School of Medicine, and a bachelor degree from Harvard University where he graduated magna cum laude. Additionally, Dr. Hesla completed an obstetrics and gynecology residency at University of California at Los Angeles and fellowship in reproductive endocrinology and infertility from Johns Hopkins University and is nationally recognized for his care and treatment of infertility through his innovative methods of assisting couples achieve pregnancy.

**The information contained on this FAQ is for educational purposes only and is not meant to provide or address any specific diagnosis or treatment plan. Any information found on this website is general in nature and should not be substituted for specific medical advice provided by the appropriate health care professional. The use of any information found on this website should be discussed your health care professional before being inserted into your treatment plan.

You understand that your use of this website is at your own risk and that PVED, its affiliates, sponsors or contributors assume no liability for any damages arising directly or indirectly from any information provided herein.

NYT Article: Parents Torn Over Fate of Frozen Embryos

December 4, 2008By DENISE GRADYFor nearly 15 years, Kim and Walt Best have been paying about $200 ayear to keep nine embryos stored in a freezer at a fertility clinic atDuke University — embryos that they no longer need, because they arefinished having children but that Ms. Best cannot bear to destroy,donate for research or give away to another couple.

The embryos were created by in vitro fertilization, which gave the Bestsa set of twins, now 14 years old.

Although the couple, who live in Brentwood, Tenn., have known for years that they wanted no more children, deciding what to do with the extra embryos has been a dilemma. He would have them discarded; she cannot.

"There is no easy answer," said Ms. Best, a nurse. "I Can't look at my twins and not wonder sometimes what the other nine would be like. I will keep them frozen for now. I will search in my heart."

At least 400,000 embryos are frozen at clinics around the country, with more being added every day, and many people who are done having children are finding it harder than they had ever expected to decide the fate of those embryos.

A new survey of 1,020 fertility patients at nine clinics reveals more than a little discontent with the most common options offered by the clinics. The survey, in which Ms. Best took part, is being published on Thursday in the journal Fertility and Sterility.Among patients who wanted no more children, 53 percent did not want to donate their embryos to other couples, mostly because they did not want someone else bringing up their children, or did not want their own children to worry about encountering an unknown sibling someday.Forty-three percent did not want the embryos discarded. About 66 percent said they would be likely to donate the embryos for research, but that option was available at only four of the nine clinics in the survey.Twenty percent said they were likely to keep the embryos frozen forever.

Embryos can remain viable for a decade or more if they are frozen properly but not all of them survive when they are thawed.Smaller numbers of patients wished for solutions that typically are not offered. Among them were holding a small ceremony during the thawing and disposal of the embryos, or having them placed in the woman's body at a time in her cycle when she would probably not become pregnant, so that they would die naturally.

The message from the survey is that patients need more information,earlier in the in vitro process, to let them know that frozen embryos may result and that deciding what to do with them in the future "maybe difficult in ways you don't anticipate," said Dr. Anne Drapkin Lyerly, the first author of the study and a bio ethicist and associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Duke University.Dr. Lyerly also said discussions about the embryos should be"revisited, and not happen just at the time of embryo freezing,because people's goals and their way of thinking about embryos change as time passes and they go through infertility treatment."Many couples are so desperate to have a child that when eggs are fertilized in the clinic, they want to create as many embryos as possible, to maximize their chances, Dr. Lyerly said.

At that time, the notion that there could be too many embryos may seem unimaginable. (In Italy, fertility clinics are not allowed to create more embryos than can be implanted in the uterus at one time, specifically to avoid the ethical quandary posed by frozen embryos.)

In a previous study by Dr. Lyerly, women expressed wide-ranging views about embryos: one called them "just another laboratory specimen," but another said a freezer full of embryos was "like an orphanage."Dr. Mark V. Sauer, the director of the Center for Women's Reproductive Care at Columbia University Medical Center in Manhattan,said: "It's a huge issue. And the wife and husband may not be on the same page."Some people pay storage fees for years and years, Dr. Sauer said. Others stop paying and disappear, leaving the clinic to decide whether to maintain the embryos free or to get rid of them."They would rather have you pull the trigger on the embryos,"Dr. Sauer said. "It's like, `I don't want another baby,but I don't have it in me; I have too much guilt to tell you what to do, to have them discarded.' "

A few patients have asked that extra embryos be given to them, and he cooperates, Dr. Sauer said, adding, "I don't know if they take them home and bury them."Federal and state regulations have made it increasingly difficult for those who want to donate to other couples, requiring that donors comeback to the clinic to be screened for infectious diseases, sometimes at their own expense, Dr. Sauer said."It's partly reflected in the attitude of the clinics," he said, explaining that he does not even suggest that people give embryos to other couples anymore, whereas 10 years ago many patients did donate.

Ms. Best said her nine embryos "have the potential to become beautiful people."The thought of giving them up for research "conjures all sorts of horrors, from Frankenstein to the Holocaust," she said, adding that destroying them would be preferable.Her teenage daughter favors letting another couple adopt the embryos,but, Ms. Best said, she would worry too much about "what kind of parents they were with, what kind of life they had."

