Find to three significant digits the charge and the mass of the following particles. Suggestion: Begin by looking up the mass of a neutral atom on the periodic table of the elements in Appendix C. (a) an ionized hydrogen atom, represented as H + (b) a singly ionized sodium atom, Na + (c) a chloride ion Cl − (d) a doubly ionized calcium atom, Ca ++ = Ca 2+ (e) the center of an ammonia molecule, modeled as an N 3− ion (f) quadruply ionized nitrogen atoms, N 4+ , found in plasma in a hot star (g) the nucleus of a nitrogen atom (h) the molecular ion H 2 O −

Question

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1P

Find to three significant digits the charge and the mass of the following particles. Suggestion: Begin by looking up the mass of a neutral atom on the periodic table of the elements in Appendix C. (a) an ionized hydrogen atom, represented as H⁺ (b) a singly ionized sodium atom, Na⁺ (c) a chloride ion Cl⁻ (d) a doubly ionized calcium atom, Ca⁺⁺ = Ca²⁺ (e) the center of an ammonia molecule, modeled as an N³⁻ ion (f) quadruply ionized nitrogen atoms, N⁴⁺, found in plasma in a hot star (g) the nucleus of a nitrogen atom (h) the molecular ion H₂O⁻

(a)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom is +1.60×10−19 C and 1.67×10−27 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The ionized hydrogen atom is H+ . Hydrogen atom has the atomic number one that is equal to the number of electrons and protons that means hydrogen atom consists of one electron and one proton.

When the hydrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron or absorption of electron, in emission process the electron is removed from the atom and in absorption process electron is gained, Hydrogen always forms the positive ion.

The charge is calculated as,

Charge of H+=+e≈1.60×10−19 C

The mass is calculated as,

Mass of H+=Mass of proton=1.67×10−27 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized hydrogen atom is +1.6×10−19 C and mass 1.67×10−27 Kg

(b)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom Na+ upto three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom Na+ is +1.6×10−19 C and 3.82×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

A singly ionized sodium atom is Na+ . As the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,8,1 , there is one electron in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose one electron or gain seven electrons. Seven electrons cannot be gained due to energy considerations. So it will lose one electron by losing the electron the number of electrons decreases compare to the number of protons. Sodium atom always forms the positive ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +e .

The charge of sodium ion is,

Na+=+e=+1.6×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Sodium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of sodium atom that is formed by the loss of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Na+≈mass of Na+≈3.82×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized sodium atom is +1.6×10−19 C and mass is 3.82×10−26 Kg

(c)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom Cl− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom Cl− is −1.6×10−19 C and 5.89×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

A ionized Chlorine atom that is represented is Cl- . Chlorine atom has the atomic number 17 which is equal to the number of electrons and protons that means Chlorine atom consists of 17 electrons and 17 protons. Electrons are revolving in the orbit and proton is residing inside the nucleus

When the Chlorine atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of Chlorine atom is 2,8,7 , there are seven electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to gain one electron or lose seven electrons. Seven electrons cannot lose due to energy considerations. So it will gain one electron by gaining the electron the number of electrons increases compare to the number of protons. Chlorine atom always forms the negative ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is −e .

The charge of Chlorine ion is,

Cl−=−e≈−1.60×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Chlorine atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of chlorine atom which is formed by the gain of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Cl−≈mass of Cl≈5.89×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of ionized Chlorine atom is −1.6×10−19 C and mass 5.89×10−26 Kg .

(d)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom Ca++=Ca2+ up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom Ca++=Ca2+ is +3.20×10−19 C and 6.65×10−26 kg

Explanation of Solution

A doubly ionized Calcium atom is Ca++=Ca2+ . When the Calcium atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,8,8,2 , there is two electron in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose two electron or gain six electrons. Six electrons cannot be gain due to energy considerations. so it will lose two electron by losing the electron the number of electrons decreases compare to the number of protons. Calcium atom always forms the positive ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing two electron so its charge is +2e .

The charge of Calcium ion is,

Ca2+=+2e=2(1.6×10−19 C)≈+3.20×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of H. Calcium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of Calcium atom that is formed by the loss of two electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Ca2+≈mass of Ca≈6.65×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized Chlorine atom is +3.20×10−19 C and mass is 6.66×10−26 Kg .

(e)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule N3− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule N3− is −4.80×10−19 C and 2.33×10−26 kg

Explanation of Solution

The centre of ammonia molecule is N3− . When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there are five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose five electrons or gain three electrons. Five electrons cannot lose as the atom collapse due to the removal of the orbit. So it will gain two electrons by gaining the electron the number of electrons increases compare to the number of protons. Nitrogen atom always forms the negative ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +2e .

The charge of Nitrogen ion is,

N3−=−3e=3(1.6×10−19 C)≈−4.80×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of centre of Ammonia molecule atom which is formed by the gain of three electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N3−≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of centre of Ammonia molecule is −4.80×10−19 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

(f)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ is +6.40×10−19 C and 2.33×10−26 Kg

Explanation of Solution

The quadruple ionized Nitrogen atoms found in plasma of hot star is N4+ .

When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there is five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose four electrons. As the nucleus of nitrogen is very strong which works as a plasma in hot star so that property of plasma does tends to collapse the atom although it has lose four of its electrons.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing four electrons so its charge is +4e .

