FORE:
Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium
FORE: Napoleon's Designs on Spain��The Continental System��Treaty of Fontainebleau��Junot marches on Portugal��Flight of the Royal Family��The Milan Decree��The Pope imprisoned in the Quirinal��Imbecility of the Spanish Government��Quarrels of the Spanish Royal Family��Occupation of the Spanish Fortresses��The King's Preparations for Flight��Rests at Madrid��Abdication of Charles IV.��Murat occupies Madrid��The Meeting at Bayonne��Joseph becomes King of Spain��Insurrection in Spain��The Junta communicates with England��Ferocity of the War��Operations of Bessi��res, Duchesne, and Moncey��Dupont surrenders to Casta?os��Joseph evacuates Madrid��Siege of Saragossa��Napoleon's Designs on Portugal��Insurrection throughout the Country��Sir A. Wellesley touches at Corunna��He lands at Figueras��Battle of Roli?a��Wellesley is superseded by Burrard��Battle of Vimiera��Arrival of Dalrymple��Convention of Cintra��Inquiry into the Convention��Occupation of Lisbon��Napoleon's Preparations against Spain��Wellesley is passed over in favour of Moore��Moore's Advance��Difficulties of the March��Incompetency of Hookham Frere��Napoleon's Position in Europe��The Meeting at Erfurth��Napoleon at Vittoria��Destruction of the Spanish Armies��Napoleon enters Madrid��Moore is at last undeceived��The Retreat��Napoleon leaves Spain��Moore retires before Soult��Arrival at Corunna��The Battle��Death of Sir John Moore��The Ministry determine to continue the War��Scandal of the Duke of York��His Resignation��Charges against Lord Castlereagh��Wellesley arrives in Portugal��He drives Soult from Portugal into Spain��His Junction with Cuesta��Position of the French Armies��Folly of Cuesta��Battle of Talavera��State of the Commissariat��Wellesley's Retreat��French Victories��The Lines of Torres Vedras��The Walcheren Expedition��Flushing taken��The Troops die from Malaria��Disastrous Termination of the Expedition��Sir John Stuart in Italy and the Ionian Islands��War between Russia and Turkey��Collingwood's last Exploits��Attempt of Gambier and Cochrane on La Rochelle.THE CONSCRIPTION IN FRANCE: RECRUITING FOR NAPOLEON'S WARS. (See p. 20.)
Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium
FORE:The year 1797 was opened by the suspension of cash payments. The Bank of England had repeatedly represented to Pitt, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, that his enormous demands upon it for specie, as well as paper money, had nearly exhausted its coffers and could not long be continued. The payment of our armies abroad, and the advances to foreign kings, were necessarily made[455] in cash. The Government, in spite of enormous taxation, had already overdrawn its account eleven million six hundred and sixty-eight thousand eight hundred pounds, and the sole balance in the hands of the Bank was reduced to three million eight hundred and twenty-six thousand eight hundred and ninety pounds. Pitt was demanding a fresh loan for Ireland, when a message came from the Bank to say that, in existing circumstances, it could not be complied with. Thus suddenly pulled up, the Privy Council was summoned, and it was concluded to issue an order for stopping all further issue of cash, except to the Government, and except one hundred thousand pounds for the accommodation of private bankers and traders. Paper money was made a legal tender to all other parties, and the Bank was empowered to issue small notes for the accommodation of the public instead of guineas. A Bill was passed for the purpose, and that it might not be considered more than a temporary measure, it was made operative only till June; but it was renewed from time to time by fresh Acts of Parliament. The system was not abolished again till 1819, when Sir Robert Peel brought in his Bill for the resumption of cash payments, and during the whole of that time the depreciation of paper money was comparatively slight.
Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium
At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non provident,similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia
At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores.
At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores.
At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores.
At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti.
At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti.
At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti.
At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti.
At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti.
At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti.
On the other hand, we denounce with righteous indignation and dislike men who are so beguiled and demoralized by the charms of pleasure of the moment, so blinded by desire, that they cannot foresee
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THREE:This was the fatal year in which Buonaparte, led on by the unsleeping ambition of being the master of all Europe, and so of all the world, made his last great attempt��that of subduing Russia to his yoke��and thus wrecked himself for ever. From the very day of the Treaty of Tilsit, neither he nor Alexander of Russia had put faith in each other. Buonaparte felt that the Czar was uneasy under the real dictatorship of France which existed under the name of alliance. He knew that he was most restless under the mischief accruing from the stipulated embargo on British commerce, and which, from the ruin which it must bring on the Russian merchants, and the consequent distress of the whole population, might, in fact, cause him to disappear from the throne and from life as so many of his ancestors had done. Timber, pitch, potash, hemp, tallow, and other articles were the very staple of Russia's trade, and the British were the greatest of all customers for these. The landed proprietors derived a large income from these commodities, and they asked why they were to perish that Buonaparte might destroy Great Britain, whence they drew their principal wealth. He knew that Alexander looked with deep suspicion on his giving the Duchy of Warsaw to the King of Saxony, a descendant of the royal family of Poland. To this act was added the stipulations for a free military road and passage for troops from Saxony to Warsaw; and also that France should retain Dantzic till after a maritime peace. These things seemed to point to the re-establishment of the kingdom of Poland, and the demand, at some future day, for the surrender of the rest of the Polish territory by Russia. So the Poles seemed to interpret these matters, for they had, since these arrangements, flocked to his standard, and were fighting Buonaparte's battles in Spain. To these causes of offence and alarm, which Alexander did not hesitate to express, and which Napoleon refused to dissipate, were added the seizure of the Duchy of Oldenburg, guaranteed to Alexander's near relative, and the marriage alliance with Austria. Alexander, on this last occasion, said��"Then my turn comes next;" and in anticipation of it he had been strengthening himself by a secret league with Sweden.