Although various mechanisms might reduce the costs of sex, it is still commonly assumed that sex is more costly than asexual reproduction, raising yet another obstacle for the evolution of sex.

The act of reproduction is one of the largest energy investments an animal can make. This investment includes direct cost, the energy directly invested in the offspring themselves, and indirect ...

Two novel hypotheses have been proposed that address the 'two-fold cost of sex': one of the biggest enigmas in the evolution of sexual reproduction. Two novel hypotheses have been proposed that ...

Many important costs are associated with sexual reproduction, in particular: The cost of males (or “2-fold cost of sex”): in many species, males do not provide any resource to the next ...

highlighting the substantial gap between current book values and genuine replacement or reproduction costs. All of this is before the climbing costs of permitting that are incurred for new projects.

In this one to two week field project, students investigate the costs of reproduction. In dioecious plants, a female's investment in reproduction is typically much greater than a male's, because while ...

Higher biomass allocation to reproductive parts and a longer flowering period may explain high costs of reproduction observed in multi-flowered species. "Trade-off is an important issue in ...

Although the breeding pair carries the metabolic cost of reproduction and, in the queen's case, lactation, they live longer than non-breeders and remain fertile throughout their lives. Researchers ...

Their insurance doesn't cover assisted-reproduction costs like IVF treatment, physician fees and medications. Orci said such procedures could cost upwards of $30,000. "We don't have the fortune to ...