The charge of quadruple Nitrogen ion is,

N4+=+4e=4(1.6×10−19 C)≈+6.40×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of four electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N4+≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ is +6.40×10−19 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

(g)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom N7+ upto three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom N7+ is +11.2×10−19 C and 2.99×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The nucleus of nitrogen ion is N7+ . When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there are five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose seven electrons. As the nucleus of nitrogen is very strong which works as a plasma in hot star so that property of plasma does tends to collapse the atom although it has lose all its electrons.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +7e .

The charge of nucleus of Nitrogen ion is;

N7+=+7e=7(1.6×10−19 C)≈+1.12×10−18 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of seven electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N7+≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of quadruple is +1.12×10−18 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

(h)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the Molecular ion H2O− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the Molecular ion H2O− is −1.6×10−19 C and 2.99×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The molecular ion of water is H2O− . The atomic mass of water is eighteen in that the oxygen atom is attached to the two hydrogen atom. Oxygen has the valency of two it can share two electrons to the hydrogen atom and for a molecule as a whole it gains one electron and become a negative ion.

The charge of molecule of H2O− ion is,

H2O−=−e≈−1.6×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Water molecule has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the ionized water molecule that is formed by the gain of one electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of H2O−≈ mass of H2O≈2.99×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of Molecule of H2O− is −1.6×10−19 C and mass 2.99×10−26 Kg .

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1P

Find to three significant digits the charge and the mass of the following particles. Suggestion: Begin by looking up the mass of a neutral atom on the periodic table of the elements in Appendix C. (a) an ionized hydrogen atom, represented as H⁺ (b) a singly ionized sodium atom, Na⁺ (c) a chloride ion Cl⁻ (d) a doubly ionized calcium atom, Ca⁺⁺ = Ca²⁺ (e) the center of an ammonia molecule, modeled as an N³⁻ ion (f) quadruply ionized nitrogen atoms, N⁴⁺, found in plasma in a hot star (g) the nucleus of a nitrogen atom (h) the molecular ion H₂O⁻

(a)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom is +1.60×10−19 C and 1.67×10−27 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The ionized hydrogen atom is H+ . Hydrogen atom has the atomic number one that is equal to the number of electrons and protons that means hydrogen atom consists of one electron and one proton.

When the hydrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron or absorption of electron, in emission process the electron is removed from the atom and in absorption process electron is gained, Hydrogen always forms the positive ion.

The charge is calculated as,

Charge of H+=+e≈1.60×10−19 C

The mass is calculated as,

Mass of H+=Mass of proton=1.67×10−27 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized hydrogen atom is +1.6×10−19 C and mass 1.67×10−27 Kg

(b)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom Na+ upto three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom Na+ is +1.6×10−19 C and 3.82×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

A singly ionized sodium atom is Na+ . As the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,8,1 , there is one electron in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose one electron or gain seven electrons. Seven electrons cannot be gained due to energy considerations. So it will lose one electron by losing the electron the number of electrons decreases compare to the number of protons. Sodium atom always forms the positive ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +e .

The charge of sodium ion is,

Na+=+e=+1.6×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Sodium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of sodium atom that is formed by the loss of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Na+≈mass of Na+≈3.82×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized sodium atom is +1.6×10−19 C and mass is 3.82×10−26 Kg

(c)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom Cl− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom Cl− is −1.6×10−19 C and 5.89×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

A ionized Chlorine atom that is represented is Cl- . Chlorine atom has the atomic number 17 which is equal to the number of electrons and protons that means Chlorine atom consists of 17 electrons and 17 protons. Electrons are revolving in the orbit and proton is residing inside the nucleus

When the Chlorine atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of Chlorine atom is 2,8,7 , there are seven electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to gain one electron or lose seven electrons. Seven electrons cannot lose due to energy considerations. So it will gain one electron by gaining the electron the number of electrons increases compare to the number of protons. Chlorine atom always forms the negative ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is −e .

The charge of Chlorine ion is,

Cl−=−e≈−1.60×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Chlorine atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of chlorine atom which is formed by the gain of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Cl−≈mass of Cl≈5.89×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of ionized Chlorine atom is −1.6×10−19 C and mass 5.89×10−26 Kg .

(d)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom Ca++=Ca2+ up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom Ca++=Ca2+ is +3.20×10−19 C and 6.65×10−26 kg

Explanation of Solution

A doubly ionized Calcium atom is Ca++=Ca2+ . When the Calcium atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,8,8,2 , there is two electron in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose two electron or gain six electrons. Six electrons cannot be gain due to energy considerations. so it will lose two electron by losing the electron the number of electrons decreases compare to the number of protons. Calcium atom always forms the positive ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing two electron so its charge is +2e .

The charge of Calcium ion is,

Ca2+=+2e=2(1.6×10−19 C)≈+3.20×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of H. Calcium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of Calcium atom that is formed by the loss of two electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Ca2+≈mass of Ca≈6.65×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized Chlorine atom is +3.20×10−19 C and mass is 6.66×10−26 Kg .

(e)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule N3− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule N3− is −4.80×10−19 C and 2.33×10−26 kg

Explanation of Solution

The centre of ammonia molecule is N3− . When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there are five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose five electrons or gain three electrons. Five electrons cannot lose as the atom collapse due to the removal of the orbit. So it will gain two electrons by gaining the electron the number of electrons increases compare to the number of protons. Nitrogen atom always forms the negative ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +2e .

