History of Papua New Guineas

New Guinea was one of the first landmasses after Africa and Eurasia to be populated by modern humans , with first migration at approximately the same time as Australia.Agriculture was independently developed in the New Guinea highlands but more recently , some 300 years ago, the sweet potato entered New Guinea being introduced from South America by the locally dominant colonial power, Portugal.Its higher crops radically changed the traditional agricultural products.Although now almost entirely eradicated , in the past headhunting and cannibalism occurred in many parts of what is now Papua New Guinea.By the early 1950s through administration and mission presures, open cannibalism in Papua New Guinea had almost entirely ceased. The word "papua" comes from Malay and New Guinea from the resemblance of the inhabitants with that of Guinea coast of Africa.
   The first European arrived in New Guinea were probably the Portuguese and Spanish navigators in the 16th century.With Europe's growing need for coconut oil Godeffroy's of Humburg, the largest trading firm  in the Pacific , began trading for copra in the New Guinea Islands. In 1884 Germany formally took the possession of the north east quarter of the Island and put its administration in the hands of a Chartered Company. In 1899, the German imperial govt assumed direct control of the territory, Thereafter known as German New Guinea. In 1914, Australian troops occupied German New Guinea , and renamed under Australian military control.  Until 1921, The British Government, on behalf of the commonwealth of Australia, assumed a mandate from the League of Nations for governing the territory of New Guinea in 1920. It was administered under this mandate until the Japanese invasion in Dec 1941 brought about the suspension of Australian civil administration. Following the surrender of the Japanese in 1945, civil administration of Papua as well as New Guinea was restored, and under the Papua New Guinea Provisional Administration act, 1945-46, Papua and New Guinea were combined in an administrative union.
The New Guinea  campaign (1942-1945) was one of the major military campaigns of   World War II. Approximately 216,000 Japanese , Australian and American soldiers, sailors, and airmen died during the New Guinea Campaign. The two territories were combined into the territory of Papua and New Guinea after WW II, which later was simply referred to as "Papua New Guinea.." The administration of Papua became open to United Nations oversight.
A secessionist revolt in 1975-76 on Bougaiville island resulted in an eleventh hour modification of the draft constitution of Papua New Guinea to allow for Bougainville and the other eighteen districts of pre-independence Papua New Guinea to have qusifederal status as provinces. The revolt recurred and claimed 20,000 lives from 1988 until it was resolved in 1997.Autonomous Bougainville elected Joseph Kabul as President but he was succeeded by John Tabinaman. He remained leader until the next election in2008 with Jsmes Tanis as winner.

Rivers of Papua New Guinea

The large wetland areas surrounding the Sepik and Fly rivers.This terrain has made it difficult for the country to develop transportation infrastructure. In some areas, airplanes are the only mode of transport Looking at a map of Island of Papua New Guinea , among many interesting items to be seen, is a river. The fly river , curious name, but not hard to believe for this part of the world  As it turns out , it is named "Fly" for a different reason. The Fly is a major river of the island. It flows through Papua New Guinea almost entirely except for a short stretch where it forms part of the border with Indonesia's Iryan Jaya.That shows up as that little bend along the normally straight north south boundary.The fly originates in high in the central mountains, in the Victor Emanuel Range, which was produced by folding and thrust faulting alongthe northern edge of the Australian plate. The Fly is the world's 23 largest river. There is little economic activity save for a few coconut plantations and crocodiles hunt.On the Oktedi and Strickland , tributaries of the fly, are copper and gold mining operations .The Fly was  not named for a pesky insect-- it was named for a ship Crocodile Farming in Papua New Guinea :     
Hunting was a major occupation and was unrestricted.Some Australians and Europeans made fortunes by shooting thousands of crocodiles a year to make shoes and hand bags in Europe and North America. The Sepik region is an immense grassland reserve, surrounded by one of the World's greatest rivers which runs 1,126 kms from the origin in the mountains to the sea.The people along the river depend heavily on it for transportation , water and food.Their national links with the Sepik River are symbolized in many of their ancient and spiritual rituals, such as the manhood initiation.This requires painful carving of flesh on the backs of young men with razor blades.Patterns are that of a crocodile lying on the banks of the river.

