1942 - Remembering 15 February
By: Derek Liew
The date 15 February holds a special significance in Singapore's history. It was on this date 70 years ago that Singapore, then under British rule, fell to the Japanese. This day not only marks the Fall of Singapore and commemorates those who died during those tumultuous years, but is also designated as Total Defence Day, a day to remind all Singaporeans of the need to be self-reliant in the defence of our country.
After landing in northern Malaya and southern Thailand on 8 December 1941, it took the Japanese 25th Army under General Tomoyuki Yamashita only two months to sweep down the length of Malaya and reach Johore Bahru, forcing the British, under General Arthur Percival, to retreat all the way to Singapore. On 8 February, the Japanese crossed the narrow Straits of Johore into Kranji and Sarimbun, beginning their invasion of Singapore. For the next seven days, the British put up stiff resistance but were no match for the Japanese. They were steadily pushed back to the city perimeters, losing control of the reservoirs along the way. On the morning of 15 February, the beleaguered General Percival consulted his senior officers on the best course of action. The consensus was to surrender. That very afternoon, General Percival led a delegation to the Ford Factory and around 6.10pm, the surrender documents were signed, signalling the start of the Japanese Occupation.
During the three and a half years of Japanese Occupation, both combatants and civilians suffered greatly. Most of the prisoners-of-war were incarcerated in the Changi area, with many sent to work on the Death Railway in Thailand. The civilians were not spared from the brutalities of war too, as they had to endure the Sook Ching Operation in the early days of the occupation, live through constant shortages of food and were deprived of the most basic human right - freedom. Salvation came on 12 September 1945, when the Japanese formally surrendered to Lord Louis Mountbatten at the City Hall. From then on, 15 February was used to commemorate the Fall of Singapore and those who died during those times.
In remembering this day, it is important to understand the lessons that war impart to us. Firstly, to prevent such scenarios happening to Singapore again, we must never take our defence for granted. Secondly, war does not just affect the combatants who fought but also the civilians of the defeated country. Lastly, the defence of the country does not rest solely on the shoulders of the military but is also dependant on the efforts of its citizens, particularly in Singapore's context, where the armed forces is largely based on National Service.
In view of the historical significance of 15 February, Total Defence Day is also held on this day to remind and educate Singaporeans of the roles that they can play in contributing to the peace and security of Singapore. Total Defence was introduced in 1984, in line with similar concepts in Switzerland and Sweden. The concept of Total Defence is that the defence of Singapore is not just the military's responsibility, but also that of the citizens'. This defence can be enhanced with the active participation of all Singaporeans through five aspects - Civil Defence, Psychological Defence, Military Defence, Economic Defence and Social Defence. It is through the concerted efforts of the SAF, other government agencies and every Singaporean that we can have a total defence against any threat, military or non-military.