The charge of Nitrogen ion is,

N3−=−3e=3(1.6×10−19 C)≈−4.80×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of centre of Ammonia molecule atom which is formed by the gain of three electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N3−≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of centre of Ammonia molecule is −4.80×10−19 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

(f)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ is +6.40×10−19 C and 2.33×10−26 Kg

Explanation of Solution

The quadruple ionized Nitrogen atoms found in plasma of hot star is N4+ .

When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there is five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose four electrons. As the nucleus of nitrogen is very strong which works as a plasma in hot star so that property of plasma does tends to collapse the atom although it has lose four of its electrons.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing four electrons so its charge is +4e .

The charge of quadruple Nitrogen ion is,

N4+=+4e=4(1.6×10−19 C)≈+6.40×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of four electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N4+≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ is +6.40×10−19 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

(g)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom N7+ upto three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom N7+ is +11.2×10−19 C and 2.99×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The nucleus of nitrogen ion is N7+ . When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there are five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose seven electrons. As the nucleus of nitrogen is very strong which works as a plasma in hot star so that property of plasma does tends to collapse the atom although it has lose all its electrons.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +7e .

The charge of nucleus of Nitrogen ion is;

N7+=+7e=7(1.6×10−19 C)≈+1.12×10−18 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of seven electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N7+≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of quadruple is +1.12×10−18 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

(h)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the Molecular ion H2O− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the Molecular ion H2O− is −1.6×10−19 C and 2.99×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The molecular ion of water is H2O− . The atomic mass of water is eighteen in that the oxygen atom is attached to the two hydrogen atom. Oxygen has the valency of two it can share two electrons to the hydrogen atom and for a molecule as a whole it gains one electron and become a negative ion.

The charge of molecule of H2O− ion is,

H2O−=−e≈−1.6×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Water molecule has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the ionized water molecule that is formed by the gain of one electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of H2O−≈ mass of H2O≈2.99×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of Molecule of H2O− is −1.6×10−19 C and mass 2.99×10−26 Kg .

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1P

Find to three significant digits the charge and the mass of the following particles. Suggestion: Begin by looking up the mass of a neutral atom on the periodic table of the elements in Appendix C. (a) an ionized hydrogen atom, represented as H⁺ (b) a singly ionized sodium atom, Na⁺ (c) a chloride ion Cl⁻ (d) a doubly ionized calcium atom, Ca⁺⁺ = Ca²⁺ (e) the center of an ammonia molecule, modeled as an N³⁻ ion (f) quadruply ionized nitrogen atoms, N⁴⁺, found in plasma in a hot star (g) the nucleus of a nitrogen atom (h) the molecular ion H₂O⁻

(a)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom is +1.60×10−19 C and 1.67×10−27 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The ionized hydrogen atom is H+ . Hydrogen atom has the atomic number one that is equal to the number of electrons and protons that means hydrogen atom consists of one electron and one proton.

When the hydrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron or absorption of electron, in emission process the electron is removed from the atom and in absorption process electron is gained, Hydrogen always forms the positive ion.

The charge is calculated as,

Charge of H+=+e≈1.60×10−19 C

The mass is calculated as,

Mass of H+=Mass of proton=1.67×10−27 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized hydrogen atom is +1.6×10−19 C and mass 1.67×10−27 Kg

(b)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom Na+ upto three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom Na+ is +1.6×10−19 C and 3.82×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

A singly ionized sodium atom is Na+ . As the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,8,1 , there is one electron in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose one electron or gain seven electrons. Seven electrons cannot be gained due to energy considerations. So it will lose one electron by losing the electron the number of electrons decreases compare to the number of protons. Sodium atom always forms the positive ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +e .

The charge of sodium ion is,

Na+=+e=+1.6×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Sodium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of sodium atom that is formed by the loss of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Na+≈mass of Na+≈3.82×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized sodium atom is +1.6×10−19 C and mass is 3.82×10−26 Kg

(c)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom Cl− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom Cl− is −1.6×10−19 C and 5.89×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

A ionized Chlorine atom that is represented is Cl- . Chlorine atom has the atomic number 17 which is equal to the number of electrons and protons that means Chlorine atom consists of 17 electrons and 17 protons. Electrons are revolving in the orbit and proton is residing inside the nucleus

When the Chlorine atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of Chlorine atom is 2,8,7 , there are seven electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to gain one electron or lose seven electrons. Seven electrons cannot lose due to energy considerations. So it will gain one electron by gaining the electron the number of electrons increases compare to the number of protons. Chlorine atom always forms the negative ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is −e .

The charge of Chlorine ion is,

Cl−=−e≈−1.60×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Chlorine atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of chlorine atom which is formed by the gain of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Cl−≈mass of Cl≈5.89×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of ionized Chlorine atom is −1.6×10−19 C and mass 5.89×10−26 Kg .

(d)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom Ca++=Ca2+ up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom Ca++=Ca2+ is +3.20×10−19 C and 6.65×10−26 kg

Explanation of Solution

A doubly ionized Calcium atom is Ca++=Ca2+ . When the Calcium atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,8,8,2 , there is two electron in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose two electron or gain six electrons. Six electrons cannot be gain due to energy considerations. so it will lose two electron by losing the electron the number of electrons decreases compare to the number of protons. Calcium atom always forms the positive ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing two electron so its charge is +2e .