Another survey participant, Lynnelle Fowler McDonald, a case manager fora nonprofit social service agency in Durham, N.C., has one embryo frozen at Duke, all that is left of three failed efforts at the fertility clinic.Given the physical and emotional stress, and the expense of in vitro fertilization, Ms. McDonald said she did not know whether she and her husband could go through it again. But to get rid of that last embryo would be final; it would mean they were giving up."There is still, in the back of my mind, this hope," she said.

At the Genetics and IVF Institute in Fairfax, Va., Andrew Dorfmann, the chief embryologist, said many patients were genuinely torn about what to do with extra embryos, and that a few had asked to be present to say a prayer when their embryos were thawed and destroyed.

Jacqueline Betancourt, a marketing analyst with a software company who took part in the survey, said she and her husband donated their embryo sat Duke "to science, whatever that means." It was important to them that the embryos were not just going to be discarded without any use being made of them.Ms. Betancourt, who has two sons, said: "We didn't ask many questions. We were just comfortable with the idea that they weren't going to be destroyed. We didn't see the point in destroying something that could be useful to science, to other people, to helping other people."Ms. Betancourt said she wished there had been more discussion about the extra embryos early in the process. If she had known more, she said, she might have considered creating fewer embryos in the first place.

Another chance for the infertile

"Embryo adoption" services touch on some controversial issues, starting with their name....
SEATTLE - The day the frozen embryo arrived via FedEx was the day Maria Lancaster began experiencing firsthand what she said she had always believed: that human life begins at conception.
Lancaster was 46 and, after three miscarriages, she and her husband, Jeff, longed for a child. One day, they heard about "embryo adoptions," in which couples who have gone through in-vitro fertilization donate any leftover embryos to infertile couples. Several months of soul-searching later, they received a frozen embryo from a North Carolina clinic - cells that were thawed and implanted in Lancaster's womb.
Now Lancaster looks at her 5-year-old daughter, Elisha - lively and precocious - and thinks: miracle. "It was a demonstration to us that every embryo is a complete, unique and total human being in its tiniest form," Lancaster said.
Last month, Lancaster launched an "embryo adoption" service through Cedar Park Assembly of God Church in Bothell. The service aims to match couples who want to donate embryos with those who want to receive them.
It's one of only a few such services nationwide and, as far as Lancaster knows, the only one run by a church, though many such services are Christian-based.
While the practice of donating embryos to infertile couples is, in itself, not particularly controversial, the question of what's to be done with an estimated 400,000 frozen embryos in storage nationwide touches on some of the most controversial issues of the day, from abortion to stem-cell research.
The stored embryos are the result of fertility treatments. When a couple undergoes in-vitro fertilization, the doctor retrieves a woman's eggs and mixes them with sperm in a lab. If embryos result, a certain number are transferred to the woman's uterus and any extra ones are frozen for future use.
But often, especially once a couple has children, the additional embryos are no longer needed. The couple can then donate them to other infertile couples, give them away for research purposes, discard them, or pay to keep them in storage.
Those who support research using stem cells derived from embryos see in it hope for cures for diseases that afflict millions, such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and diabetes. Others believe such research is wrong.
Maria Lancaster, president of a ship-supply company, acknowledges that when she first heard about embryo transfers, "the thought of putting someone else's kid in your body" seemed strange.
For her, seeing Elisha come into being from two cells that had been frozen for four years before being implanted in her womb gave form to the words from the Bible, where God says: "Before I formed you in the womb I knew you."
Though brochures for Embryo Adoption Services of Cedar Park clearly come out against embryonic stem-cell research, Lancaster sees her work as noncontroversial, saying it gives infertile couples the gift of a child and embryos currently stored in freezers a chance at life.
Sean Tipton, spokesman for the 8,500-member American Society of Reproductive Medicine, says his group supports embryo donation as one of several options open to in-vitro patients.
What he objects to is the term "embryo adoption," saying it is used by groups that "want to elevate the moral status of the embryo to be the equivalent of an existing child."
Scientifically speaking, that's simply flawed thinking, he says, explaining that in natural conceptions, only 25 percent of fertilized eggs develop into babies.
Embryo transfers themselves are often unsuccessful, since many embryos don't survive the freezing-and-thawing process. And even after an embryo has been implanted, the pregnancy rate is not high.
Equating a fertilized egg with a living child would mean "you can't allow freezing of these embryos for later use [because] we don't freeze babies," and you can't allow abortions or some forms of contraception such as IUDs, Tipton said.
"I think in most people's minds there's a difference between a fertilized egg and a baby," said Karen Cooper, executive director of NARAL Pro-Choice Washington. Calling embryo donations "adoptions" is a "political stunt, appealing on emotions," she said.
In any case, given the 400,000 frozen embryos in storage, the number of embryo transfers has been small. Tipton thinks that's because potential donors are uncomfortable with the idea of one of their genetic children being raised by someone else, and those who go to fertility clinics do so wanting to have their own child.
Indeed, Nightlight Christian Adoptions, which runs one of the largest "embryo-adoption" services in the country, says its program has resulted in 194 births over the last decade. Another large program, the five-year-old National Embryo Donation Center, has logged nearly 100.