New Understanding of How We Remember Traumatic Events In this article it is discussed that long-term memory can stay in your memory with strong emotions like fear, love and rage. Experiencing a traumatic event makes our memory of that event stick with us. During the study of the amygdala, Queensland Brain institute have discovered a cellular mechanism that forms emotional memories, which occurs with the presence of stress hormone. Dr. Luis Faber and his colleagues showed how noradrenalin affect the amygdala by controlling chemical and electrical pathways in the brain responsible for chemical formation. His discoveries can contribute to the formation of new treatments for anxiety disorder or post-traumatic disorder. "ScienceDaily 29 October 2008. 27 October 2010 /releases/2008/10/081028103111.htm>." Some Short-term Memories Die Suddenly, No fading New research has shown that we can retain memory of an object’s color or shape for at least four seconds. After that the memory remains quite accurate until it suddenly disappears. A test regarding the accuracy of short-term visual memory was performed by Weiwei Zhang and Steve Luck. The test measured two things, the accuracy of short-term memory and the probability that the memory still existed. The first experiment consisted of having 3 squares, each with different colors, after one four or 10 seconds the entire spectrum of color was provided. Then the three squares reappear, only this time they are colorless and one of them is highlighted. The subjects are asked to recall the color of the highlighted square and select the color on the spectrum of color that mostly matched. The second experiment was the same only that it was done with shapes. When the subjects retained the color they clicked very close into the wheel of color, the distance between the selected color and the actual color determined the accuracy of the memory. When color had disappeared from memory the people selected random colors. The findings demonstrated that memory does not start degrading it just simply fades. This might help in everyday life since it helps us avoid the confusion of making decisions on weak, inaccurate memories.
"ScienceDaily 30 April 2009. 27 October 2010 /releases/2009/04/090429091806.htm>." The Language of Emotion In this recent findings by Stefano Puntoni and Stijn Van Osselaer argue that consumers find advertisements in their native language connected to more emotions then when the advertisements are in their second language. They studied bilingual and trilingual participants in Europe. They tested different slogans with participants and tested how the message was perceived. This is due to the attachment with the ad and the person’s personal memories and the language context in which those memories were generated. Hearing or reading a word from the ad, unconsciously trigger memories in which the word played a role. This can help companies to advertise their products in the language that belongs to the place they are intended to sell. "Tongues Connect To Consumers' Emotions." ScienceDaily 22 December 2008. 27 October 2010 /releases/2008/12/081215111433.htm>. "
1. The brief storage of information (in memory) brought in through memory
2. Example: When someone is reading to you remember the begging of the sentence to remember the whole sentence.
3. Sensory memory retains what is seen or heard, it retains an exact copy. It only lasts for a few seconds, the information is not processed much at all and it does not remain in sensory memory very long.
Ionic memory: (visual) less the one second
echoic memory: (auditory) less than 4 seconds
4. The capacity of storing a small amount of information in an active readily state for a short period of time.
5. The magic number is 7 plus or minus 2; it argues that working memory can hold up to as much as 7 digits. The experiment was conducted by the cognitive psychologist, George A. Miller.
6. Chunking is a more efficient strategy to store information. In chunking people can organize objects into more familiar units. It separates a set of numbers, and help remembering.
7. The ideal size of chunks for both letters and numbers is 3. This ideal chunk size is shown by Herbert Simon.
8. Encoding allows information o be encoded for it to be recalled as short or long term memory. Visual encoding is the process of encoding images in visual sensory information. Acoustic encoding is the process of encoding information using the auditory sensory such as words and sounds. It is believed that short-term memory mostly relies on acoustic encoding for storing information.
9. The capacity (the amount of memory that may be stored) is unknown, it may be limitless. The brains ability to store information is grater then the world's best computer. The capacity of storing information is very vast the memory can even live with you forever. Duration in long-term memory is said to last for an entire lifetime. (Recent studies have shown that memory can last longer than a lifetime since it can be genetic.)
10. The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory is an explanation of how memory process works. Human memory involves a sequence of three stages sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. Humans feel hear and see a vast amount of things, but only a small amount is remembered.
11. a) One criticism is that Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory suggests that there is nothing between short-term memory and long-term memory. Some evidence shows that intermediate levels of activation are possible.
b) Another limitation is that the model shows that there is only on short-term memory system and long term-term memory system.
c) Another criticism is that it doesn't give too much emphasis to unconscious process.
12. Levels of Processing Model of memory suggests that the level in which we process information determines its place in long term memory and also how well we describe the information. The greater we think about information, the more likely it will be remembered longer.
13. Maintenance rehearsal is the process of rapidly vocalizing or thinking about a pice of information.
Example: Your friend tells you a cell -phone number to memorize for about 30 second in order to give it to him once he is finished with a call he is making, you use maintenance rehearsal to remember the number, this will help you retain the number for more time.
14. Elaborative rehearsal is a memory technique that involves thinking of the meaning of the term to be remembered.
Example: To remember the new guys name you think about something similar and that relates to it.
15. This was developed by Craik and Lockhart in 1972.
Letter:, By. "Elaborative Rehearsal Defined - Psychology Glossary." AlleyDog.com - Psychology Students' Best Friend. Web. 21 Oct. 2010. .
Letter:, By. "Maintenance Rehearsal Defined - Psychology Glossary." AlleyDog.com - Psychology Students' Best Friend. Web. 21 Oct. 2010. .
"S-Cool | Models of Memory." S - Cool Revision - Home. Web. 21 Oct. 2010. .
he presence of stress hormone. Dr. Luis Faber and his colleagues showed how noradrenalin affect the amygdala by controlling chemical and electrical pathways in the brain responsible for chemical formation. His discoveries can contribute to the formation of new treatments for anxiety disorder or post-traumatic disorder.