The charge of Calcium ion is,

Ca2+=+2e=2(1.6×10−19 C)≈+3.20×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of H. Calcium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of Calcium atom that is formed by the loss of two electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Ca2+≈mass of Ca≈6.65×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized Chlorine atom is +3.20×10−19 C and mass is 6.66×10−26 Kg .

(e)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule N3− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule N3− is −4.80×10−19 C and 2.33×10−26 kg

Explanation of Solution

The centre of ammonia molecule is N3− . When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there are five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose five electrons or gain three electrons. Five electrons cannot lose as the atom collapse due to the removal of the orbit. So it will gain two electrons by gaining the electron the number of electrons increases compare to the number of protons. Nitrogen atom always forms the negative ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +2e .

The charge of Nitrogen ion is,

N3−=−3e=3(1.6×10−19 C)≈−4.80×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of centre of Ammonia molecule atom which is formed by the gain of three electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N3−≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of centre of Ammonia molecule is −4.80×10−19 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

(f)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ is +6.40×10−19 C and 2.33×10−26 Kg

Explanation of Solution

The quadruple ionized Nitrogen atoms found in plasma of hot star is N4+ .

When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there is five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose four electrons. As the nucleus of nitrogen is very strong which works as a plasma in hot star so that property of plasma does tends to collapse the atom although it has lose four of its electrons.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing four electrons so its charge is +4e .

The charge of quadruple Nitrogen ion is,

N4+=+4e=4(1.6×10−19 C)≈+6.40×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of four electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N4+≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ is +6.40×10−19 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

(g)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom N7+ upto three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom N7+ is +11.2×10−19 C and 2.99×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The nucleus of nitrogen ion is N7+ . When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there are five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose seven electrons. As the nucleus of nitrogen is very strong which works as a plasma in hot star so that property of plasma does tends to collapse the atom although it has lose all its electrons.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +7e .

The charge of nucleus of Nitrogen ion is;

N7+=+7e=7(1.6×10−19 C)≈+1.12×10−18 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of seven electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N7+≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of quadruple is +1.12×10−18 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

(h)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the Molecular ion H2O− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the Molecular ion H2O− is −1.6×10−19 C and 2.99×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The molecular ion of water is H2O− . The atomic mass of water is eighteen in that the oxygen atom is attached to the two hydrogen atom. Oxygen has the valency of two it can share two electrons to the hydrogen atom and for a molecule as a whole it gains one electron and become a negative ion.

The charge of molecule of H2O− ion is,

H2O−=−e≈−1.6×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Water molecule has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the ionized water molecule that is formed by the gain of one electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of H2O−≈ mass of H2O≈2.99×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of Molecule of H2O− is −1.6×10−19 C and mass 2.99×10−26 Kg .

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1P

Find to three significant digits the charge and the mass of the following particles. Suggestion: Begin by looking up the mass of a neutral atom on the periodic table of the elements in Appendix C. (a) an ionized hydrogen atom, represented as H⁺ (b) a singly ionized sodium atom, Na⁺ (c) a chloride ion Cl⁻ (d) a doubly ionized calcium atom, Ca⁺⁺ = Ca²⁺ (e) the center of an ammonia molecule, modeled as an N³⁻ ion (f) quadruply ionized nitrogen atoms, N⁴⁺, found in plasma in a hot star (g) the nucleus of a nitrogen atom (h) the molecular ion H₂O⁻

(a)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom is +1.60×10−19 C and 1.67×10−27 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The ionized hydrogen atom is H+ . Hydrogen atom has the atomic number one that is equal to the number of electrons and protons that means hydrogen atom consists of one electron and one proton.

When the hydrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron or absorption of electron, in emission process the electron is removed from the atom and in absorption process electron is gained, Hydrogen always forms the positive ion.

The charge is calculated as,

Charge of H+=+e≈1.60×10−19 C

The mass is calculated as,

Mass of H+=Mass of proton=1.67×10−27 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized hydrogen atom is +1.6×10−19 C and mass 1.67×10−27 Kg

(b)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom Na+ upto three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom Na+ is +1.6×10−19 C and 3.82×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

A singly ionized sodium atom is Na+ . As the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,8,1 , there is one electron in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose one electron or gain seven electrons. Seven electrons cannot be gained due to energy considerations. So it will lose one electron by losing the electron the number of electrons decreases compare to the number of protons. Sodium atom always forms the positive ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +e .

The charge of sodium ion is,

Na+=+e=+1.6×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Sodium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of sodium atom that is formed by the loss of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Na+≈mass of Na+≈3.82×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized sodium atom is +1.6×10−19 C and mass is 3.82×10−26 Kg

(c)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom Cl− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom Cl− is −1.6×10−19 C and 5.89×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

A ionized Chlorine atom that is represented is Cl- . Chlorine atom has the atomic number 17 which is equal to the number of electrons and protons that means Chlorine atom consists of 17 electrons and 17 protons. Electrons are revolving in the orbit and proton is residing inside the nucleus

When the Chlorine atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of Chlorine atom is 2,8,7 , there are seven electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to gain one electron or lose seven electrons. Seven electrons cannot lose due to energy considerations. So it will gain one electron by gaining the electron the number of electrons increases compare to the number of protons. Chlorine atom always forms the negative ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is −e .