Geography of Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea is the world's 54th largest country. the country's geography is diverse

and in places extremely rugged.A spine of mountains, the New Guinea High Lands runs the length of the island of New Guinea, forming a populous highlands region mostly covered with tropical rain forests.Dense rainforest can be found in the lowland and coastal areas as well as very large wet land areas surrounding the Sepik and fly rivers. This terrain has made it difficult, for the country to develop trnsportation infrastructure . In some areas, airplanes are the only mode of transport. The highest peak is Mount Wilhelm at 4,509 metres Papua New Guinea is surrounded by coral reefs which are under close watch to preserve them.

The country is situated in the Pacific Ring of fire, at the point of collision of several tectonic plates . There are a number of active volcanoes, and eruptions are frequent. arthquakes are relatively common, sometimes accompanied by tsunamis.The main land of the country is the eastern half of the New Guinea island, where the largest towns are also located , including the capital Port Morseby and Lae.Papua New Guinea is one of the few regions close to the equator that experience snowfall , which occurs in the most elevated parts of the mainland.  

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Papua New Guinea, rank

Papua New Guinea (PNG) officially  the Independent State of Papua New Guinea is a country in Oceania ,occupying the eastern half of the Island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and west Papua.) It is located in the southwestern part of pacific ocean , in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.It is one of the most diverse country in the world with 850 indegenous languages.Papua New Guinea has its rank in the measurement of National Average per capita Income using Atlas method est.2003 is 162th. from the top and 44th from the bottom.and in the other measurement IMF (2007), WB (2007) and CIA(2008) Rank/est............rank/est..........................rank/estIMF.........................WB.........................................CIA130/991.............127/990......................................133/1,034rank/est....................rank/est...................................rank/est

Human Resources of Zimbabwe

Cuisine : Raw Boerewors a favourite meal of Zimbabwe; Zimbabwe has different cultureswhich may include beliefs and cetemonies, one of them being Shona. Zimbabwe's largest ethnic group is Shona.The Shona people have many sculptures and carvings of golds which are made with the finest materials available.Zimbabwe first celebrated its independence on 18 April 1980. Education: . Zimbabwe had an adut literacy rate of approximately 90% which use to be amongst the highest in Africa. In 2010, UNDP literacy rate climbed to 92 %. 

Demographics

Tha population of Zimbabwe has grown during 20th century in accordance with the model of a developing counrywith high birth rates and falling death rates, resulting in relatively high population growth. But there had been a jump in death rates from10 per 1000 in 1985 to 25 per 1000 in 2002/2003. Thje high death rate was due nto to AIDS. Becaue of the high number of immigrants the death tolls from AIDS  might decline the total population.Black ethnic groups make up 98.5%of the population. The majority people Sona  According WHO the life expectancy in case of male is 37 and in the case of female is 34. The main speakingb language is Sona abut 50 %and Ndebele 10% and Kalanga 25%.. 62 % of Zimbabwean aattend christian churches..Infant mortality rate : male-33.44 per 1000 and female -28.29 in 1000 as per 2010 estimates.  

Economy

The economy of Zimbabwehas shrunk significantly from economic mismanagement after 2000, resulting in a desperate situation for the country and widespread poverty from among others 94% unemployment . The participation from 1998 to 2002 in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo set the stage for this deterioration by draining the country for hundreds of millions of dollars. Hyperinflation has been a major problem from about 2003 to April 2009, when the country suspended its own country. The economy deteriorated from one of Afric's strongest economies to the world's worst. Since  2000 the Zimbabwean Govt. has taten most of the farmland previously used by commercial farmers (mostly white)and reallocated it in a corrupt way to politicians from the reigning party ZANU_PF, military leaders or leaders in the police forces. These persons were usually inexperienced or uninterested in farming , resulting in a catastropic reduction in agricultural out put. Govt. spending is 97% of GDP . It has partly been financd by printing money, which has led to hyperinflationLabor market is highly regulated , hiring a worker is difficult and unemployment has risen to 94 % (at the endof 2008, the figure was 80% in 2005.  .