The charge of Chlorine ion is,

Cl−=−e≈−1.60×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Chlorine atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of chlorine atom which is formed by the gain of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Cl−≈mass of Cl≈5.89×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of ionized Chlorine atom is −1.6×10−19 C and mass 5.89×10−26 Kg .

(d)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom Ca++=Ca2+ up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom Ca++=Ca2+ is +3.20×10−19 C and 6.65×10−26 kg

Explanation of Solution

A doubly ionized Calcium atom is Ca++=Ca2+ . When the Calcium atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,8,8,2 , there is two electron in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose two electron or gain six electrons. Six electrons cannot be gain due to energy considerations. so it will lose two electron by losing the electron the number of electrons decreases compare to the number of protons. Calcium atom always forms the positive ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing two electron so its charge is +2e .

The charge of Calcium ion is,

Ca2+=+2e=2(1.6×10−19 C)≈+3.20×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of H. Calcium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of Calcium atom that is formed by the loss of two electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Ca2+≈mass of Ca≈6.65×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized Chlorine atom is +3.20×10−19 C and mass is 6.66×10−26 Kg .

(e)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule N3− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule N3− is −4.80×10−19 C and 2.33×10−26 kg

Explanation of Solution

The centre of ammonia molecule is N3− . When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there are five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose five electrons or gain three electrons. Five electrons cannot lose as the atom collapse due to the removal of the orbit. So it will gain two electrons by gaining the electron the number of electrons increases compare to the number of protons. Nitrogen atom always forms the negative ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +2e .

The charge of Nitrogen ion is,

N3−=−3e=3(1.6×10−19 C)≈−4.80×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of centre of Ammonia molecule atom which is formed by the gain of three electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N3−≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of centre of Ammonia molecule is −4.80×10−19 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

(f)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ is +6.40×10−19 C and 2.33×10−26 Kg

Explanation of Solution

The quadruple ionized Nitrogen atoms found in plasma of hot star is N4+ .

When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there is five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose four electrons. As the nucleus of nitrogen is very strong which works as a plasma in hot star so that property of plasma does tends to collapse the atom although it has lose four of its electrons.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing four electrons so its charge is +4e .

The charge of quadruple Nitrogen ion is,

N4+=+4e=4(1.6×10−19 C)≈+6.40×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of four electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N4+≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ is +6.40×10−19 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

(g)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom N7+ upto three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom N7+ is +11.2×10−19 C and 2.99×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The nucleus of nitrogen ion is N7+ . When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there are five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose seven electrons. As the nucleus of nitrogen is very strong which works as a plasma in hot star so that property of plasma does tends to collapse the atom although it has lose all its electrons.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +7e .

The charge of nucleus of Nitrogen ion is;

N7+=+7e=7(1.6×10−19 C)≈+1.12×10−18 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of seven electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N7+≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of quadruple is +1.12×10−18 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

(h)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the Molecular ion H2O− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the Molecular ion H2O− is −1.6×10−19 C and 2.99×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The molecular ion of water is H2O− . The atomic mass of water is eighteen in that the oxygen atom is attached to the two hydrogen atom. Oxygen has the valency of two it can share two electrons to the hydrogen atom and for a molecule as a whole it gains one electron and become a negative ion.

The charge of molecule of H2O− ion is,

H2O−=−e≈−1.6×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Water molecule has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the ionized water molecule that is formed by the gain of one electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of H2O−≈ mass of H2O≈2.99×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of Molecule of H2O− is −1.6×10−19 C and mass 2.99×10−26 Kg .

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

(a)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom is +1.60×10−19 C and 1.67×10−27 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The ionized hydrogen atom is H+ . Hydrogen atom has the atomic number one that is equal to the number of electrons and protons that means hydrogen atom consists of one electron and one proton.

When the hydrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron or absorption of electron, in emission process the electron is removed from the atom and in absorption process electron is gained, Hydrogen always forms the positive ion.

The charge is calculated as,

Charge of H+=+e≈1.60×10−19 C

The mass is calculated as,

Mass of H+=Mass of proton=1.67×10−27 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized hydrogen atom is +1.6×10−19 C and mass 1.67×10−27 Kg

(b)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom Na+ upto three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom Na+ is +1.6×10−19 C and 3.82×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

A singly ionized sodium atom is Na+ . As the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,8,1 , there is one electron in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose one electron or gain seven electrons. Seven electrons cannot be gained due to energy considerations. So it will lose one electron by losing the electron the number of electrons decreases compare to the number of protons. Sodium atom always forms the positive ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +e .

The charge of sodium ion is,

Na+=+e=+1.6×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Sodium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of sodium atom that is formed by the loss of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Na+≈mass of Na+≈3.82×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized sodium atom is +1.6×10−19 C and mass is 3.82×10−26 Kg

(c)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom Cl− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom Cl− is −1.6×10−19 C and 5.89×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

A ionized Chlorine atom that is represented is Cl- . Chlorine atom has the atomic number 17 which is equal to the number of electrons and protons that means Chlorine atom consists of 17 electrons and 17 protons. Electrons are revolving in the orbit and proton is residing inside the nucleus

When the Chlorine atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of Chlorine atom is 2,8,7 , there are seven electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to gain one electron or lose seven electrons. Seven electrons cannot lose due to energy considerations. So it will gain one electron by gaining the electron the number of electrons increases compare to the number of protons. Chlorine atom always forms the negative ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is −e .

The charge of Chlorine ion is,

Cl−=−e≈−1.60×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Chlorine atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of chlorine atom which is formed by the gain of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Cl−≈mass of Cl≈5.89×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of ionized Chlorine atom is −1.6×10−19 C and mass 5.89×10−26 Kg .

(d)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom Ca++=Ca2+ up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom Ca++=Ca2+ is +3.20×10−19 C and 6.65×10−26 kg

Explanation of Solution

A doubly ionized Calcium atom is Ca++=Ca2+ . When the Calcium atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,8,8,2 , there is two electron in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose two electron or gain six electrons. Six electrons cannot be gain due to energy considerations. so it will lose two electron by losing the electron the number of electrons decreases compare to the number of protons. Calcium atom always forms the positive ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing two electron so its charge is +2e .

The charge of Calcium ion is,

Ca2+=+2e=2(1.6×10−19 C)≈+3.20×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of H. Calcium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of Calcium atom that is formed by the loss of two electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Ca2+≈mass of Ca≈6.65×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized Chlorine atom is +3.20×10−19 C and mass is 6.66×10−26 Kg .

(e)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule N3− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule N3− is −4.80×10−19 C and 2.33×10−26 kg

Explanation of Solution

The centre of ammonia molecule is N3− . When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there are five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose five electrons or gain three electrons. Five electrons cannot lose as the atom collapse due to the removal of the orbit. So it will gain two electrons by gaining the electron the number of electrons increases compare to the number of protons. Nitrogen atom always forms the negative ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +2e .

The charge of Nitrogen ion is,

N3−=−3e=3(1.6×10−19 C)≈−4.80×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of centre of Ammonia molecule atom which is formed by the gain of three electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N3−≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of centre of Ammonia molecule is −4.80×10−19 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

(f)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ is +6.40×10−19 C and 2.33×10−26 Kg

Explanation of Solution

The quadruple ionized Nitrogen atoms found in plasma of hot star is N4+ .

When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there is five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose four electrons. As the nucleus of nitrogen is very strong which works as a plasma in hot star so that property of plasma does tends to collapse the atom although it has lose four of its electrons.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing four electrons so its charge is +4e .

The charge of quadruple Nitrogen ion is,

N4+=+4e=4(1.6×10−19 C)≈+6.40×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of four electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N4+≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ is +6.40×10−19 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

(g)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom N7+ upto three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom N7+ is +11.2×10−19 C and 2.99×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The nucleus of nitrogen ion is N7+ . When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there are five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose seven electrons. As the nucleus of nitrogen is very strong which works as a plasma in hot star so that property of plasma does tends to collapse the atom although it has lose all its electrons.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +7e .

The charge of nucleus of Nitrogen ion is;

N7+=+7e=7(1.6×10−19 C)≈+1.12×10−18 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of seven electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N7+≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of quadruple is +1.12×10−18 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

(h)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the Molecular ion H2O− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the Molecular ion H2O− is −1.6×10−19 C and 2.99×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The molecular ion of water is H2O− . The atomic mass of water is eighteen in that the oxygen atom is attached to the two hydrogen atom. Oxygen has the valency of two it can share two electrons to the hydrogen atom and for a molecule as a whole it gains one electron and become a negative ion.

The charge of molecule of H2O− ion is,

H2O−=−e≈−1.6×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Water molecule has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the ionized water molecule that is formed by the gain of one electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of H2O−≈ mass of H2O≈2.99×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of Molecule of H2O− is −1.6×10−19 C and mass 2.99×10−26 Kg .

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom is +1.60×10−19 C and 1.67×10−27 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The ionized hydrogen atom is H+ . Hydrogen atom has the atomic number one that is equal to the number of electrons and protons that means hydrogen atom consists of one electron and one proton.

When the hydrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron or absorption of electron, in emission process the electron is removed from the atom and in absorption process electron is gained, Hydrogen always forms the positive ion.

The charge is calculated as,

Charge of H+=+e≈1.60×10−19 C

The mass is calculated as,

Mass of H+=Mass of proton=1.67×10−27 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized hydrogen atom is +1.6×10−19 C and mass 1.67×10−27 Kg

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

To determine

The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom up to three significant digits.

Answer 13

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom is +1.60×10−19 C and 1.67×10−27 kg .

Answer 14

Explanation of Solution

The ionized hydrogen atom is H+ . Hydrogen atom has the atomic number one that is equal to the number of electrons and protons that means hydrogen atom consists of one electron and one proton.

When the hydrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron or absorption of electron, in emission process the electron is removed from the atom and in absorption process electron is gained, Hydrogen always forms the positive ion.

The charge is calculated as,

Charge of H+=+e≈1.60×10−19 C

The mass is calculated as,

Mass of H+=Mass of proton=1.67×10−27 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized hydrogen atom is +1.6×10−19 C and mass 1.67×10−27 Kg

Answer 15

(b)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom Na+ upto three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom Na+ is +1.6×10−19 C and 3.82×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

A singly ionized sodium atom is Na+ . As the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,8,1 , there is one electron in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose one electron or gain seven electrons. Seven electrons cannot be gained due to energy considerations. So it will lose one electron by losing the electron the number of electrons decreases compare to the number of protons. Sodium atom always forms the positive ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +e .

The charge of sodium ion is,

Na+=+e=+1.6×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Sodium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of sodium atom that is formed by the loss of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Na+≈mass of Na+≈3.82×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized sodium atom is +1.6×10−19 C and mass is 3.82×10−26 Kg

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 17

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

To determine

The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom Na+ upto three significant digits.

Answer 20

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom Na+ is +1.6×10−19 C and 3.82×10−26 kg .

Answer 21

Explanation of Solution

A singly ionized sodium atom is Na+ . As the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,8,1 , there is one electron in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose one electron or gain seven electrons. Seven electrons cannot be gained due to energy considerations. So it will lose one electron by losing the electron the number of electrons decreases compare to the number of protons. Sodium atom always forms the positive ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +e .

The charge of sodium ion is,

Na+=+e=+1.6×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Sodium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of sodium atom that is formed by the loss of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Na+≈mass of Na+≈3.82×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized sodium atom is +1.6×10−19 C and mass is 3.82×10−26 Kg

Answer 22

(c)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom Cl− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom Cl− is −1.6×10−19 C and 5.89×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

A ionized Chlorine atom that is represented is Cl- . Chlorine atom has the atomic number 17 which is equal to the number of electrons and protons that means Chlorine atom consists of 17 electrons and 17 protons. Electrons are revolving in the orbit and proton is residing inside the nucleus

When the Chlorine atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of Chlorine atom is 2,8,7 , there are seven electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to gain one electron or lose seven electrons. Seven electrons cannot lose due to energy considerations. So it will gain one electron by gaining the electron the number of electrons increases compare to the number of protons. Chlorine atom always forms the negative ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is −e .

The charge of Chlorine ion is,

Cl−=−e≈−1.60×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Chlorine atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of chlorine atom which is formed by the gain of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Cl−≈mass of Cl≈5.89×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of ionized Chlorine atom is −1.6×10−19 C and mass 5.89×10−26 Kg .

Answer 23

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 24

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

To determine

The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom Cl− up to three significant digits.

Answer 27

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom Cl− is −1.6×10−19 C and 5.89×10−26 kg .

Answer 28

Explanation of Solution

A ionized Chlorine atom that is represented is Cl- . Chlorine atom has the atomic number 17 which is equal to the number of electrons and protons that means Chlorine atom consists of 17 electrons and 17 protons. Electrons are revolving in the orbit and proton is residing inside the nucleus

When the Chlorine atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of Chlorine atom is 2,8,7 , there are seven electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to gain one electron or lose seven electrons. Seven electrons cannot lose due to energy considerations. So it will gain one electron by gaining the electron the number of electrons increases compare to the number of protons. Chlorine atom always forms the negative ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is −e .

The charge of Chlorine ion is,

Cl−=−e≈−1.60×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Chlorine atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of chlorine atom which is formed by the gain of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Cl−≈mass of Cl≈5.89×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of ionized Chlorine atom is −1.6×10−19 C and mass 5.89×10−26 Kg .

Answer 29

(d)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom Ca++=Ca2+ up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom Ca++=Ca2+ is +3.20×10−19 C and 6.65×10−26 kg

Explanation of Solution

A doubly ionized Calcium atom is Ca++=Ca2+ . When the Calcium atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,8,8,2 , there is two electron in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose two electron or gain six electrons. Six electrons cannot be gain due to energy considerations. so it will lose two electron by losing the electron the number of electrons decreases compare to the number of protons. Calcium atom always forms the positive ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing two electron so its charge is +2e .

The charge of Calcium ion is,

Ca2+=+2e=2(1.6×10−19 C)≈+3.20×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of H. Calcium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of Calcium atom that is formed by the loss of two electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Ca2+≈mass of Ca≈6.65×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized Chlorine atom is +3.20×10−19 C and mass is 6.66×10−26 Kg .

Answer 30

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 31

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

To determine

The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom Ca++=Ca2+ up to three significant digits.

Answer 34

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom Ca++=Ca2+ is +3.20×10−19 C and 6.65×10−26 kg

Answer 35

Explanation of Solution

A doubly ionized Calcium atom is Ca++=Ca2+ . When the Calcium atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,8,8,2 , there is two electron in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose two electron or gain six electrons. Six electrons cannot be gain due to energy considerations. so it will lose two electron by losing the electron the number of electrons decreases compare to the number of protons. Calcium atom always forms the positive ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing two electron so its charge is +2e .

The charge of Calcium ion is,

Ca2+=+2e=2(1.6×10−19 C)≈+3.20×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of H. Calcium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of Calcium atom that is formed by the loss of two electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of Ca2+≈mass of Ca≈6.65×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of ionized Chlorine atom is +3.20×10−19 C and mass is 6.66×10−26 Kg .

Answer 36

(e)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule N3− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule N3− is −4.80×10−19 C and 2.33×10−26 kg

Explanation of Solution

The centre of ammonia molecule is N3− . When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there are five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose five electrons or gain three electrons. Five electrons cannot lose as the atom collapse due to the removal of the orbit. So it will gain two electrons by gaining the electron the number of electrons increases compare to the number of protons. Nitrogen atom always forms the negative ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +2e .

The charge of Nitrogen ion is,

N3−=−3e=3(1.6×10−19 C)≈−4.80×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of centre of Ammonia molecule atom which is formed by the gain of three electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N3−≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of centre of Ammonia molecule is −4.80×10−19 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

Answer 37

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer 38

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer 39

Expert Solution

Answer 40

To determine

The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule N3− up to three significant digits.

Answer 41

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule N3− is −4.80×10−19 C and 2.33×10−26 kg

Answer 42

Explanation of Solution

The centre of ammonia molecule is N3− . When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there are five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose five electrons or gain three electrons. Five electrons cannot lose as the atom collapse due to the removal of the orbit. So it will gain two electrons by gaining the electron the number of electrons increases compare to the number of protons. Nitrogen atom always forms the negative ion.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +2e .

The charge of Nitrogen ion is,

N3−=−3e=3(1.6×10−19 C)≈−4.80×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of centre of Ammonia molecule atom which is formed by the gain of three electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N3−≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of centre of Ammonia molecule is −4.80×10−19 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

Answer 43

(f)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ is +6.40×10−19 C and 2.33×10−26 Kg

Explanation of Solution

The quadruple ionized Nitrogen atoms found in plasma of hot star is N4+ .

When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there is five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose four electrons. As the nucleus of nitrogen is very strong which works as a plasma in hot star so that property of plasma does tends to collapse the atom although it has lose four of its electrons.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing four electrons so its charge is +4e .

The charge of quadruple Nitrogen ion is,

N4+=+4e=4(1.6×10−19 C)≈+6.40×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of four electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N4+≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ is +6.40×10−19 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

Answer 44

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer 45

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer 46

Expert Solution

Answer 47

To determine

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ up to three significant digits.

Answer 48

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ is +6.40×10−19 C and 2.33×10−26 Kg

Answer 49

Explanation of Solution

The quadruple ionized Nitrogen atoms found in plasma of hot star is N4+ .

When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there is five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose four electrons. As the nucleus of nitrogen is very strong which works as a plasma in hot star so that property of plasma does tends to collapse the atom although it has lose four of its electrons.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing four electrons so its charge is +4e .

The charge of quadruple Nitrogen ion is,

N4+=+4e=4(1.6×10−19 C)≈+6.40×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of four electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N4+≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen N4+ is +6.40×10−19 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

Answer 50

(g)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom N7+ upto three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom N7+ is +11.2×10−19 C and 2.99×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The nucleus of nitrogen ion is N7+ . When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there are five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose seven electrons. As the nucleus of nitrogen is very strong which works as a plasma in hot star so that property of plasma does tends to collapse the atom although it has lose all its electrons.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +7e .

The charge of nucleus of Nitrogen ion is;

N7+=+7e=7(1.6×10−19 C)≈+1.12×10−18 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of seven electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N7+≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of quadruple is +1.12×10−18 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

Answer 51

(g)

Expert Solution

Answer 52

(g)

Expert Solution

Answer 53

Expert Solution

Answer 54

To determine

The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom N7+ upto three significant digits.

Answer 55

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom N7+ is +11.2×10−19 C and 2.99×10−26 kg .

Answer 56

Explanation of Solution

The nucleus of nitrogen ion is N7+ . When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2,5 , there are five electrons in the outermost shell so to become stable or achieve noble gas electronic configuration it has to lose seven electrons. As the nucleus of nitrogen is very strong which works as a plasma in hot star so that property of plasma does tends to collapse the atom although it has lose all its electrons.

The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is +7e .

The charge of nucleus of Nitrogen ion is;

N7+=+7e=7(1.6×10−19 C)≈+1.12×10−18 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of seven electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of N7+≈mass of N≈2.33×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

The charge of quadruple is +1.12×10−18 C and mass 2.33×10−26 Kg .

Answer 57

(h)

Expert Solution

To determine

The charge and mass of the Molecular ion H2O− up to three significant digits.

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the Molecular ion H2O− is −1.6×10−19 C and 2.99×10−26 kg .

Explanation of Solution

The molecular ion of water is H2O− . The atomic mass of water is eighteen in that the oxygen atom is attached to the two hydrogen atom. Oxygen has the valency of two it can share two electrons to the hydrogen atom and for a molecule as a whole it gains one electron and become a negative ion.

The charge of molecule of H2O− ion is,

H2O−=−e≈−1.6×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Water molecule has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the ionized water molecule that is formed by the gain of one electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of H2O−≈ mass of H2O≈2.99×10−26 Kg

Conclusion:

Therefore, the charge of Molecule of H2O− is −1.6×10−19 C and mass 2.99×10−26 Kg .

Answer 58

(h)

Expert Solution

Answer 59

(h)

Expert Solution

Answer 60

Expert Solution

Answer 61

To determine

The charge and mass of the Molecular ion H2O− up to three significant digits.

Answer 62

Answer to Problem 1P

The charge and mass of the Molecular ion H2O− is −1.6×10−19 C and 2.99×10−26 kg .

Answer 63

Explanation of Solution

The molecular ion of water is H2O− . The atomic mass of water is eighteen in that the oxygen atom is attached to the two hydrogen atom. Oxygen has the valency of two it can share two electrons to the hydrogen atom and for a molecule as a whole it gains one electron and become a negative ion.

The charge of molecule of H2O− ion is,

H2O−=−e≈−1.6×10−19 C

The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Water molecule has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the ionized water molecule that is formed by the gain of one electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.

Mass of H2O−≈ mass of H2O≈2.99×10−26 Kg